With the support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,National Basic Research Program of China on Global Change,Chinese Academy of Sciences-Peking University Pioneer Collaboration Team,and Thousand Tale...With the support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,National Basic Research Program of China on Global Change,Chinese Academy of Sciences-Peking University Pioneer Collaboration Team,and Thousand Talents Program,the research team led by Prof.Yang Yuanhe(杨元合)at the State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change,Institute of Botany,Chinese Academy展开更多
Dissolved organic carbon（DOC） and particulate organic carbon（POC） are basic variables for the ocean carbon cycle.Knowledge of the distribution and inventory of these variables is important for a better estimation ...Dissolved organic carbon（DOC） and particulate organic carbon（POC） are basic variables for the ocean carbon cycle.Knowledge of the distribution and inventory of these variables is important for a better estimation and understanding of the global carbon cycle.Owing to its considerable advantages in spatial and temporal coverage,remote sensing data provide estimates of DOC and POC inventories,which are able to give a synthetic view for the distribution and transportation of carbon pools.To estimate organic carbon inventories using remote sensing involves integration of the surface concentration and vertical profile models,and the development of these models is critical to the accuracy of estimates.Hence,the distribution and control factors of DOC and POC in the ocean first are briefly summarized,and then studies of DOC and POC inventories and flux estimations are reviewed,most of which are based on field data and few of which consider the vertical distributions of POC or DOC.There is some research on the estimation of POC inventory by remote sensing,mainly in the open ocean,in which three kinds of vertical profile models have been proposed：the uniform,exponential decay,and Gauss models.However,research on remote-sensing estimation of the DOC inventory remains lacking.A synthetic review of approaches used to estimate the organic carbon inventories is offered and the future development of methods is discussed for such estimates using remote sensing data in coastal waters.展开更多
The study on greenhouse gas inventory in urban China lags far behind the global level. The important factor that curbs the carbon inventory of cities of China is inventory methodology and scope. Given the insufficienc...The study on greenhouse gas inventory in urban China lags far behind the global level. The important factor that curbs the carbon inventory of cities of China is inventory methodology and scope. Given the insufficiency of Chinese cities carbon inventory, a system and accounting model （scopel＋ scope2） as well as principles and boundaries were proposed for China. The carbon emissions in scopel and scopel＋ scope2 were calculated in Chinese prefecture-level cities. The EDGAR dataset was used for the calculation of scopel carbon emissions in cities in China and the level of uncertainty was analyzed as well. The results showed that the direct carbon emission of cities in China was about 31.65% of China total emissions. The scopel＋ scope2 carbon emissions in cities of China were calculated based on the GIS and RS model. The results showed that the sum of direct （scopel） and indirect （scope2） carbon emissions of cities in China accounted for 38.80% of total China carbon emissions.展开更多
Background:There is an urgent need for quantifying the terrestrial carbon sink in the context of global carbon emissions.However,neither the flux measurements,nor the national wood balances fulfil this purpose.In this...Background:There is an urgent need for quantifying the terrestrial carbon sink in the context of global carbon emissions.However,neither the flux measurements,nor the national wood balances fulfil this purpose.In this discussion article we point at various shortcomings and necessary improvements of these approaches in order to achieve a true quantification of the carbon exchange of land surfaces.Results:We discuss the necessity of incorporating all lateral fluxes,but mainly the export of biomass by harvest,into the flux balance and to recognize feedbacks between management and fluxes to make flux measurements compatible with inventories.At the same time,we discuss the necessity that national reports of wood use need to fully recognize the use of wood for energy use.Both approaches of establishing an ecosystem carbon balance,fluxes and inventories,have shortcomings.Conclusions:Including harvest and feedbacks by management appears to be the main requirement for the flux approach.A better quantification of wood use for bioenergy seems a real need for integrating the national wood balances into the global carbon cycle.展开更多
This paper systematically reviewed related studies on urban carbon emission inventory, and especially analyzed current studies on the urban greenhouse gas inventory in China. Through comparative studies of four cases,...This paper systematically reviewed related studies on urban carbon emission inventory, and especially analyzed current studies on the urban greenhouse gas inventory in China. Through comparative studies of four cases, it systematically discusses the application of urban carbon emission inventory in low carbon urban planning as a response to climate change, it thus concluded that city planners in China have duty-bound obligations and responsibilities to apply low carbon ideas into urban and regional planning, and the in-depth study on greenhouse gas emission inventory is undoubtedly of great significance and scientific value to mitigate climate change.展开更多
To mitigate impacts of sandstorms on northern China, the Chinese government launched the Beijing- Tianjin Sand Source Control Program （BTSSCP） in 2000. The associated practices （i.e., cultivation, enclosure, and ae...To mitigate impacts of sandstorms on northern China, the Chinese government launched the Beijing- Tianjin Sand Source Control Program （BTSSCP） in 2000. The associated practices （i.e., cultivation, enclosure, and aerial seeding） were expected to greatly enhance grassland carbon sequestration. However, the BTSSCP-induced soil organic carbon （SOC） dynamics remain elusive at a regional level. Using the Xilingol League in Inner Mongolia for a case study, we examined the impacts from 2000 to 2006 of the BTSSCP on SOC stocks using the IPCC carbon budget inventory method. Results indicated that over all practices SOC storage increased by 1.7%, but there were large differences between practices. SOC increased most rapidly at the rate of 0.3 Mg C.ha-1 ＂yr-1 under cultivation, but decreased signifi- cantly under aerial seeding with moderate or heavy grazing （0.3 vs.0.6 Mg C-ha-I .yr-1）. SOC increases varied slightly for grassland types, ranging from 0.10 Mg C-ha-1 .yr-a for temperate desert steppe to 0.16 Mg C.ha-l.yr-1 for temperate meadow steppe and lowland meadow. The overall economic benefits of the SOC sink were estimated to be 4.0 million CNY. Aerial seeding with no grazing was found to be the most cost-effective practice. Finally, we indicated that at least 55.5 years （shortest for cultivation） were needed for the grasslands to reach their potential carbon stocks. Our findings highlight the importance and effectiveness of BTSSCP in promoting terrestrial carbon sequestration which may help mitigate climate change, and further stress the need for more attention to the effective- ness of specific practices.展开更多
The fallout radionuclide cesium-137(137 Cs) has been widely employed as a tracer for assessment of soil loss from thick uniform soils;however,few studies have been conducted on thin stony soils on slopes underlain by ...The fallout radionuclide cesium-137(137 Cs) has been widely employed as a tracer for assessment of soil loss from thick uniform soils;however,few studies have been conducted on thin stony soils on slopes underlain by carbonate rocks which are widely distributed in karst areas.Information derived from 137 Cs measurement of soil samples collected along a carbonate rock slope with thin stony soil where neither soil erosion nor deposition occurred was used to investigate the characteristics of 137 Cs redistribution in a karst area of Southwest China.The results indicated that the 137 Cs inventories of the surface soil on the slope studied were much lower than that of the local 137 Cs reference inventory and the 137 Cs activities were much higher than those on slopes with thick uniform soils.The spatial distribution of 137 Cs inventories was characterized by considerable variation.The high 137 Cs depletion in the stony soil of the slope studied was mainly because a considerable proportion of the fallout input of 137 Cs could be lost with runoff and the dissolution of carbonate particles in the soil promoted the loss of 137 Cs.These demonstrated that the rates of soil loss could not be estimated from the degree of depletion of the 137 Cs inventory relative to the local reference inventory for the thin stony soil of the rocky slope underlain by carbonate rocks in the study area in the way that has been widely used in areas with thick uniform soils.展开更多
This study utilizes 521,631 activity data points from the 2007 Shanghai Pollution Source Census to compile a stationary carbon emission inventory for Shanghai. The inventory generated from our dataset shows that a lar...This study utilizes 521,631 activity data points from the 2007 Shanghai Pollution Source Census to compile a stationary carbon emission inventory for Shanghai. The inventory generated from our dataset shows that a large portion of Shanghai＇s total energy use consists of coal-oriented energy consumption. The elec- tricity and heat production industries, iron and steel mills, and the petroleum refining industry are the main carbon emitters. In addition, most of these industries are located in Baoshan District, which is Shanghai＇s largest contributor of carbon emissions. Policy makers can use the enterprise- level carbon emission inventory and the method designed in this study to construct sound carbon emission reduction policies. The carbon trading scheme to be established in Shanghai based on the developed carbon inventory is also introduced in this paper with the aim of promoting the monitoring, reporting and verification of carbon trading. Moreover, we believe that it might be useful to consider the participation of industries, such as those for food processing, beverage, and tobacco, in Shanghai＇s carbon trading scheme. Based on the results contained herein, we recommend establishing a comprehensive carbon emission inventory by inputting data from the pollution source census used in this study.展开更多
It is proven a powerful tool to reduce carbon emissions by regulating urban land use structure.To leverage this tool,land-use carbon emission intensity(LUCEI)is the critical indicator to bridge carbon emissions effect...It is proven a powerful tool to reduce carbon emissions by regulating urban land use structure.To leverage this tool,land-use carbon emission intensity(LUCEI)is the critical indicator to bridge carbon emissions effects of natural and human activities to land use structure.Current studies try to established the carbon emission allocation framework of“carbon emission inventory–land use category”and use it to estimate the LUCEI.However,none of the frameworks work at multiple spatial scales:the total carbon emissions and the land use category at different territorial levels do not conform with each other,impeding the synergetic effects of the low-carbon planning at different territorial levels.This study establishes a new framework of carbon emission estimation and allocation for the three territorial levels of municipality,city proper,and district and conducts a case study on Hinggan Prefecture.With the new framework,the carbon emission intensity of the entire land use category is being systematically differentiated,enabling the clarification of the linkages between LUCEI and the characteristics of energy structure,industrial structure,and urban forms of cities.The comparison of LUCEI of residential and transportation land between cities identifies the characteristics of urban form that are apt to high carbon emissions.The biggest contribution of the framework established in this study provides a technical tool to introduce carbon emission quantifi-cation into the territorial and spatial planning system.It may help deepen the understanding about the spatial pattern of carbon emissions and support a more refined estimation and comparison of the carbon effects of land use planning schemes.展开更多
文摘With the support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,National Basic Research Program of China on Global Change,Chinese Academy of Sciences-Peking University Pioneer Collaboration Team,and Thousand Talents Program,the research team led by Prof.Yang Yuanhe(杨元合)at the State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change,Institute of Botany,Chinese Academy
基金The 973 Program Grant of China under contract No.2009CB421202the Public Science and Technology Research Funds Projects of Ocean under contract No.200905012+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 41271378 and 41271417863 Program of China under contract Nos 2007AA092201 and 2008AA09Z104
文摘Dissolved organic carbon（DOC） and particulate organic carbon（POC） are basic variables for the ocean carbon cycle.Knowledge of the distribution and inventory of these variables is important for a better estimation and understanding of the global carbon cycle.Owing to its considerable advantages in spatial and temporal coverage,remote sensing data provide estimates of DOC and POC inventories,which are able to give a synthetic view for the distribution and transportation of carbon pools.To estimate organic carbon inventories using remote sensing involves integration of the surface concentration and vertical profile models,and the development of these models is critical to the accuracy of estimates.Hence,the distribution and control factors of DOC and POC in the ocean first are briefly summarized,and then studies of DOC and POC inventories and flux estimations are reviewed,most of which are based on field data and few of which consider the vertical distributions of POC or DOC.There is some research on the estimation of POC inventory by remote sensing,mainly in the open ocean,in which three kinds of vertical profile models have been proposed：the uniform,exponential decay,and Gauss models.However,research on remote-sensing estimation of the DOC inventory remains lacking.A synthetic review of approaches used to estimate the organic carbon inventories is offered and the future development of methods is discussed for such estimates using remote sensing data in coastal waters.
文摘The study on greenhouse gas inventory in urban China lags far behind the global level. The important factor that curbs the carbon inventory of cities of China is inventory methodology and scope. Given the insufficiency of Chinese cities carbon inventory, a system and accounting model （scopel＋ scope2） as well as principles and boundaries were proposed for China. The carbon emissions in scopel and scopel＋ scope2 were calculated in Chinese prefecture-level cities. The EDGAR dataset was used for the calculation of scopel carbon emissions in cities in China and the level of uncertainty was analyzed as well. The results showed that the direct carbon emission of cities in China was about 31.65% of China total emissions. The scopel＋ scope2 carbon emissions in cities of China were calculated based on the GIS and RS model. The results showed that the sum of direct （scopel） and indirect （scope2） carbon emissions of cities in China accounted for 38.80% of total China carbon emissions.
文摘Background:There is an urgent need for quantifying the terrestrial carbon sink in the context of global carbon emissions.However,neither the flux measurements,nor the national wood balances fulfil this purpose.In this discussion article we point at various shortcomings and necessary improvements of these approaches in order to achieve a true quantification of the carbon exchange of land surfaces.Results:We discuss the necessity of incorporating all lateral fluxes,but mainly the export of biomass by harvest,into the flux balance and to recognize feedbacks between management and fluxes to make flux measurements compatible with inventories.At the same time,we discuss the necessity that national reports of wood use need to fully recognize the use of wood for energy use.Both approaches of establishing an ecosystem carbon balance,fluxes and inventories,have shortcomings.Conclusions:Including harvest and feedbacks by management appears to be the main requirement for the flux approach.A better quantification of wood use for bioenergy seems a real need for integrating the national wood balances into the global carbon cycle.
文摘This paper systematically reviewed related studies on urban carbon emission inventory, and especially analyzed current studies on the urban greenhouse gas inventory in China. Through comparative studies of four cases, it systematically discusses the application of urban carbon emission inventory in low carbon urban planning as a response to climate change, it thus concluded that city planners in China have duty-bound obligations and responsibilities to apply low carbon ideas into urban and regional planning, and the in-depth study on greenhouse gas emission inventory is undoubtedly of great significance and scientific value to mitigate climate change.
文摘To mitigate impacts of sandstorms on northern China, the Chinese government launched the Beijing- Tianjin Sand Source Control Program （BTSSCP） in 2000. The associated practices （i.e., cultivation, enclosure, and aerial seeding） were expected to greatly enhance grassland carbon sequestration. However, the BTSSCP-induced soil organic carbon （SOC） dynamics remain elusive at a regional level. Using the Xilingol League in Inner Mongolia for a case study, we examined the impacts from 2000 to 2006 of the BTSSCP on SOC stocks using the IPCC carbon budget inventory method. Results indicated that over all practices SOC storage increased by 1.7%, but there were large differences between practices. SOC increased most rapidly at the rate of 0.3 Mg C.ha-1 ＂yr-1 under cultivation, but decreased signifi- cantly under aerial seeding with moderate or heavy grazing （0.3 vs.0.6 Mg C-ha-I .yr-1）. SOC increases varied slightly for grassland types, ranging from 0.10 Mg C-ha-1 .yr-a for temperate desert steppe to 0.16 Mg C.ha-l.yr-1 for temperate meadow steppe and lowland meadow. The overall economic benefits of the SOC sink were estimated to be 4.0 million CNY. Aerial seeding with no grazing was found to be the most cost-effective practice. Finally, we indicated that at least 55.5 years （shortest for cultivation） were needed for the grasslands to reach their potential carbon stocks. Our findings highlight the importance and effectiveness of BTSSCP in promoting terrestrial carbon sequestration which may help mitigate climate change, and further stress the need for more attention to the effective- ness of specific practices.
基金Supported by the Western Action Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. KZCX2-XB2-08)the National BasicResearch Program (973 Program) of China (No. 2006CB403200)
文摘The fallout radionuclide cesium-137(137 Cs) has been widely employed as a tracer for assessment of soil loss from thick uniform soils;however,few studies have been conducted on thin stony soils on slopes underlain by carbonate rocks which are widely distributed in karst areas.Information derived from 137 Cs measurement of soil samples collected along a carbonate rock slope with thin stony soil where neither soil erosion nor deposition occurred was used to investigate the characteristics of 137 Cs redistribution in a karst area of Southwest China.The results indicated that the 137 Cs inventories of the surface soil on the slope studied were much lower than that of the local 137 Cs reference inventory and the 137 Cs activities were much higher than those on slopes with thick uniform soils.The spatial distribution of 137 Cs inventories was characterized by considerable variation.The high 137 Cs depletion in the stony soil of the slope studied was mainly because a considerable proportion of the fallout input of 137 Cs could be lost with runoff and the dissolution of carbonate particles in the soil promoted the loss of 137 Cs.These demonstrated that the rates of soil loss could not be estimated from the degree of depletion of the 137 Cs inventory relative to the local reference inventory for the thin stony soil of the rocky slope underlain by carbonate rocks in the study area in the way that has been widely used in areas with thick uniform soils.
基金Acknowledgements This work was supported by the project： ＂The theoretical framework and technical methods of carbon emission accounting in Strategic Environmental Assessment （SEA） - focusing on the SEA of city- level National Economic and Social Development Plans＂ （the National Natural Science Foundation of China, Grant No. 41271509）. This study was also supported by funding from Fudan Tyndall Centre of Hehai University （FTC98503B09a）.
文摘This study utilizes 521,631 activity data points from the 2007 Shanghai Pollution Source Census to compile a stationary carbon emission inventory for Shanghai. The inventory generated from our dataset shows that a large portion of Shanghai＇s total energy use consists of coal-oriented energy consumption. The elec- tricity and heat production industries, iron and steel mills, and the petroleum refining industry are the main carbon emitters. In addition, most of these industries are located in Baoshan District, which is Shanghai＇s largest contributor of carbon emissions. Policy makers can use the enterprise- level carbon emission inventory and the method designed in this study to construct sound carbon emission reduction policies. The carbon trading scheme to be established in Shanghai based on the developed carbon inventory is also introduced in this paper with the aim of promoting the monitoring, reporting and verification of carbon trading. Moreover, we believe that it might be useful to consider the participation of industries, such as those for food processing, beverage, and tobacco, in Shanghai＇s carbon trading scheme. Based on the results contained herein, we recommend establishing a comprehensive carbon emission inventory by inputting data from the pollution source census used in this study.
文摘It is proven a powerful tool to reduce carbon emissions by regulating urban land use structure.To leverage this tool,land-use carbon emission intensity(LUCEI)is the critical indicator to bridge carbon emissions effects of natural and human activities to land use structure.Current studies try to established the carbon emission allocation framework of“carbon emission inventory–land use category”and use it to estimate the LUCEI.However,none of the frameworks work at multiple spatial scales:the total carbon emissions and the land use category at different territorial levels do not conform with each other,impeding the synergetic effects of the low-carbon planning at different territorial levels.This study establishes a new framework of carbon emission estimation and allocation for the three territorial levels of municipality,city proper,and district and conducts a case study on Hinggan Prefecture.With the new framework,the carbon emission intensity of the entire land use category is being systematically differentiated,enabling the clarification of the linkages between LUCEI and the characteristics of energy structure,industrial structure,and urban forms of cities.The comparison of LUCEI of residential and transportation land between cities identifies the characteristics of urban form that are apt to high carbon emissions.The biggest contribution of the framework established in this study provides a technical tool to introduce carbon emission quantifi-cation into the territorial and spatial planning system.It may help deepen the understanding about the spatial pattern of carbon emissions and support a more refined estimation and comparison of the carbon effects of land use planning schemes.
