In this study, the insecticidal active substance of the fruiting body of Paecilomyces cicadae （Miquel） Samson that can kill the larvae of Plutella xylostella （Lepidoptera： Plutellidae） was isolated and purified b...In this study, the insecticidal active substance of the fruiting body of Paecilomyces cicadae （Miquel） Samson that can kill the larvae of Plutella xylostella （Lepidoptera： Plutellidae） was isolated and purified by combined separation with biology experiments for the first time. By means of bioactive guided isolation of 40% ethanol-H2O, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, n-butyl ethanol, macroporous adsorption resin column, high performance liquid chromatography, and sephadex A-20 column, the insecticidal active compound was purified,and a white powder compound was obtained. The compound was active against the third instar larvae ofP. xylostella in 24, 48, and 72 h at the concentration of 10.0 mg mL-1 with a corrective mortality of （95.1 ± 1.8）, （97.7 ± 1.6）, and （99.1 ± 1.7）%, respectively. The compound was strongly sensitive to the larvae. It was stable at acid environment, and was not sensitive to pepsin, and other chracteristics were studied.展开更多
Periodical cicadas(Magicicada spp.)are endemic to deciduous forests in the eastern United States.In successional forests,they must partition resources such as host trees to coexist.We measured tree size,emergence hole...Periodical cicadas(Magicicada spp.)are endemic to deciduous forests in the eastern United States.In successional forests,they must partition resources such as host trees to coexist.We measured tree size,emergence holes,oviposition scar bundles,and chorusing center abundances of Magicicada species on 12 common tree species in a deciduous forest to understand host-tree use.We predicted that the abundance of periodical cicadas and use of specific host-tree species would change depending on the Magicicada species and tree life stage.We considered the size of the tree(diameter at breast height)as a covariate to control for tree size and collected eggs for a greenhouse experiment to assess whether nymphs prefer to feed on Quercus rubra or Acer saccharum.More emergence holes were found below Quercus species than any other tree species.The abundance of periodical cicadas on host trees used for chorusing centers varied depending on the Magicicada species,but were most abundant on Quercus species.Oviposition scar bundles were also more frequent on Quercus.More nymphs were found on Quercus than Acer in the nymph preference study.Though periodical cicadas used Quercus hosts more than other tree species,their abundances on different host tree sizes and species differed significantly.Periodical cicada species may use specific host species and life stages as a way to partition resources and minimize competition among the Magicicada species during emergence years.展开更多
In this study,the in vitro digestion and fermentation of two intra-polysaccharide fractions(IPS1 and IPS2)from Paecilomyces cicadae TJJ1213 were investigated.The constituent monosaccharides of IPS1 and IPS2 were not c...In this study,the in vitro digestion and fermentation of two intra-polysaccharide fractions(IPS1 and IPS2)from Paecilomyces cicadae TJJ1213 were investigated.The constituent monosaccharides of IPS1 and IPS2 were not changed after simulated saliva,gastric and small intestinal digestion.However,they can be hydrolyzed and utilized by gut microbiota,and short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)level were increased after IPS1 and IPS2 treatments.Furthermore,16 S r RNA sequencing analysis of fermentation samples were performed.Alpha-diversity,beta-diversity and taxonomic composition differences analysis revealed that IPS1 and IPS2 promoted the proliferation of beneficial bacteria and modulated the overall structure of gut microbiota.Taxonomic comparison analysis found that IPS1 increased the relative abundances of beneficial bacteria including Megamonas,Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus,while IPS2 could increase the abundance of Bacteroides,Parabacteroides and Phascolarctobacterium.In addition,they can also decrease the levels of pathogenic bacteria containing Escherichia-Shigella,Klebsiella and Fusobacterium.These results indicated that IPS from Paecilomyces cicadae TJJ1213 could be used as potential candidates for new functional foods.展开更多
Three previously undescribed compounds,cordycicadione(1),cordycicadin F(2),and 7-hydroxybassiatin(3),were isolated from the cultures of Cordyceps cicadae JXCH1,an entomopathogenic fungus.Their structures and relative ...Three previously undescribed compounds,cordycicadione(1),cordycicadin F(2),and 7-hydroxybassiatin(3),were isolated from the cultures of Cordyceps cicadae JXCH1,an entomopathogenic fungus.Their structures and relative configurations were elucidated primarily by NMR spectroscopic analysis.The absolute configurations of 1 and 2 were determined by ECD calculations.Single-crystal X-ray diffraction method was adopted to determine the absolute configuration of 3.Compound 2 is a polycyclic polyketide with an unusual enol ether moiety and a spiro ring.The compounds obtained in this study were subjected to screening their inhibition against the proliferation of the human lung cancer cell line A549 and the production of nitric oxide in murine macrophages RAW264.7.展开更多
We investigate the collective synchronization of cicada chirping. Using both experimental and phenomeno- logical numerical techniques, here we show that the onset of a periodic two-state acoustic synchronous behavior ...We investigate the collective synchronization of cicada chirping. Using both experimental and phenomeno- logical numerical techniques, here we show that the onset of a periodic two-state acoustic synchronous behavior in cicada chorus depends on a critical size of population Nc=21, above which a typical chorus state appears periodically with a 30 second-silence state in between, and further clarify its possibility concerning a new class of phase transition, which is unusually driven by population. This work has relevance to acoustic synchronization and to general physics of phase transition.展开更多
[Objectives]To observe the protective effect of Cordyceps cicadae polysaccharides on acute liver injury induced by D-galactosamine( D-GlaN) in mice,and to explore its mechanism. [Methods] Seventy-five male Kunming mic...[Objectives]To observe the protective effect of Cordyceps cicadae polysaccharides on acute liver injury induced by D-galactosamine( D-GlaN) in mice,and to explore its mechanism. [Methods] Seventy-five male Kunming mice were randomly and evenly divided into 5 groups according to the digital table method: normal group( CK)( injected intraperitoneally with saline solution),model group( injected intraperitoneally with D-GlaN),low-dose C. cicadae polysaccharides group( administered with 0. 5 g/kg of C. cicadae polysaccharides solution by gavage),middle-dose C. cicadae polysaccharides group( administered with 1. 0 g/kg of C. cicadae polysaccharides solution by gavage) and high-dose C. cicadae polysaccharides group( administered with 2. 0 g/kg of C. cicadae polysaccharides solution by gavage). After 12 d of administration,the liver histopathological score,liver homogenate indexes( superoxide dismutase,SOD; malondialdehyde,MDA; glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px; nitric oxide,NO) and serum markers( aspartate transaminase,AST; alanine transaminase,ALT; alkaline phosphatase,ALP; cholinesterase,CHE) of mice in each group were detected. The expression levels of nuclear factor-κB( NF-κB) and tumor necrosis factor-α( TNF-α) in liver tissues were detected by immunohistochemistry. [Results]The liver histopathological score and the MDA,NO,AST,ALT,ALP,NF-κB and TNF-α levels were significantly higher( P < 0. 05) and the SOD,GSH-Px and CHE levels were significantly lower( P <0. 05) in the model group compared with the normal group. Compared with those in the model group,the liver tissue histopathological scores in the low-,middle-and high-dose C. cicadae polysaccharides groups were all significantly reduced( P < 0. 05). With the increase of treatment dose,the liver tissue histopathological scores showed a significant decrease( P < 0. 05). Compared with the model group,the levels of MDA,NO,AST,ALT,ALP,NF-κB and TNF-α were significantly lower( P < 0. 05),and the levels of SOD,GSH-Px and CHE were significantly higher( P < 0. 05) in the low-,middle-and high-dose C. cicadae polysaccharides groups. With the increase of treatment dose,the levels of MDA,NO,AST,ALT,ALP,NF-κB and TNF-α declined significantly( P < 0. 05),while the levels of SOD,GSH-Px and CHE rose significantly( P < 0. 05). [Conclusions] C. cicadae polysaccharides have a significant protective effect on D-GlaN-induced acute liver injury in mice in a dose-dependent manner,and the mechanism may be related to the inhibition of NF-κB inflammatory signaling pathway.展开更多
[Objectives] To study the effect of different culture conditions on the growth of wild I. cicadae Miq. liquid strain. [Methods]The I. cicadae Miq. strain was inoculated into the liquid culture medium with different ca...[Objectives] To study the effect of different culture conditions on the growth of wild I. cicadae Miq. liquid strain. [Methods]The I. cicadae Miq. strain was inoculated into the liquid culture medium with different carbon sources,nitrogen sources,micronutrients and p H,cultured in the constant temperature shaking incubator with rotating speed of 120 r/min at 19℃,and the mycelium pellet diameter,density and weight were compared between different treatments. [Results] The results showed that the optimum components of I. cicadae Miq.strain liquid included soluble starch,milk powder and vitamin B_(12),and the optimum p H was 5. 0-6. 0. [Conclusions] Soluble starch was the most suitable carbon source for the culture medium of I. cicadae Miq. liquid strain; milk powder was the most suitable nitrogen source for the culture medium of I. cicadae Miq. liquid strain; the most suitable p H was 5. 0-9. 0 for the mycelial growth of I. cicadae Miq.; the formula and mixture ratio of the optimum culture medium for the growth of liquid strain were determined.展开更多
Seven organophosphoric acid triesters （OPEs） and eight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） in black cicadas were measured to determine the concentration levels and to investigate how the cicadas are affected b...Seven organophosphoric acid triesters （OPEs） and eight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） in black cicadas were measured to determine the concentration levels and to investigate how the cicadas are affected by soil contamination. Adult cicadas, nymphal exoskeletons, and soils were sampled in Higashi Osaka, Japan. Four OPEs and six PAHs were detected in the adult cicadas. The total concentrations of OPEs and PAHs ranged from 27.2 ng/g to 824 ng/g and from 4.30 ng/g to 270 ng/g, respectively. Four OPEs and five PAHs were detected in the nymphal exoskeletons. The total concentrations of OPEs and PAHs ranged from 184 ng/g to 1830 ng/g and from 40.3 ng/g to 970 ng/g, respectively. In the soils, three OPEs and six PAHs were detected at the same concentration levels as those detected in the adult cicadas. Significant correlations were observed in the micropollutant concentrations between soils and adult cicadas, and between soils and nymphal exoskeletons. This trend indicates that black cicadas accumulate OPEs and PAHs from contaminated soils.展开更多
To change flight direction, flying animals modulate aerodynamic force either relative to their bodies to generate torque about the center of mass, or relative to the flight path to produce centripetal force that curve...To change flight direction, flying animals modulate aerodynamic force either relative to their bodies to generate torque about the center of mass, or relative to the flight path to produce centripetal force that curves the trajectory. In employing the latter, the direction of aerodynamic force remains fixed in the body flame and rotations of the body redirect the force. While both aforementioned techniques are essential for flight, it is critical to investigate how an animal balances the two to achieve aerial locomotion. Here, we measured wing and body kinematics of cicada （Tibicen linnei） in flee flight, including flight periods of both little and substantial body reorientations. It is found that cicadas employ a common force vectoring technique to execute all these flights. We show that the direction of the half-stroke averaged aerodynamic force relative to the body is independent of the body orientation, varying in a range of merely 20 deg. Despite directional limitation of the aerodynamic force, pitch and roll torque are generated by altering wing angle of attack and its mean position relative to the center of mass. This results in body rotations which redirect the wing force in the global flame and consequently change the flight traiectorv.展开更多
Background and Objectives:Chronic kidney disease(CKD) is a growing public health problem with an urgent need for new pharmacological agents.Cordyceps cicadae is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) and has...Background and Objectives:Chronic kidney disease(CKD) is a growing public health problem with an urgent need for new pharmacological agents.Cordyceps cicadae is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) and has potential renoprotective benefits.The current study aimed to determine any scientific evidence to support its clinical use.Methods:We analyzed the potential of two kinds of C.cicadae extract,total extract(TE) and acetic ether extract(AE),in treating kidney disease simulated by a subtotal nephrectomy(SNx) model.Sprague-Dawley rats were divided randomly into seven groups:sham-operated group,vehicle-treated SNx,Cozaar,2 g/(kg·d) TE SNx,1 g/(kg·d) TE SNx,92 mg/(kg·d) AE SNx,and 46 mg/(kg·d) AE SNx.Renal injury was monitored using urine and serum analyses,and hematoxylin and eosin(HE) and periodic acid-Schiff(PAS) stainings were used to analyze the level of fibrosis.The expression of type IV collagen(Col IV),fibronectin(FN),transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1),and connective tissue growth factor(CTGF) was detected by immunohistochemistry.Results:Renal injury,reflected in urine and serum analyses,and pathological changes induced by SNx were attenuated by TE and AE intervention.The depositions of Col IV and FN were also decreased by the treatments and were accompanied by reduced expression of TGF-β1 and CTGF.In some respects,2 g/(kg·d) of TE produced better effects than Cozaar.Conclusions:For the first time,we have shown that C.cicadae may inhibit renal fibrosis in vivo through the TGF-β1/CTGF pathway.Therefore,we conclude that the use of C.cicadae could provide a rational strategy for combating renal fibrosis.展开更多
This work was aimed to establish a quality control method for evaluating the effects on glucose and lipids of the fruiting body of Isaria cicadae Miquel from strain Ic-17-7(Ic-17-7fb) using a rat model of type 2 diabe...This work was aimed to establish a quality control method for evaluating the effects on glucose and lipids of the fruiting body of Isaria cicadae Miquel from strain Ic-17-7(Ic-17-7fb) using a rat model of type 2 diabetes(T2DM). Random amplified polymorphic DNA, sequence-characterized amplified region, and high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) were used for the quality control of Ic-17-7fb. The pharmacological effects on streptozocin(STZ)-induced high fat diet(HFD)-fed Albino Wistar rats were evaluated. The rats underwent the following treatments: control, metformin, Ic-17-7fb(0.166 and 0.5 g·kg;) or without treatment. The fasting blood glucose(FBG), blood glucose, total cholesterol(TC), triglyceride(TG), high-density lipoprotein(HDL-c), and low-density lipoprotein(LDL-c) were measured. Ic-17-7fb amplified a single specific band by S11-2-F3 and S11-2-R3 primers. An HPLC-based quality and quantity method was established for industrial application. The contents of adenosine and N;-(2-hydroxyethyl) adenosine(HEA) of the cultivated Ic-17-7fb were analyzed. All of the validation lots of cultured Ic-17-7fb passed the quantity control of the training set(0.90 mg·g;of adenosine and 0.89 mg·g;of HEA). After two weeks of administration, the average FBG was 4.89 ± 0.42(control), 26.10 ± 5.77(model), 23.63 ± 6.15(metformin), 17.96 ± 9.36(Ic-17-7fb for 0.166 g·kg;), and 19.69 ±8.71 mmol·L;(Ic-17-7fb for 0.5 g·kg;). The FBG of Ic-17-7fb(0.166 g·kg;) treatment significantly reduced by 31.19%, compared with the model after two weeks of administration(P < 0.01). Metformin, Ic-17-7fb(0.166 g·kg;), and Ic-17-7fb(0.5 g·kg;) reduced TC, TG, HDL-c, and LDL-c compared with the T2DM model treatment at the 6 th week of treatment(P < 0.05). This study established the first quality standard for Ic-17-7fb, which can be effectively applied in the treatment of T2DM. The reliable quality control method and pharmacological effect will broaden its application space.展开更多
Objective To isolate and identify the chemical constituents from mycelia and spores of the fungus Cordyceps cicadae,respectively.Methods The chemical constituents were isolated and purified by repeated silica gel,Seph...Objective To isolate and identify the chemical constituents from mycelia and spores of the fungus Cordyceps cicadae,respectively.Methods The chemical constituents were isolated and purified by repeated silica gel,Sephadex LH-20,and reversed phase HPLC.The structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis,including 1 D and 2D NMR.Results Nine known sterols such as ergosterol（1）,ergosterol peroxide（2）,9,11-dehydroergosterol peroxide（3）,3β,5α,9α-trihydroxy-（22E,24R）-ergosta-7,22-dien-6-one（4）,3β,5α,9α,14α-tetrahydroxy-（22E,24R）-ergosta-7,22-dien-6-one（5）,5 α,6α-e poxy-（22 E,,24 R）-e rgosta-8（14）,22-diene-3α,7α-diol （6）, 3β,5α,6β-（22E,24R）-ergosta-7,22-dien-3,5,6-triol （7）, 3β,5α,6α-6- methoxyergosta-（22E,24R）-7,22-diene-3,5-diol （8）, 4-hydroxy-17R-methylincisterol （9）, together with a resorcinol derivative, 5-n-nonadecylresorcinol （10）, a cydo- desipeptide, beauvericin （11）, and a nucleoside, N^6-（2-hydroxyethyl）adenosine （12） were successively isolated from the cultivated C. cicadaemycelia and spores. Conclusion Compounds 3-10 are reported for the first time from the title sample, beauvericin exhibits significant cytotoxicity against human leukemia cell line and human lung cancer cell line.展开更多
Gradient wettability is important for some living organisms.Herein,the dynamic responses of water droplets impacting on the surfaces of four regions along the wing vein of cicada Cryptotympana atratafabricius are inve...Gradient wettability is important for some living organisms.Herein,the dynamic responses of water droplets impacting on the surfaces of four regions along the wing vein of cicada Cryptotympana atratafabricius are investigated.It is revealed that a gradient wetting behavior from hydrophilicity(the Wenzel state)to hydrophobicity and further to superhydrophobicity(the Cassie-Baxter state)appears from the foot to apex of the wing.Water droplets impacting on the hydrophilic region of the wing cannot rebound,whereas those impacting on the hydrophobic region can retract and completely rebound.The hydrophobic region exhibits robust water-repelling performance during the dynamic droplet impact.Moreover,a droplet sitting on the hydrophobic region can recover its spherical shape after squeezed to a water film as thin as 0.45 mm,and lossless droplet transportation can be achieved at the region.Based on the geometric parameters of the nanopillars at the hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions on the cicada wing,two wetting models are developed for elucidating the mechanism for the gradient wetting behavior.This work directs the design and fabrication of surfaces with gradient wetting behavior by mimicking the nanopillars on cicada wing surface.展开更多
Temporal information of the songs is generally species-specific and implies certain'meanings', which are very important in intra- and interspecific communicationsof animals. As to the mechanisms underlying son...Temporal information of the songs is generally species-specific and implies certain'meanings', which are very important in intra- and interspecific communicationsof animals. As to the mechanisms underlying song pattern recognition, it waspresumed that there were special time rate recognizers or temporally tuned neuronsin the auditory nervous system, but no evidence has been obtained so far. Someinvestigators suggested that there were 'rate band-pass' cells in the auditory neuronalcenters, which were found in the brain of frogs.展开更多
In cicadas the songs are produced by vibrations of the sounding membrane driven by sounding muscles. The innervations of sounding movements are synchro-controlling type for some species and asynchro-controlling type f...In cicadas the songs are produced by vibrations of the sounding membrane driven by sounding muscles. The innervations of sounding movements are synchro-controlling type for some species and asynchro-controlling type for other species. The contracting movements of sounding muscles on both sides are synchronous for some species and alternate for other species, and the contracting frequencies are from several decade to several hundred and generally below 500 Hz. On the basis of studies on the song property and innervation of sound production in the Mingnfing cicada, the innervation frequency-response of movements in sounding muscles is studied in this note. The results provide the important basis for expounding the sounding mechanism of vari-toned songs in cicadas.展开更多
In the black cicada (C. atrata Fabricius ), the quiescent males are sensitive to stimulating sound pulses of about 70 dB (SPL); the latent periods and amplitudes of compound action potentials of the auditory nerve ( c...In the black cicada (C. atrata Fabricius ), the quiescent males are sensitive to stimulating sound pulses of about 70 dB (SPL); the latent periods and amplitudes of compound action potentials of the auditory nerve ( called"auditory nerve potential (AP)" for short) which are corresponding one by one to stimulating sound pulses are (3 92±0 28) ms and (0 32±0 22) mV on an average, respectively. Although the singing males are nonreactive to outside stimulating sound_pulses, they are still sensitive to calling pulses mingling in stimulating sound_pulses; the latent periods and amplitudes of auditory nerve potentials are (4 16±0 43) ms and (0 46±0 25) mV, respectively. In singing males the negative potential before each auditory nerve potential characterizes that the intrinsic link exists between sounding and auditory nerve system.展开更多
The dynamic properties of the assistant sounders in the black cicada are given and the twitching properties of Contraction in the sounding muscle are revealed in this paper.For the operculum, tymbal cover and joint me...The dynamic properties of the assistant sounders in the black cicada are given and the twitching properties of Contraction in the sounding muscle are revealed in this paper.For the operculum, tymbal cover and joint membrane, each of their vibration periods consists of three subgroup vibrations (SGV_(a,b,c)) corresponding to amplitude-modulation pulse trains (AMPT_(1,2,3)) in every syllable of synchro song. In comparison with the vibration at dorsum, the SGV_(a-c) have a subband with the function of regulating the tone. During calling song continuously, the pressure change inside the resonant cavity and the airspeed through the spiracles on both sides are about 7. 94—15.88 Paand 0.59—0.84 cm^3/s respectively, and they increase by about 7 and 2.6 times as the abdomen is moved. When the contraction motion of the sounding muscle comes up to the critical Sounding state, it further produces the twitching process, and drives the sounding membrane and the toning plate-membrane to produce AMPT_(1-3) and SGV_(a-c).展开更多
文摘In this study, the insecticidal active substance of the fruiting body of Paecilomyces cicadae （Miquel） Samson that can kill the larvae of Plutella xylostella （Lepidoptera： Plutellidae） was isolated and purified by combined separation with biology experiments for the first time. By means of bioactive guided isolation of 40% ethanol-H2O, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, n-butyl ethanol, macroporous adsorption resin column, high performance liquid chromatography, and sephadex A-20 column, the insecticidal active compound was purified,and a white powder compound was obtained. The compound was active against the third instar larvae ofP. xylostella in 24, 48, and 72 h at the concentration of 10.0 mg mL-1 with a corrective mortality of （95.1 ± 1.8）, （97.7 ± 1.6）, and （99.1 ± 1.7）%, respectively. The compound was strongly sensitive to the larvae. It was stable at acid environment, and was not sensitive to pepsin, and other chracteristics were studied.
基金supported by the Herrick Foundation,Kent University。
文摘Periodical cicadas(Magicicada spp.)are endemic to deciduous forests in the eastern United States.In successional forests,they must partition resources such as host trees to coexist.We measured tree size,emergence holes,oviposition scar bundles,and chorusing center abundances of Magicicada species on 12 common tree species in a deciduous forest to understand host-tree use.We predicted that the abundance of periodical cicadas and use of specific host-tree species would change depending on the Magicicada species and tree life stage.We considered the size of the tree(diameter at breast height)as a covariate to control for tree size and collected eggs for a greenhouse experiment to assess whether nymphs prefer to feed on Quercus rubra or Acer saccharum.More emergence holes were found below Quercus species than any other tree species.The abundance of periodical cicadas on host trees used for chorusing centers varied depending on the Magicicada species,but were most abundant on Quercus species.Oviposition scar bundles were also more frequent on Quercus.More nymphs were found on Quercus than Acer in the nymph preference study.Though periodical cicadas used Quercus hosts more than other tree species,their abundances on different host tree sizes and species differed significantly.Periodical cicada species may use specific host species and life stages as a way to partition resources and minimize competition among the Magicicada species during emergence years.
基金co-financed by National Natural Science Foundation of China(U1903108,31871771 and 31571818)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20201320)+2 种基金Jiangsu Agriculture Science and Technology Innovation Fund(CX(20)3043)Postgraduate Research&Practice innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(KYCX19_0589)Qing Lan Project of Jiangsu Province and Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD)。
文摘In this study,the in vitro digestion and fermentation of two intra-polysaccharide fractions(IPS1 and IPS2)from Paecilomyces cicadae TJJ1213 were investigated.The constituent monosaccharides of IPS1 and IPS2 were not changed after simulated saliva,gastric and small intestinal digestion.However,they can be hydrolyzed and utilized by gut microbiota,and short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)level were increased after IPS1 and IPS2 treatments.Furthermore,16 S r RNA sequencing analysis of fermentation samples were performed.Alpha-diversity,beta-diversity and taxonomic composition differences analysis revealed that IPS1 and IPS2 promoted the proliferation of beneficial bacteria and modulated the overall structure of gut microbiota.Taxonomic comparison analysis found that IPS1 increased the relative abundances of beneficial bacteria including Megamonas,Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus,while IPS2 could increase the abundance of Bacteroides,Parabacteroides and Phascolarctobacterium.In addition,they can also decrease the levels of pathogenic bacteria containing Escherichia-Shigella,Klebsiella and Fusobacterium.These results indicated that IPS from Paecilomyces cicadae TJJ1213 could be used as potential candidates for new functional foods.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant number 81903512)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,South-Central Minzu University(Grant Number CPT22033).
文摘Three previously undescribed compounds,cordycicadione(1),cordycicadin F(2),and 7-hydroxybassiatin(3),were isolated from the cultures of Cordyceps cicadae JXCH1,an entomopathogenic fungus.Their structures and relative configurations were elucidated primarily by NMR spectroscopic analysis.The absolute configurations of 1 and 2 were determined by ECD calculations.Single-crystal X-ray diffraction method was adopted to determine the absolute configuration of 3.Compound 2 is a polycyclic polyketide with an unusual enol ether moiety and a spiro ring.The compounds obtained in this study were subjected to screening their inhibition against the proliferation of the human lung cancer cell line A549 and the production of nitric oxide in murine macrophages RAW264.7.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos. 10604014 and 10874025the Shanghai Education Committee and the Shanghai Education Development Foundation ("Shu Guang" project under Grant No. 05SG01)+2 种基金the Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars, State Education Ministry, ChinaChinese National Key Basic Research Special Fund under Grant No. 2006CB921706by National Fund for Talent Training in Basic Science under Grant No. J0730310
文摘We investigate the collective synchronization of cicada chirping. Using both experimental and phenomeno- logical numerical techniques, here we show that the onset of a periodic two-state acoustic synchronous behavior in cicada chorus depends on a critical size of population Nc=21, above which a typical chorus state appears periodically with a 30 second-silence state in between, and further clarify its possibility concerning a new class of phase transition, which is unusually driven by population. This work has relevance to acoustic synchronization and to general physics of phase transition.
基金Supported by Research Project for Practice Development of National TCM Clinical Research Bases(JDZX2012059)
文摘[Objectives]To observe the protective effect of Cordyceps cicadae polysaccharides on acute liver injury induced by D-galactosamine( D-GlaN) in mice,and to explore its mechanism. [Methods] Seventy-five male Kunming mice were randomly and evenly divided into 5 groups according to the digital table method: normal group( CK)( injected intraperitoneally with saline solution),model group( injected intraperitoneally with D-GlaN),low-dose C. cicadae polysaccharides group( administered with 0. 5 g/kg of C. cicadae polysaccharides solution by gavage),middle-dose C. cicadae polysaccharides group( administered with 1. 0 g/kg of C. cicadae polysaccharides solution by gavage) and high-dose C. cicadae polysaccharides group( administered with 2. 0 g/kg of C. cicadae polysaccharides solution by gavage). After 12 d of administration,the liver histopathological score,liver homogenate indexes( superoxide dismutase,SOD; malondialdehyde,MDA; glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px; nitric oxide,NO) and serum markers( aspartate transaminase,AST; alanine transaminase,ALT; alkaline phosphatase,ALP; cholinesterase,CHE) of mice in each group were detected. The expression levels of nuclear factor-κB( NF-κB) and tumor necrosis factor-α( TNF-α) in liver tissues were detected by immunohistochemistry. [Results]The liver histopathological score and the MDA,NO,AST,ALT,ALP,NF-κB and TNF-α levels were significantly higher( P < 0. 05) and the SOD,GSH-Px and CHE levels were significantly lower( P <0. 05) in the model group compared with the normal group. Compared with those in the model group,the liver tissue histopathological scores in the low-,middle-and high-dose C. cicadae polysaccharides groups were all significantly reduced( P < 0. 05). With the increase of treatment dose,the liver tissue histopathological scores showed a significant decrease( P < 0. 05). Compared with the model group,the levels of MDA,NO,AST,ALT,ALP,NF-κB and TNF-α were significantly lower( P < 0. 05),and the levels of SOD,GSH-Px and CHE were significantly higher( P < 0. 05) in the low-,middle-and high-dose C. cicadae polysaccharides groups. With the increase of treatment dose,the levels of MDA,NO,AST,ALT,ALP,NF-κB and TNF-α declined significantly( P < 0. 05),while the levels of SOD,GSH-Px and CHE rose significantly( P < 0. 05). [Conclusions] C. cicadae polysaccharides have a significant protective effect on D-GlaN-induced acute liver injury in mice in a dose-dependent manner,and the mechanism may be related to the inhibition of NF-κB inflammatory signaling pathway.
基金Supported by"Six Talents Peaks"Project in Jiangsu Province in 2015(NY-024)Project of Jiangsu Polytechnic College of Agriculture and Forestry(2014KJ28)
文摘[Objectives] To study the effect of different culture conditions on the growth of wild I. cicadae Miq. liquid strain. [Methods]The I. cicadae Miq. strain was inoculated into the liquid culture medium with different carbon sources,nitrogen sources,micronutrients and p H,cultured in the constant temperature shaking incubator with rotating speed of 120 r/min at 19℃,and the mycelium pellet diameter,density and weight were compared between different treatments. [Results] The results showed that the optimum components of I. cicadae Miq.strain liquid included soluble starch,milk powder and vitamin B_(12),and the optimum p H was 5. 0-6. 0. [Conclusions] Soluble starch was the most suitable carbon source for the culture medium of I. cicadae Miq. liquid strain; milk powder was the most suitable nitrogen source for the culture medium of I. cicadae Miq. liquid strain; the most suitable p H was 5. 0-9. 0 for the mycelial growth of I. cicadae Miq.; the formula and mixture ratio of the optimum culture medium for the growth of liquid strain were determined.
文摘Seven organophosphoric acid triesters （OPEs） and eight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） in black cicadas were measured to determine the concentration levels and to investigate how the cicadas are affected by soil contamination. Adult cicadas, nymphal exoskeletons, and soils were sampled in Higashi Osaka, Japan. Four OPEs and six PAHs were detected in the adult cicadas. The total concentrations of OPEs and PAHs ranged from 27.2 ng/g to 824 ng/g and from 4.30 ng/g to 270 ng/g, respectively. Four OPEs and five PAHs were detected in the nymphal exoskeletons. The total concentrations of OPEs and PAHs ranged from 184 ng/g to 1830 ng/g and from 40.3 ng/g to 970 ng/g, respectively. In the soils, three OPEs and six PAHs were detected at the same concentration levels as those detected in the adult cicadas. Significant correlations were observed in the micropollutant concentrations between soils and adult cicadas, and between soils and nymphal exoskeletons. This trend indicates that black cicadas accumulate OPEs and PAHs from contaminated soils.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (1313217)Air Force Office of Scientific Research (FA9550-12-1-007) monitored by Dr. Douglas Smith
文摘To change flight direction, flying animals modulate aerodynamic force either relative to their bodies to generate torque about the center of mass, or relative to the flight path to produce centripetal force that curves the trajectory. In employing the latter, the direction of aerodynamic force remains fixed in the body flame and rotations of the body redirect the force. While both aforementioned techniques are essential for flight, it is critical to investigate how an animal balances the two to achieve aerial locomotion. Here, we measured wing and body kinematics of cicada （Tibicen linnei） in flee flight, including flight periods of both little and substantial body reorientations. It is found that cicadas employ a common force vectoring technique to execute all these flights. We show that the direction of the half-stroke averaged aerodynamic force relative to the body is independent of the body orientation, varying in a range of merely 20 deg. Despite directional limitation of the aerodynamic force, pitch and roll torque are generated by altering wing angle of attack and its mean position relative to the center of mass. This results in body rotations which redirect the wing force in the global flame and consequently change the flight traiectorv.
基金Project supported by the Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission (No. 09jw25),the Xinglin Group Grant from the Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,and the Innovation Team of the College of the Shanghai Municipal Education Commission,China
文摘Background and Objectives:Chronic kidney disease(CKD) is a growing public health problem with an urgent need for new pharmacological agents.Cordyceps cicadae is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) and has potential renoprotective benefits.The current study aimed to determine any scientific evidence to support its clinical use.Methods:We analyzed the potential of two kinds of C.cicadae extract,total extract(TE) and acetic ether extract(AE),in treating kidney disease simulated by a subtotal nephrectomy(SNx) model.Sprague-Dawley rats were divided randomly into seven groups:sham-operated group,vehicle-treated SNx,Cozaar,2 g/(kg·d) TE SNx,1 g/(kg·d) TE SNx,92 mg/(kg·d) AE SNx,and 46 mg/(kg·d) AE SNx.Renal injury was monitored using urine and serum analyses,and hematoxylin and eosin(HE) and periodic acid-Schiff(PAS) stainings were used to analyze the level of fibrosis.The expression of type IV collagen(Col IV),fibronectin(FN),transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1),and connective tissue growth factor(CTGF) was detected by immunohistochemistry.Results:Renal injury,reflected in urine and serum analyses,and pathological changes induced by SNx were attenuated by TE and AE intervention.The depositions of Col IV and FN were also decreased by the treatments and were accompanied by reduced expression of TGF-β1 and CTGF.In some respects,2 g/(kg·d) of TE produced better effects than Cozaar.Conclusions:For the first time,we have shown that C.cicadae may inhibit renal fibrosis in vivo through the TGF-β1/CTGF pathway.Therefore,we conclude that the use of C.cicadae could provide a rational strategy for combating renal fibrosis.
基金supported by China Spark Program (No.2015GA700011)。
文摘This work was aimed to establish a quality control method for evaluating the effects on glucose and lipids of the fruiting body of Isaria cicadae Miquel from strain Ic-17-7(Ic-17-7fb) using a rat model of type 2 diabetes(T2DM). Random amplified polymorphic DNA, sequence-characterized amplified region, and high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) were used for the quality control of Ic-17-7fb. The pharmacological effects on streptozocin(STZ)-induced high fat diet(HFD)-fed Albino Wistar rats were evaluated. The rats underwent the following treatments: control, metformin, Ic-17-7fb(0.166 and 0.5 g·kg;) or without treatment. The fasting blood glucose(FBG), blood glucose, total cholesterol(TC), triglyceride(TG), high-density lipoprotein(HDL-c), and low-density lipoprotein(LDL-c) were measured. Ic-17-7fb amplified a single specific band by S11-2-F3 and S11-2-R3 primers. An HPLC-based quality and quantity method was established for industrial application. The contents of adenosine and N;-(2-hydroxyethyl) adenosine(HEA) of the cultivated Ic-17-7fb were analyzed. All of the validation lots of cultured Ic-17-7fb passed the quantity control of the training set(0.90 mg·g;of adenosine and 0.89 mg·g;of HEA). After two weeks of administration, the average FBG was 4.89 ± 0.42(control), 26.10 ± 5.77(model), 23.63 ± 6.15(metformin), 17.96 ± 9.36(Ic-17-7fb for 0.166 g·kg;), and 19.69 ±8.71 mmol·L;(Ic-17-7fb for 0.5 g·kg;). The FBG of Ic-17-7fb(0.166 g·kg;) treatment significantly reduced by 31.19%, compared with the model after two weeks of administration(P < 0.01). Metformin, Ic-17-7fb(0.166 g·kg;), and Ic-17-7fb(0.5 g·kg;) reduced TC, TG, HDL-c, and LDL-c compared with the T2DM model treatment at the 6 th week of treatment(P < 0.05). This study established the first quality standard for Ic-17-7fb, which can be effectively applied in the treatment of T2DM. The reliable quality control method and pharmacological effect will broaden its application space.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81520108028,81273430,41306130,81302692,41676073,81603022)SCTSM Project(No.14431901100,15431901000)+4 种基金Institutes for Drug Discovery and Development,Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.CASIMM0120152039)SKLDR/SIMM Projects(SIMM 1501ZZ-03)“Youth Innovation Promotion Association”from Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.2016258)“Young Talent Supporting Project”from China Association for Science and Technology(No.2016QNRC001)Shanghai“Pujiang Program”(No.16PJ1410600)
文摘Objective To isolate and identify the chemical constituents from mycelia and spores of the fungus Cordyceps cicadae,respectively.Methods The chemical constituents were isolated and purified by repeated silica gel,Sephadex LH-20,and reversed phase HPLC.The structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis,including 1 D and 2D NMR.Results Nine known sterols such as ergosterol（1）,ergosterol peroxide（2）,9,11-dehydroergosterol peroxide（3）,3β,5α,9α-trihydroxy-（22E,24R）-ergosta-7,22-dien-6-one（4）,3β,5α,9α,14α-tetrahydroxy-（22E,24R）-ergosta-7,22-dien-6-one（5）,5 α,6α-e poxy-（22 E,,24 R）-e rgosta-8（14）,22-diene-3α,7α-diol （6）, 3β,5α,6β-（22E,24R）-ergosta-7,22-dien-3,5,6-triol （7）, 3β,5α,6α-6- methoxyergosta-（22E,24R）-7,22-diene-3,5-diol （8）, 4-hydroxy-17R-methylincisterol （9）, together with a resorcinol derivative, 5-n-nonadecylresorcinol （10）, a cydo- desipeptide, beauvericin （11）, and a nucleoside, N^6-（2-hydroxyethyl）adenosine （12） were successively isolated from the cultivated C. cicadaemycelia and spores. Conclusion Compounds 3-10 are reported for the first time from the title sample, beauvericin exhibits significant cytotoxicity against human leukemia cell line and human lung cancer cell line.
基金Financial support provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51533003)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(Grant No.2016A030308018)+1 种基金the Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Project(Grant No.201807010088)the Opening Project(KFKT1805)of Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering(Ministry of Education)are gratefully acknowledged.
文摘Gradient wettability is important for some living organisms.Herein,the dynamic responses of water droplets impacting on the surfaces of four regions along the wing vein of cicada Cryptotympana atratafabricius are investigated.It is revealed that a gradient wetting behavior from hydrophilicity(the Wenzel state)to hydrophobicity and further to superhydrophobicity(the Cassie-Baxter state)appears from the foot to apex of the wing.Water droplets impacting on the hydrophilic region of the wing cannot rebound,whereas those impacting on the hydrophobic region can retract and completely rebound.The hydrophobic region exhibits robust water-repelling performance during the dynamic droplet impact.Moreover,a droplet sitting on the hydrophobic region can recover its spherical shape after squeezed to a water film as thin as 0.45 mm,and lossless droplet transportation can be achieved at the region.Based on the geometric parameters of the nanopillars at the hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions on the cicada wing,two wetting models are developed for elucidating the mechanism for the gradient wetting behavior.This work directs the design and fabrication of surfaces with gradient wetting behavior by mimicking the nanopillars on cicada wing surface.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.
文摘Temporal information of the songs is generally species-specific and implies certain'meanings', which are very important in intra- and interspecific communicationsof animals. As to the mechanisms underlying song pattern recognition, it waspresumed that there were special time rate recognizers or temporally tuned neuronsin the auditory nervous system, but no evidence has been obtained so far. Someinvestigators suggested that there were 'rate band-pass' cells in the auditory neuronalcenters, which were found in the brain of frogs.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘In cicadas the songs are produced by vibrations of the sounding membrane driven by sounding muscles. The innervations of sounding movements are synchro-controlling type for some species and asynchro-controlling type for other species. The contracting movements of sounding muscles on both sides are synchronous for some species and alternate for other species, and the contracting frequencies are from several decade to several hundred and generally below 500 Hz. On the basis of studies on the song property and innervation of sound production in the Mingnfing cicada, the innervation frequency-response of movements in sounding muscles is studied in this note. The results provide the important basis for expounding the sounding mechanism of vari-toned songs in cicadas.
文摘In the black cicada (C. atrata Fabricius ), the quiescent males are sensitive to stimulating sound pulses of about 70 dB (SPL); the latent periods and amplitudes of compound action potentials of the auditory nerve ( called"auditory nerve potential (AP)" for short) which are corresponding one by one to stimulating sound pulses are (3 92±0 28) ms and (0 32±0 22) mV on an average, respectively. Although the singing males are nonreactive to outside stimulating sound_pulses, they are still sensitive to calling pulses mingling in stimulating sound_pulses; the latent periods and amplitudes of auditory nerve potentials are (4 16±0 43) ms and (0 46±0 25) mV, respectively. In singing males the negative potential before each auditory nerve potential characterizes that the intrinsic link exists between sounding and auditory nerve system.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.
文摘The dynamic properties of the assistant sounders in the black cicada are given and the twitching properties of Contraction in the sounding muscle are revealed in this paper.For the operculum, tymbal cover and joint membrane, each of their vibration periods consists of three subgroup vibrations (SGV_(a,b,c)) corresponding to amplitude-modulation pulse trains (AMPT_(1,2,3)) in every syllable of synchro song. In comparison with the vibration at dorsum, the SGV_(a-c) have a subband with the function of regulating the tone. During calling song continuously, the pressure change inside the resonant cavity and the airspeed through the spiracles on both sides are about 7. 94—15.88 Paand 0.59—0.84 cm^3/s respectively, and they increase by about 7 and 2.6 times as the abdomen is moved. When the contraction motion of the sounding muscle comes up to the critical Sounding state, it further produces the twitching process, and drives the sounding membrane and the toning plate-membrane to produce AMPT_(1-3) and SGV_(a-c).
