To understand the changes in yield, harvest index （HI） and biomass of aboveground parts of rice, 33 japonica rice cultivars released from 1958 to 2005 were planted. During the 47 years, the grain yield increased fro...To understand the changes in yield, harvest index （HI） and biomass of aboveground parts of rice, 33 japonica rice cultivars released from 1958 to 2005 were planted. During the 47 years, the grain yield increased from 9 118.36 to 15 060.1 kg/hm2 and HI from 0.46 to 0.55. In the genetic improvement, the total number of tillers per plant decreased, and the biomass per unit area slightly increased at the harvest stage. The increases of yield and HI resulted from the increased biomasses of effective tillers and single stem, and the increase of biomass per stem was related to the increased biomasses of different organs along with the genetic improvement. The stem and sheath biomass at heading and the leaf biomass at 30 days after heading showed the highest increase, up by 75.17% and 49.94%, respectively. The biomasses of leaf and stem-sheath at 10 days after heading, and biomass per stem at 30 days after heading were obviously correlated with the yield. The results indicate that the genetic improvement has resulted in the increase of yield and HI. This increase is correlated with the decrease of total tiller number per plant, and increase of biomasses of effective tillers and single stem. The leaf biomass after heading and the stem and sheath biomass at 10 days after heading can be used as selection criteria for breeding high yielding rice cultivars.展开更多
Cyanobacterial blooms have become a serious global environmental issue due to their potential risk for releasing detrimental secondary metabolites into aquatic ecosystems,posing a great threat to water quality managem...Cyanobacterial blooms have become a serious global environmental issue due to their potential risk for releasing detrimental secondary metabolites into aquatic ecosystems,posing a great threat to water quality management for public health authorities.Aphanizomenon,a common filamentous cyanobacterial genus belonging to Nostocales,is under particular concern because its several members are able to form harmful blooms.Furthermore,succession of bloom between A.flos-aquae and Microcystis occurs in many natural lakes.To evaluate the competitiveness of A.flos-aquae vs.M.aeruginosa,two sets of experiments at different ratios of biomass at 15℃and 25℃were conducted.Results show that at 15℃,the two species were able to coexist,and A.flos-aquae showed a specific higher growth rate,and its growth was promoted by the presence of M.aeruginosa.At 25℃,the growth of A.flos-aquae was inhibited by the biomass of M.aeruginosa,and M.aeruginosa suppressed A.flos-aquae in competition.Additionally,the vegetative cell size of A.flos-aquae was significantly influenced by the co-culture with M.aeruginosa,whereas the filament length of A.flos-aquae was not significantly affected.This study confirms that temperature is the dominating factor on the succession of A.flos-aquae and M.aeruginosa of a different biomass.展开更多
In forage grasses, the nitrogen concentration is directly related to the nutritional value. The studies examined the hypothesis that global elevation of CO2 concentration probably affects the biomass, nitrogen （N） c...In forage grasses, the nitrogen concentration is directly related to the nutritional value. The studies examined the hypothesis that global elevation of CO2 concentration probably affects the biomass, nitrogen （N） concentration, and allocation and distribution patterns in the organs of forage grasses. While sainfoin （Onobrychis viciaefolia Scop.） seedlings grew on a low nutrient soil in closed chambers for 90 days, they were exposed to two CO2 concentrations （ambient or ambient＋350 μmol mol^-1 CO2） without adding nutrients to them. After 90 days exposure to CO2, the biomasses of leaves, stems, and roots, and N concentrations and contents of different parts were measured. Compared with the ambient CO2 concentration, the elevated CO2 concentration increased the total dry matter by 25.07%, mainly due to the root and leaf having positive response to the elevated CO2 concentration. However, the elevated CO2 concentration did not change the proportions of the dry matters in different parts and the total plants compared with the ambient CO2 concentration. The elevated CO2 concentration lowered the N concentrations of the plant parts. Because the dry matter was higher, the elevated CO2 concentration had no effect on the N content in the plants compared to the ambient CO2 concentration. The elevated CO2 concentration promoted N allocations of the different parts significantly and increased N allocation of the underground part. The results have confirmed the previous suggestions that the elevated CO2 concentration stimulates plant biomass production and decreases the N concentrations of the plant parts.展开更多
The main source of energy for most African families remains firewood. The exploitation of this resource is the main cause of accelerated environmental degradation with its consequences which are climate change and soi...The main source of energy for most African families remains firewood. The exploitation of this resource is the main cause of accelerated environmental degradation with its consequences which are climate change and soil impoverishment. However, agricultural residues are often available and even abandoned in fields after harvest. In this regard, we have characterized three biomass with no economic value in order to use them for the production of biochar to improve soil quality while providing the energy necessary for household cooking. Our research was based on the following biomasses: cotton stalks, maize rachis and rice husks. The study made it possible to characterize the biomasses which could be used for combustion and/or pyrolysis. From the results obtained, we could observe a high ash content in the rice husk (24.21%) against 2.41% for cotton stalks and 2.00% for maize rachis. These results influence the calorific value of the rice husk, thus allowing it to be used matter in pyrolysis and not in combustion. In addition, cotton stalks and corn rachis can be used both as fuel and as biomass to be pyrolyzed.展开更多
The purpose of this study was to assess the suppressive effect of Waste Vegetable Biomasses （WVBs） treated by the Steam Explosion technique in a continuous plant, against soil-borne plant pathogens. In order to asse...The purpose of this study was to assess the suppressive effect of Waste Vegetable Biomasses （WVBs） treated by the Steam Explosion technique in a continuous plant, against soil-borne plant pathogens. In order to assess their disease suppression, five WVBs （Miscanthus biomass, durum wheat straw, rice straw, corn stalk and wood shaving） and commercial compost were tested in vivo at three different doses （10, 20 and 30% of potting mix） on seven horticultural pathosystems plant/fungus： tomato/Phytophthora nicotianae, cucumber/Pythium ultimum, lettuce/Fusariurn oxysporum f. sp. lactucae, melordFusariurn oxysporum f. sp. melonis, bearffRhizoctonia solani, eggplant/Verticillium dahlie and fennel/Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The results showed that the corn stalk was more efficient respect to Miscanthus, compost, wheat straw, rice straw and wood shaving in all the patbosystems and at all the doses tested. The corn stalk suppression ranged from 97% in eggplant/F, dahliae to 35% in lettuce/F, oxysporum f. sp. lactucae, and it was significantly higher with respect to the other substrates. In general, the wheat straw, rice straw and wood shaving were statistically found less efficient as suppressive substrate with respect to corn stalk, Miscanthus and compost at the 30% dose in four pathosystems In particular, the wood shaving suppressiveness ranged from 48% in eggplant/V, dahliae to 12% in lettuce/F, oxysporum f. sp. lactucae. The different suppressiveness observed could be attributed to different concentration of the microbial inhibitory substances （furfurals, organic acids and lignosulfonates） produced during the processing of fresh biomass.展开更多
Green coal or bio-coal is coal produced with rich biodegradable materials, elaborated from agricultural and household residues with a high percentage of carbon. This green charcoal (fuel briquettes) is an alternative ...Green coal or bio-coal is coal produced with rich biodegradable materials, elaborated from agricultural and household residues with a high percentage of carbon. This green charcoal (fuel briquettes) is an alternative to charcoal. Well known for its contribution to greenhouse gas emissions, charcoal is one of the causes of tree felling. The valorization of waste by the manufacture of biofuels could be an alternative to the use of charcoal. The general objective of the present study is the valorization of nine biomasses from Togo as raw materials. Specifically, physico-chemical characteristics such as dehydration, acidity, and conductivity were determined. Information on the structure and composition of the biomass was found. These data on the nature of the biomass were found through the use of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Thermogravimetry (TGA). The promising results inform on the nature of the analyzed samples and allow the selection of the best biomass which would give an important thermal conductivity for the manufacture of the briquettes, but also of the binders to be used according to the physico-chemical characteristics like the pH.展开更多
Energy valorization of organic waste material is nowadays an assessed practice of circular economy.Combined heat and power(CHP)technologies based on biomass gasification represent viable substitutes to traditional ene...Energy valorization of organic waste material is nowadays an assessed practice of circular economy.Combined heat and power(CHP)technologies based on biomass gasification represent viable substitutes to traditional energy conversion units based on combustion,whose need has recently experienced a huge growth,due to the increasing concerns about the release of greenhouse gases(GHGs)emissions and the related effects on climate changes.At present,only a few solutions have yet achieved a level of full development for commercialization.One of them is the system developed by CMD,the CMD ECO20,made of a gasifier,a syngas cleaning system and a spark ignition internal combustion engine working as a co-generator.In the present work,a numerical model is developed to study this system into detail and search for optimal controlling parameters.The simulation relies on a combined use of the Thermoflex?environment and a proper one-dimensional(1D)model of the engine module built within GT-Suite?.An original contribution is given to the turbulent combustion model that accounts for the laminar flame speed of the specific syngas.The numerical model,that covers the entire biomass-to-energy conversion process,is validated under real operative conditions.The final purpose of the work is the optimization of input parameters,as the initial biomass moisture content,the equivalence ratio at the gasifier or the timing of spark advance,to maximize the system electrical energy output.展开更多
The aim of the present study is to develop the biomass furnace combustor which can effectively employ four unused biomasses, i.e., wood bark, wood branch, bamboo, and grass as a fuel. Emphasis is placed on the combust...The aim of the present study is to develop the biomass furnace combustor which can effectively employ four unused biomasses, i.e., wood bark, wood branch, bamboo, and grass as a fuel. Emphasis is placed on the combustion gas components and combustion gas temperature in the combustor. It is found from the study that： （1） Four unused biomasses can take plate self combustion and the stable combustion yield; （2） Different combustion temperature distribution appears in combustor and is affected by each biomass; （3） The concentrations of nitrogen oxide and sulfur oxides are lower than the discharge standard value; （4） Higher thermal efficiency yields for bark, bamboo and grass.展开更多
The rapid development of 5G communication technology and smart electronic and electrical equipment will inevitably lead to electromagnetic radiation pollution.Enriching heterointerface polarization relaxation through ...The rapid development of 5G communication technology and smart electronic and electrical equipment will inevitably lead to electromagnetic radiation pollution.Enriching heterointerface polarization relaxation through nanostructure design and interface modifica-tion has proven to be an effective strategy to obtain efficient electromagnetic wave absorption.Here,this work implements an innovative method that combines biomimetic honeycomb superstructure to constrain hierarchical porous heterostructure composed of Co/CoO nano-particles to improve the interfacial polarization intensity.The method effectively controlled the absorption efficiency of Co^(2+)through de-lignification modification of bamboo,and combined with the bionic carbon-based natural hierarchical porous structure to achieve uniform dispersion of nanoparticles,which is conducive to the in-depth construction of heterogeneous interfaces.In addition,the multiphase struc-ture brought about by high-temperature pyrolysis provides the best dielectric loss and impedance matching for the material.Therefore,the obtained bamboo-based Co/CoO multiphase composite showed excellent electromagnetic wave absorption performance,achieving excel-lent reflection loss(RL)of-79 dB and effective absorption band width of 4.12 GHz(6.84-10.96 GHz)at low load of 15wt%.Among them,the material’s optimal radar cross-section(RCS)reduction value can reach 31.9 dB·m^(2).This work provides a new approach to the micro-control and comprehensive optimization of macro-design of microwave absorbers,and offers new ideas for the high-value utiliza-tion of biomass materials.展开更多
Research efforts on electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding materials have begun to converge on green and sustainable biomass materials.These materials offer numerous advantages such as being lightweight,porous,and...Research efforts on electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding materials have begun to converge on green and sustainable biomass materials.These materials offer numerous advantages such as being lightweight,porous,and hierarchical.Due to their porous nature,interfacial compatibility,and electrical conductivity,biomass materials hold significant potential as EMI shielding materials.Despite concerted efforts on the EMI shielding of biomass materials have been reported,this research area is still relatively new compared to traditional EMI shielding materials.In particular,a more comprehensive study and summary of the factors influencing biomass EMI shielding materials including the pore structure adjustment,preparation process,and micro-control would be valuable.The preparation methods and characteristics of wood,bamboo,cellulose and lignin in EMI shielding field are critically discussed in this paper,and similar biomass EMI materials are summarized and analyzed.The composite methods and fillers of various biomass materials were reviewed.this paper also highlights the mechanism of EMI shielding as well as existing prospects and challenges for development trends in this field.展开更多
Photocatalysis has emerged as an effective approach to sustainably convert biomass into value-added products.CoSe_(2)is a promising nonprecious,efficient cocatalyst for photooxidation,which can facilitate the separati...Photocatalysis has emerged as an effective approach to sustainably convert biomass into value-added products.CoSe_(2)is a promising nonprecious,efficient cocatalyst for photooxidation,which can facilitate the separation of photogenerated electron–holes,increase the reaction rates,and enhance photocatalytic efficiency.In this work,we synthesized a stable and efficient photocatalysis system of CoSe_(2)/g-C_(3)N_(4)through attaching CoSe_(2)on g-C_(3)N_(4)sheets,with a yield of 50.12%for the selective photooxidation of xylose to xylonic acid.Under light illumination,the photogenerated electrons were prone to migrating from g-C_(3)N_(4)to CoSe_(2)due to the higher work function of CoSe_(2),resulting in the accelerated separation of photogenerated electron–holes and the promoted photooxidation.Herein,this study reveals the unique function of CoSe_(2),which can significantly promote oxygen adsorption,work as an electron sink and accelerate the generation of ·O_(2)^(-),thereby improving the selectivity toward xylonic acid over other by-products.This work provides useful insights into the design of selective photocatalysts by engineering g-C_(3)N_(4)for biomass high-value utilization.展开更多
Sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)have emerged as a promising alternative to commercial lithium-ion batteries be-cause of the similar properties of Li and Na as well as the abundance and accessibility of sodium resources.The ...Sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)have emerged as a promising alternative to commercial lithium-ion batteries be-cause of the similar properties of Li and Na as well as the abundance and accessibility of sodium resources.The devel-opment of anode materials with a high capacity,excellent rate performance,and long cycle life is the key to the indus-trialization of SIBs.Biomass-derived carbon(BDC)anode materials synthesized from resource-rich,low-cost,and re-newable biomass have been extensively researched and their excellent sodium storage performance has been proven,making them the most promising new low-cost and high-performance anode material for SIBs.This review first intro-duces the sources of BDCs,including waste biomass such as plants,animals,and microorganisms,and then describes sev-eral methods for preparing BDC anode materials,including carbonization,chemical activation,and template methods.The storage mechanism and kinetic process of Na^(+)in BDCs are then considered as well as their structure control.The electrochemical properties of sodium-ion storage in BDCs with different structures are examined,and suggestions for future re-search are made.展开更多
The residual biomass composed of pseudo trunks and banana leaves is very important and poorly valued. There is very little quantified data on the deposits of residual biomass from banana plantations in Senegal and in ...The residual biomass composed of pseudo trunks and banana leaves is very important and poorly valued. There is very little quantified data on the deposits of residual biomass from banana plantations in Senegal and in particular in the Tambacounda region. In this work, we seek to evaluate the methanogenic potential and to valorize this biomass in biogas and biofertilizer. The laboratory experiment lasted approximately 35 days. During this time, the methanogenic microorganisms degrade the organic residue provided, which results in the production of biogas. At the end of the reactions, the rate of biogas production drops, indicating the end of the biodegradation of organic matter. Biogas production is measured over time and the composition of the biogas produced is analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) or by an infrared analyzer. The methane potential of each sample is determined from the cumulative quantity of methane produced in each flask representing a digestion system. The measurement can be expressed in m3 of CH4 per tonne of dry matter or per tonne of raw material. The first challenge of this study therefore lies in the acquisition of reliable and usable data to quantify the methanizable biomass. This study will allow us not only to evaluate the quantities of pseudo trunks and banana leaves available in a plot after harvest but also to test the biogas and methane production potential (BMP test) of this substrate and therefore determine the expected biogas production of this biomass.展开更多
This study was conducted at the scientific center of Brazzaville. The objective was to assess the microbial characteristics and enzymes activities in the rhizosphere soil of Cajanus cajan and Milletia lauurentii. Thes...This study was conducted at the scientific center of Brazzaville. The objective was to assess the microbial characteristics and enzymes activities in the rhizosphere soil of Cajanus cajan and Milletia lauurentii. These plants have great importance in food and forestry. Microbial diversity management in the rhizosphere is the key for sustainable crop production or forest durability. DNA metagenomic sequencing was used to analyze the whole bacterial diversity, the microbial biomass was determinate by the fumigation-extraction method and the enzymes by the p-nitrophenol-β-D-glucoside for β-glucosidase, the p-nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminide for β-Glucosaminidase. Dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase were quantified using 2,3,5-tryphenyl tetrazolium chloride and p-nitophenylphosphate respectively. The results show that, in Cajanus cajan culturable bacteria genera were mainly Acidobacterium, Skermanella, Rhodoplanes, Bacillus, Chloroflexus, Steroidobacter, Sphingomonas and Bradyrhizobium while in Milletia laurentii: Rhodoplanes, Bradyrhizobium, Bacillus, Sphingobacterium, Acidobacterium, Mesorhizobium, Nitrospira were the principal genera. In the two rhizosphere soils investigated, the uncultured bacteria exhibited relatively higher abundance, often for the same genera, than culturable bacteria. Metagenomic studies have revealed more bacterial diversity in each compared to when culturable bacteria were taken into account alone. The MBC and MBN were higher in the rhizosphere of Milletia than in rhizosphere of Cajanus. The same trend was observed with the enzyme activities. PCA of culturable and NMDS of unculturable soil bacteria genera shows that factors mainly involved in the carbon cycle such as MBC, members of the microbial community i.e. Acidobacterium, Skermanella, Chloroflexus, sand, C, β-glucosaminidase and dehydrogenase, were strongly correlated with Cajanus cajan. On the other hand, the MBN, Mesorhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, Burkholderia, Nitrospira, Nitratireductor, N, NH4, β-glucosidase and acid phosphatase involved in the N cycling, silt and clay were predominantly founded in the rhizosphere soil of Milletia laurentii. This study showed that metagenomic sequencing could improve the assessment of the microbial diversity structure of the rhizosphere.展开更多
The development of electronic products and increased electronic waste have triggered a series of ecological problems on Earth.Meanwhile,amidst energy crises and the pursuit of carbon neutrality,the recycling of discar...The development of electronic products and increased electronic waste have triggered a series of ecological problems on Earth.Meanwhile,amidst energy crises and the pursuit of carbon neutrality,the recycling of discarded biomass has attracted the attention of many researchers.In recent years,the transformation of discarded biomass into value-added electronic products has emerged as a promising endeavor in the field of green and flexible electronics.In this review,the attempts and advancements in biomass conversion into flexible electronic materials and devices are systematically summarized.We focus on reviewing the research progress in biomass conversion into substrates,electrodes,and materials tailored for optical and thermal management.Furthermore,we explore component combinations suitable for applications in environmental monitoring and health management.Finally,we discuss the challenges in techniques and cost-effectiveness currently faced by biomass conversion into flexible electronic devices and propose improvement strategies.Drawing insights from both fundamental research and industrial applications,we offer prospects for future developments in this burgeoning field.展开更多
Invasive species are increasingly spreading,particularly in rangeland ecosystems.It is essential to evaluate the effectiveness of different methods for controlling invasive plants in these ecosystems.This study aimed ...Invasive species are increasingly spreading,particularly in rangeland ecosystems.It is essential to evaluate the effectiveness of different methods for controlling invasive plants in these ecosystems.This study aimed to investigate the effects of three strategies-21-year grazing exclusion(21-YES),mowing-grazing in rotation in alternate years(MGRS),and moderate grazing(MGS)-on the change in cover,density,and biomass of Leucanthemum vulgare Lam.(Ox-eye Daisy=OED)and the plant community.To accomplish this,three sites selected for each treatment.In 2021,270 vegetation plots were sampled using a random systematic method.Subsequently,we recorded the density and canopy cover of all growth forms(forbs,grasses,and ferns),the OED biomass,and the ground cover.The results indicated that MGS reduced OED density,OED canopy,and OED biomass.Furthermore,this strategy demonstrated the highest density and canopy cover of the plant community(including total,forbs,grasses,and ferns).Additionally,the strongest correlation was observed between the total canopy and the OED density(R2=-0.91,-0.95,-0.94 in 21-YES,MGRS,and MGS,respectively),as well as between the total canopy and the OED canopy(R2=-0.51,-0.98,-0.97 in 21-YES,MGRS,and MGS,respectively).The MGS led to an increase in diversity indices.In general,the grazing strategy has proven to be effective in controlling the spread of invasive OED and has also resulted in an increase in canopy cover,density,and diversity indices of the plant community.The study highlights the importance of ongoing management efforts to control invasive species,with moderate grazing potentially serving as a more practical,culturally accepted,and costeffective short-term control strategy for widespread rangeland weed infestations.展开更多
Bangladesh’s thriving okra cultivation sector annually yields substantial harvests, yet a significant portion of the plant remains underutilized after harvesting, posing as agricultural waste. This oversight neglects...Bangladesh’s thriving okra cultivation sector annually yields substantial harvests, yet a significant portion of the plant remains underutilized after harvesting, posing as agricultural waste. This oversight neglects the economic potential of okra fiber, which is versatile and valuable across various industries. This paper explores this untapped potential by investigating the physico-mechanical properties, chemical treatments, and fabrication techniques of okra fiber, drawing from a wealth of research. Comparative analyses with established natural fibers like jute and sisal shed light on okra fiber’s transformative role in Bangladesh’s economic landscape. Along with the applications in the fashion world, meticulous investigation into its mechanical, thermal, and morphological characteristics uncovers inherent strengths and integration pathways into industrial applications. Strategies for optimizing yield and quality, including novel approaches like photo-grafting and protein extraction, are explored. Considerations for cytotoxicity and environmental sustainability ensure its viability as a green resource. This research aims to unlock okra fiber’s full potential, positioning Bangladesh for sustainable economic development and innovation.展开更多
Climate change impacts soil nitrogen, influencing plant responses to elevated atmospheric [CO2]. Understanding the interaction between nitrogen supply and elevated [CO2] is crucial for predicting plant future performa...Climate change impacts soil nitrogen, influencing plant responses to elevated atmospheric [CO2]. Understanding the interaction between nitrogen supply and elevated [CO2] is crucial for predicting plant future performance. This study examined the interactive effects of elevated [CO2] and nitrogen supply on the eco-physiological performance of yellow birch. Seedlings were exposed to two [CO2] levels and five nitrogen supply levels for 4 months. Growth parameters such as seedling height and root collar diameter increased with higher nitrogen supply and elevated [CO2], while specific leaf area decreased. [CO2] elevation and increasing nitrogen supply also increased the total and stem, and leaf biomass. The elevated [CO2] increased the stem mass ratio but decreased the root-to-shoot ratio and root mass ratio. However, decreases in nitrogen supply increased root mass ratio and root-to-shoot ratio. The elevated [CO2] increased the maximum rate of Rubisco carboxylation (Vcmax) and photosynthetic electron transport (Jmax), but the effect on Jmax was statistically significant only at the two highest nitrogen supply levels. The results indicate that yellow birch may increase photosynthetic capacity, biomass, and growth in the future when [CO2] is higher.展开更多
Nitrogen(N)uptake is regulated by water availability,and a water deficit can limit crop N responses by reducing N uptake and utilization.The complex and multifaceted interplay between water availability and the crop N...Nitrogen(N)uptake is regulated by water availability,and a water deficit can limit crop N responses by reducing N uptake and utilization.The complex and multifaceted interplay between water availability and the crop N response makes it difficult to predict and quantify the effect of water deficit on crop N status.The nitrogen nutrition index(NNI)has been widely used to accurately diagnose crop N status and to evaluate the effectiveness of N application.The decline of NNI under water-limiting conditions has been documented,although the underlying mechanism governing this decline is not fully understood.This study aimed to elucidate the reason for the decline of NNI under waterlimiting conditions and to provide insights into the accurate utilization of NNI for assessing crop N status under different water-N interaction treatments.Rainout shelter experiments were conducted over three growing seasons from 2018 to 2021 under different N(75 and 225 kg N ha^(-1),low N and high N)and water(120 to 510 mm,W0 to W3)co-limitation treatments.Plant N accumulation,shoot biomass(SB),plant N concentration(%N),soil nitrate-N content,actual evapotranspiration(ET_a),and yield were recorded at the stem elongation,booting,anthesis and grain filling stages.Compared to W0,W1 to W3 treatments exhibited NNI values that were greater by 10.2 to 20.5%,12.6to 24.8%,14 to 24.8%,and 16.8 to 24.8%at stem elongation,booting,anthesis,and grain filling,respectively,across the 2018-2021 seasons.This decline in NNI under water-limiting conditions stemmed from two main factors.First,reduced ET_(a) and SB led to a greater critical N concentration(%N_(c))under water-limiting conditions,which contributed to the decline in NNI primarily under high N conditions.Second,changes in plant%N played a more significant role under low N conditions.Plant N accumulation exhibited a positive allometric relationship with SB and a negative relationship with soil nitrate-N content under water-limiting conditions,indicating co-regulation by SB and the soil nitrate-N content.However,this regulation was influenced by water availability.Plant N accumulation sourced from the soil nitrate-N content reflects soil N availability.Greater soil water availability facilitated greater absorption of soil nitrate-N into the plants,leading to a positive correlation between plant N accumulation and ET_(a)across the different water-N interaction treatments.Therefore,considering the impact of soil water availability is crucial when assessing soil N availability under water-limiting conditions.The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the factors contributing to the decline in NNI among different water-N interaction treatments and can contribute to the more accurate utilization of NNI for assessing winter wheat N status.展开更多
In contrast to combustion, gasification is assumed to be caused by a lack of oxygen. One can remove this paradigm by inverting the causality chain: the gasification process is not the result but the origin of less oxy...In contrast to combustion, gasification is assumed to be caused by a lack of oxygen. One can remove this paradigm by inverting the causality chain: the gasification process is not the result but the origin of less oxygen consumption (compared to combustion). A new construction principle for gasifiers derives from this, and a gasifier built accordingly can test whether removing the traditional paradigm makes sense. The first results from a new type of gasifier that operates with abundant primary air are shown in this paper. The gasifier has a very high power density (10 kW/l) and can process waste biomasses unsuited for traditional gasifiers.展开更多
基金supported by the National Jump Plan of Agriculture Science and Technology, China (Grant No. 200754)the Science and Technology Department of Key Projects of Jilin Province, China (Grant No. 20080201)
文摘To understand the changes in yield, harvest index （HI） and biomass of aboveground parts of rice, 33 japonica rice cultivars released from 1958 to 2005 were planted. During the 47 years, the grain yield increased from 9 118.36 to 15 060.1 kg/hm2 and HI from 0.46 to 0.55. In the genetic improvement, the total number of tillers per plant decreased, and the biomass per unit area slightly increased at the harvest stage. The increases of yield and HI resulted from the increased biomasses of effective tillers and single stem, and the increase of biomass per stem was related to the increased biomasses of different organs along with the genetic improvement. The stem and sheath biomass at heading and the leaf biomass at 30 days after heading showed the highest increase, up by 75.17% and 49.94%, respectively. The biomasses of leaf and stem-sheath at 10 days after heading, and biomass per stem at 30 days after heading were obviously correlated with the yield. The results indicate that the genetic improvement has resulted in the increase of yield and HI. This increase is correlated with the decrease of total tiller number per plant, and increase of biomasses of effective tillers and single stem. The leaf biomass after heading and the stem and sheath biomass at 10 days after heading can be used as selection criteria for breeding high yielding rice cultivars.
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2017YFA0605201)the Major Project of Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(No.LD21C030001)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51779247)the Controlling Technology of Cyanobacterial Bloom in the Major Lakes of Wuhan city(No.HBT-16200117-201482)the Featured Institute Service Project from Institute of Hydrobiology,Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.Y85Z061601)。
文摘Cyanobacterial blooms have become a serious global environmental issue due to their potential risk for releasing detrimental secondary metabolites into aquatic ecosystems,posing a great threat to water quality management for public health authorities.Aphanizomenon,a common filamentous cyanobacterial genus belonging to Nostocales,is under particular concern because its several members are able to form harmful blooms.Furthermore,succession of bloom between A.flos-aquae and Microcystis occurs in many natural lakes.To evaluate the competitiveness of A.flos-aquae vs.M.aeruginosa,two sets of experiments at different ratios of biomass at 15℃and 25℃were conducted.Results show that at 15℃,the two species were able to coexist,and A.flos-aquae showed a specific higher growth rate,and its growth was promoted by the presence of M.aeruginosa.At 25℃,the growth of A.flos-aquae was inhibited by the biomass of M.aeruginosa,and M.aeruginosa suppressed A.flos-aquae in competition.Additionally,the vegetative cell size of A.flos-aquae was significantly influenced by the co-culture with M.aeruginosa,whereas the filament length of A.flos-aquae was not significantly affected.This study confirms that temperature is the dominating factor on the succession of A.flos-aquae and M.aeruginosa of a different biomass.
基金supported by the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education(SRFDP200807181008)the Science Fund of Shaanxi Normal University for the Young Scholars,China
文摘In forage grasses, the nitrogen concentration is directly related to the nutritional value. The studies examined the hypothesis that global elevation of CO2 concentration probably affects the biomass, nitrogen （N） concentration, and allocation and distribution patterns in the organs of forage grasses. While sainfoin （Onobrychis viciaefolia Scop.） seedlings grew on a low nutrient soil in closed chambers for 90 days, they were exposed to two CO2 concentrations （ambient or ambient＋350 μmol mol^-1 CO2） without adding nutrients to them. After 90 days exposure to CO2, the biomasses of leaves, stems, and roots, and N concentrations and contents of different parts were measured. Compared with the ambient CO2 concentration, the elevated CO2 concentration increased the total dry matter by 25.07%, mainly due to the root and leaf having positive response to the elevated CO2 concentration. However, the elevated CO2 concentration did not change the proportions of the dry matters in different parts and the total plants compared with the ambient CO2 concentration. The elevated CO2 concentration lowered the N concentrations of the plant parts. Because the dry matter was higher, the elevated CO2 concentration had no effect on the N content in the plants compared to the ambient CO2 concentration. The elevated CO2 concentration promoted N allocations of the different parts significantly and increased N allocation of the underground part. The results have confirmed the previous suggestions that the elevated CO2 concentration stimulates plant biomass production and decreases the N concentrations of the plant parts.
文摘The main source of energy for most African families remains firewood. The exploitation of this resource is the main cause of accelerated environmental degradation with its consequences which are climate change and soil impoverishment. However, agricultural residues are often available and even abandoned in fields after harvest. In this regard, we have characterized three biomass with no economic value in order to use them for the production of biochar to improve soil quality while providing the energy necessary for household cooking. Our research was based on the following biomasses: cotton stalks, maize rachis and rice husks. The study made it possible to characterize the biomasses which could be used for combustion and/or pyrolysis. From the results obtained, we could observe a high ash content in the rice husk (24.21%) against 2.41% for cotton stalks and 2.00% for maize rachis. These results influence the calorific value of the rice husk, thus allowing it to be used matter in pyrolysis and not in combustion. In addition, cotton stalks and corn rachis can be used both as fuel and as biomass to be pyrolyzed.
文摘The purpose of this study was to assess the suppressive effect of Waste Vegetable Biomasses （WVBs） treated by the Steam Explosion technique in a continuous plant, against soil-borne plant pathogens. In order to assess their disease suppression, five WVBs （Miscanthus biomass, durum wheat straw, rice straw, corn stalk and wood shaving） and commercial compost were tested in vivo at three different doses （10, 20 and 30% of potting mix） on seven horticultural pathosystems plant/fungus： tomato/Phytophthora nicotianae, cucumber/Pythium ultimum, lettuce/Fusariurn oxysporum f. sp. lactucae, melordFusariurn oxysporum f. sp. melonis, bearffRhizoctonia solani, eggplant/Verticillium dahlie and fennel/Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The results showed that the corn stalk was more efficient respect to Miscanthus, compost, wheat straw, rice straw and wood shaving in all the patbosystems and at all the doses tested. The corn stalk suppression ranged from 97% in eggplant/F, dahliae to 35% in lettuce/F, oxysporum f. sp. lactucae, and it was significantly higher with respect to the other substrates. In general, the wheat straw, rice straw and wood shaving were statistically found less efficient as suppressive substrate with respect to corn stalk, Miscanthus and compost at the 30% dose in four pathosystems In particular, the wood shaving suppressiveness ranged from 48% in eggplant/V, dahliae to 12% in lettuce/F, oxysporum f. sp. lactucae. The different suppressiveness observed could be attributed to different concentration of the microbial inhibitory substances （furfurals, organic acids and lignosulfonates） produced during the processing of fresh biomass.
文摘Green coal or bio-coal is coal produced with rich biodegradable materials, elaborated from agricultural and household residues with a high percentage of carbon. This green charcoal (fuel briquettes) is an alternative to charcoal. Well known for its contribution to greenhouse gas emissions, charcoal is one of the causes of tree felling. The valorization of waste by the manufacture of biofuels could be an alternative to the use of charcoal. The general objective of the present study is the valorization of nine biomasses from Togo as raw materials. Specifically, physico-chemical characteristics such as dehydration, acidity, and conductivity were determined. Information on the structure and composition of the biomass was found. These data on the nature of the biomass were found through the use of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Thermogravimetry (TGA). The promising results inform on the nature of the analyzed samples and allow the selection of the best biomass which would give an important thermal conductivity for the manufacture of the briquettes, but also of the binders to be used according to the physico-chemical characteristics like the pH.
文摘Energy valorization of organic waste material is nowadays an assessed practice of circular economy.Combined heat and power(CHP)technologies based on biomass gasification represent viable substitutes to traditional energy conversion units based on combustion,whose need has recently experienced a huge growth,due to the increasing concerns about the release of greenhouse gases(GHGs)emissions and the related effects on climate changes.At present,only a few solutions have yet achieved a level of full development for commercialization.One of them is the system developed by CMD,the CMD ECO20,made of a gasifier,a syngas cleaning system and a spark ignition internal combustion engine working as a co-generator.In the present work,a numerical model is developed to study this system into detail and search for optimal controlling parameters.The simulation relies on a combined use of the Thermoflex?environment and a proper one-dimensional(1D)model of the engine module built within GT-Suite?.An original contribution is given to the turbulent combustion model that accounts for the laminar flame speed of the specific syngas.The numerical model,that covers the entire biomass-to-energy conversion process,is validated under real operative conditions.The final purpose of the work is the optimization of input parameters,as the initial biomass moisture content,the equivalence ratio at the gasifier or the timing of spark advance,to maximize the system electrical energy output.
文摘The aim of the present study is to develop the biomass furnace combustor which can effectively employ four unused biomasses, i.e., wood bark, wood branch, bamboo, and grass as a fuel. Emphasis is placed on the combustion gas components and combustion gas temperature in the combustor. It is found from the study that： （1） Four unused biomasses can take plate self combustion and the stable combustion yield; （2） Different combustion temperature distribution appears in combustor and is affected by each biomass; （3） The concentrations of nitrogen oxide and sulfur oxides are lower than the discharge standard value; （4） Higher thermal efficiency yields for bark, bamboo and grass.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Nos.2023YFE0108300 and 2023YFD2202103)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32371972)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,China(No.BK20221336)Jiangsu Agricultural Science and Technology Independent Innovation Fund,China(No.CX(23)3060)Jiangxi Forestry Bureau Forestry Science and Technology Innovation Special Project,China(No.202240).
文摘The rapid development of 5G communication technology and smart electronic and electrical equipment will inevitably lead to electromagnetic radiation pollution.Enriching heterointerface polarization relaxation through nanostructure design and interface modifica-tion has proven to be an effective strategy to obtain efficient electromagnetic wave absorption.Here,this work implements an innovative method that combines biomimetic honeycomb superstructure to constrain hierarchical porous heterostructure composed of Co/CoO nano-particles to improve the interfacial polarization intensity.The method effectively controlled the absorption efficiency of Co^(2+)through de-lignification modification of bamboo,and combined with the bionic carbon-based natural hierarchical porous structure to achieve uniform dispersion of nanoparticles,which is conducive to the in-depth construction of heterogeneous interfaces.In addition,the multiphase struc-ture brought about by high-temperature pyrolysis provides the best dielectric loss and impedance matching for the material.Therefore,the obtained bamboo-based Co/CoO multiphase composite showed excellent electromagnetic wave absorption performance,achieving excel-lent reflection loss(RL)of-79 dB and effective absorption band width of 4.12 GHz(6.84-10.96 GHz)at low load of 15wt%.Among them,the material’s optimal radar cross-section(RCS)reduction value can reach 31.9 dB·m^(2).This work provides a new approach to the micro-control and comprehensive optimization of macro-design of microwave absorbers,and offers new ideas for the high-value utiliza-tion of biomass materials.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(32201491)Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST(2023QNRC001)The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at Northern Border University,Arar,KSA for funding this research work through the project number“NBU-FPEJ-2024-1101-02”.
文摘Research efforts on electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding materials have begun to converge on green and sustainable biomass materials.These materials offer numerous advantages such as being lightweight,porous,and hierarchical.Due to their porous nature,interfacial compatibility,and electrical conductivity,biomass materials hold significant potential as EMI shielding materials.Despite concerted efforts on the EMI shielding of biomass materials have been reported,this research area is still relatively new compared to traditional EMI shielding materials.In particular,a more comprehensive study and summary of the factors influencing biomass EMI shielding materials including the pore structure adjustment,preparation process,and micro-control would be valuable.The preparation methods and characteristics of wood,bamboo,cellulose and lignin in EMI shielding field are critically discussed in this paper,and similar biomass EMI materials are summarized and analyzed.The composite methods and fillers of various biomass materials were reviewed.this paper also highlights the mechanism of EMI shielding as well as existing prospects and challenges for development trends in this field.
基金financial support by National Key Research and Development Project(Grant No.2023YFE0109600)Guangzhou Key Research and Development Program(Grant No.2023B03J1330)+5 种基金National Program for Support of Topnotch Young Professionals(Grant No.x2qsA4210090)Guangzhou Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(Grant No.2024A04J3413)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32201499)State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering(Grant Nos.2023PY01 and 202215)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(Grant Nos.2023A1515012519 and 2023B1515040013)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2023M732021).
文摘Photocatalysis has emerged as an effective approach to sustainably convert biomass into value-added products.CoSe_(2)is a promising nonprecious,efficient cocatalyst for photooxidation,which can facilitate the separation of photogenerated electron–holes,increase the reaction rates,and enhance photocatalytic efficiency.In this work,we synthesized a stable and efficient photocatalysis system of CoSe_(2)/g-C_(3)N_(4)through attaching CoSe_(2)on g-C_(3)N_(4)sheets,with a yield of 50.12%for the selective photooxidation of xylose to xylonic acid.Under light illumination,the photogenerated electrons were prone to migrating from g-C_(3)N_(4)to CoSe_(2)due to the higher work function of CoSe_(2),resulting in the accelerated separation of photogenerated electron–holes and the promoted photooxidation.Herein,this study reveals the unique function of CoSe_(2),which can significantly promote oxygen adsorption,work as an electron sink and accelerate the generation of ·O_(2)^(-),thereby improving the selectivity toward xylonic acid over other by-products.This work provides useful insights into the design of selective photocatalysts by engineering g-C_(3)N_(4)for biomass high-value utilization.
文摘Sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)have emerged as a promising alternative to commercial lithium-ion batteries be-cause of the similar properties of Li and Na as well as the abundance and accessibility of sodium resources.The devel-opment of anode materials with a high capacity,excellent rate performance,and long cycle life is the key to the indus-trialization of SIBs.Biomass-derived carbon(BDC)anode materials synthesized from resource-rich,low-cost,and re-newable biomass have been extensively researched and their excellent sodium storage performance has been proven,making them the most promising new low-cost and high-performance anode material for SIBs.This review first intro-duces the sources of BDCs,including waste biomass such as plants,animals,and microorganisms,and then describes sev-eral methods for preparing BDC anode materials,including carbonization,chemical activation,and template methods.The storage mechanism and kinetic process of Na^(+)in BDCs are then considered as well as their structure control.The electrochemical properties of sodium-ion storage in BDCs with different structures are examined,and suggestions for future re-search are made.
文摘The residual biomass composed of pseudo trunks and banana leaves is very important and poorly valued. There is very little quantified data on the deposits of residual biomass from banana plantations in Senegal and in particular in the Tambacounda region. In this work, we seek to evaluate the methanogenic potential and to valorize this biomass in biogas and biofertilizer. The laboratory experiment lasted approximately 35 days. During this time, the methanogenic microorganisms degrade the organic residue provided, which results in the production of biogas. At the end of the reactions, the rate of biogas production drops, indicating the end of the biodegradation of organic matter. Biogas production is measured over time and the composition of the biogas produced is analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) or by an infrared analyzer. The methane potential of each sample is determined from the cumulative quantity of methane produced in each flask representing a digestion system. The measurement can be expressed in m3 of CH4 per tonne of dry matter or per tonne of raw material. The first challenge of this study therefore lies in the acquisition of reliable and usable data to quantify the methanizable biomass. This study will allow us not only to evaluate the quantities of pseudo trunks and banana leaves available in a plot after harvest but also to test the biogas and methane production potential (BMP test) of this substrate and therefore determine the expected biogas production of this biomass.
文摘This study was conducted at the scientific center of Brazzaville. The objective was to assess the microbial characteristics and enzymes activities in the rhizosphere soil of Cajanus cajan and Milletia lauurentii. These plants have great importance in food and forestry. Microbial diversity management in the rhizosphere is the key for sustainable crop production or forest durability. DNA metagenomic sequencing was used to analyze the whole bacterial diversity, the microbial biomass was determinate by the fumigation-extraction method and the enzymes by the p-nitrophenol-β-D-glucoside for β-glucosidase, the p-nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminide for β-Glucosaminidase. Dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase were quantified using 2,3,5-tryphenyl tetrazolium chloride and p-nitophenylphosphate respectively. The results show that, in Cajanus cajan culturable bacteria genera were mainly Acidobacterium, Skermanella, Rhodoplanes, Bacillus, Chloroflexus, Steroidobacter, Sphingomonas and Bradyrhizobium while in Milletia laurentii: Rhodoplanes, Bradyrhizobium, Bacillus, Sphingobacterium, Acidobacterium, Mesorhizobium, Nitrospira were the principal genera. In the two rhizosphere soils investigated, the uncultured bacteria exhibited relatively higher abundance, often for the same genera, than culturable bacteria. Metagenomic studies have revealed more bacterial diversity in each compared to when culturable bacteria were taken into account alone. The MBC and MBN were higher in the rhizosphere of Milletia than in rhizosphere of Cajanus. The same trend was observed with the enzyme activities. PCA of culturable and NMDS of unculturable soil bacteria genera shows that factors mainly involved in the carbon cycle such as MBC, members of the microbial community i.e. Acidobacterium, Skermanella, Chloroflexus, sand, C, β-glucosaminidase and dehydrogenase, were strongly correlated with Cajanus cajan. On the other hand, the MBN, Mesorhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, Burkholderia, Nitrospira, Nitratireductor, N, NH4, β-glucosidase and acid phosphatase involved in the N cycling, silt and clay were predominantly founded in the rhizosphere soil of Milletia laurentii. This study showed that metagenomic sequencing could improve the assessment of the microbial diversity structure of the rhizosphere.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFA0901700)National Natural Science Foundation of China(22278241)+1 种基金a grant from the Institute Guo Qiang,Tsinghua University(2021GQG1016)Department of Chemical Engineering-iBHE Joint Cooperation Fund。
文摘The development of electronic products and increased electronic waste have triggered a series of ecological problems on Earth.Meanwhile,amidst energy crises and the pursuit of carbon neutrality,the recycling of discarded biomass has attracted the attention of many researchers.In recent years,the transformation of discarded biomass into value-added electronic products has emerged as a promising endeavor in the field of green and flexible electronics.In this review,the attempts and advancements in biomass conversion into flexible electronic materials and devices are systematically summarized.We focus on reviewing the research progress in biomass conversion into substrates,electrodes,and materials tailored for optical and thermal management.Furthermore,we explore component combinations suitable for applications in environmental monitoring and health management.Finally,we discuss the challenges in techniques and cost-effectiveness currently faced by biomass conversion into flexible electronic devices and propose improvement strategies.Drawing insights from both fundamental research and industrial applications,we offer prospects for future developments in this burgeoning field.
基金the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili,Department of Natural Resources,Iran for financial support。
文摘Invasive species are increasingly spreading,particularly in rangeland ecosystems.It is essential to evaluate the effectiveness of different methods for controlling invasive plants in these ecosystems.This study aimed to investigate the effects of three strategies-21-year grazing exclusion(21-YES),mowing-grazing in rotation in alternate years(MGRS),and moderate grazing(MGS)-on the change in cover,density,and biomass of Leucanthemum vulgare Lam.(Ox-eye Daisy=OED)and the plant community.To accomplish this,three sites selected for each treatment.In 2021,270 vegetation plots were sampled using a random systematic method.Subsequently,we recorded the density and canopy cover of all growth forms(forbs,grasses,and ferns),the OED biomass,and the ground cover.The results indicated that MGS reduced OED density,OED canopy,and OED biomass.Furthermore,this strategy demonstrated the highest density and canopy cover of the plant community(including total,forbs,grasses,and ferns).Additionally,the strongest correlation was observed between the total canopy and the OED density(R2=-0.91,-0.95,-0.94 in 21-YES,MGRS,and MGS,respectively),as well as between the total canopy and the OED canopy(R2=-0.51,-0.98,-0.97 in 21-YES,MGRS,and MGS,respectively).The MGS led to an increase in diversity indices.In general,the grazing strategy has proven to be effective in controlling the spread of invasive OED and has also resulted in an increase in canopy cover,density,and diversity indices of the plant community.The study highlights the importance of ongoing management efforts to control invasive species,with moderate grazing potentially serving as a more practical,culturally accepted,and costeffective short-term control strategy for widespread rangeland weed infestations.
文摘Bangladesh’s thriving okra cultivation sector annually yields substantial harvests, yet a significant portion of the plant remains underutilized after harvesting, posing as agricultural waste. This oversight neglects the economic potential of okra fiber, which is versatile and valuable across various industries. This paper explores this untapped potential by investigating the physico-mechanical properties, chemical treatments, and fabrication techniques of okra fiber, drawing from a wealth of research. Comparative analyses with established natural fibers like jute and sisal shed light on okra fiber’s transformative role in Bangladesh’s economic landscape. Along with the applications in the fashion world, meticulous investigation into its mechanical, thermal, and morphological characteristics uncovers inherent strengths and integration pathways into industrial applications. Strategies for optimizing yield and quality, including novel approaches like photo-grafting and protein extraction, are explored. Considerations for cytotoxicity and environmental sustainability ensure its viability as a green resource. This research aims to unlock okra fiber’s full potential, positioning Bangladesh for sustainable economic development and innovation.
文摘Climate change impacts soil nitrogen, influencing plant responses to elevated atmospheric [CO2]. Understanding the interaction between nitrogen supply and elevated [CO2] is crucial for predicting plant future performance. This study examined the interactive effects of elevated [CO2] and nitrogen supply on the eco-physiological performance of yellow birch. Seedlings were exposed to two [CO2] levels and five nitrogen supply levels for 4 months. Growth parameters such as seedling height and root collar diameter increased with higher nitrogen supply and elevated [CO2], while specific leaf area decreased. [CO2] elevation and increasing nitrogen supply also increased the total and stem, and leaf biomass. The elevated [CO2] increased the stem mass ratio but decreased the root-to-shoot ratio and root mass ratio. However, decreases in nitrogen supply increased root mass ratio and root-to-shoot ratio. The elevated [CO2] increased the maximum rate of Rubisco carboxylation (Vcmax) and photosynthetic electron transport (Jmax), but the effect on Jmax was statistically significant only at the two highest nitrogen supply levels. The results indicate that yellow birch may increase photosynthetic capacity, biomass, and growth in the future when [CO2] is higher.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51609247)the Henan Provincial Natural Science Foundation,China(222300420589,202300410553)+4 种基金the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund,China(FIRI2022-22)the Science&Technology Fundamental Resources Investigation Program,China(2022FY101601)the Science and Technology Project of Xinxiang City,Henan Province,China(GG2021024)the Major Special Science and Technology Project of Henan Province,China(221100110700)the Joint Fund of Science and Technology Research and Development Plan of Henan Province,China(Superior Discipline Cultivation)(222301420104)。
文摘Nitrogen(N)uptake is regulated by water availability,and a water deficit can limit crop N responses by reducing N uptake and utilization.The complex and multifaceted interplay between water availability and the crop N response makes it difficult to predict and quantify the effect of water deficit on crop N status.The nitrogen nutrition index(NNI)has been widely used to accurately diagnose crop N status and to evaluate the effectiveness of N application.The decline of NNI under water-limiting conditions has been documented,although the underlying mechanism governing this decline is not fully understood.This study aimed to elucidate the reason for the decline of NNI under waterlimiting conditions and to provide insights into the accurate utilization of NNI for assessing crop N status under different water-N interaction treatments.Rainout shelter experiments were conducted over three growing seasons from 2018 to 2021 under different N(75 and 225 kg N ha^(-1),low N and high N)and water(120 to 510 mm,W0 to W3)co-limitation treatments.Plant N accumulation,shoot biomass(SB),plant N concentration(%N),soil nitrate-N content,actual evapotranspiration(ET_a),and yield were recorded at the stem elongation,booting,anthesis and grain filling stages.Compared to W0,W1 to W3 treatments exhibited NNI values that were greater by 10.2 to 20.5%,12.6to 24.8%,14 to 24.8%,and 16.8 to 24.8%at stem elongation,booting,anthesis,and grain filling,respectively,across the 2018-2021 seasons.This decline in NNI under water-limiting conditions stemmed from two main factors.First,reduced ET_(a) and SB led to a greater critical N concentration(%N_(c))under water-limiting conditions,which contributed to the decline in NNI primarily under high N conditions.Second,changes in plant%N played a more significant role under low N conditions.Plant N accumulation exhibited a positive allometric relationship with SB and a negative relationship with soil nitrate-N content under water-limiting conditions,indicating co-regulation by SB and the soil nitrate-N content.However,this regulation was influenced by water availability.Plant N accumulation sourced from the soil nitrate-N content reflects soil N availability.Greater soil water availability facilitated greater absorption of soil nitrate-N into the plants,leading to a positive correlation between plant N accumulation and ET_(a)across the different water-N interaction treatments.Therefore,considering the impact of soil water availability is crucial when assessing soil N availability under water-limiting conditions.The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the factors contributing to the decline in NNI among different water-N interaction treatments and can contribute to the more accurate utilization of NNI for assessing winter wheat N status.
文摘In contrast to combustion, gasification is assumed to be caused by a lack of oxygen. One can remove this paradigm by inverting the causality chain: the gasification process is not the result but the origin of less oxygen consumption (compared to combustion). A new construction principle for gasifiers derives from this, and a gasifier built accordingly can test whether removing the traditional paradigm makes sense. The first results from a new type of gasifier that operates with abundant primary air are shown in this paper. The gasifier has a very high power density (10 kW/l) and can process waste biomasses unsuited for traditional gasifiers.
