The cashew stem girdler, Analeptes trifasciata Fabricius (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), damages cashew by its girdling activities in the stem thereby causing huge economic losses. The stem girdler is managed through cult...The cashew stem girdler, Analeptes trifasciata Fabricius (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), damages cashew by its girdling activities in the stem thereby causing huge economic losses. The stem girdler is managed through cultural practice of burning girdled stems and beetles, though this has drawbacks. The objective of this study was to explore the cues mediating attraction to the cashew host plant;hence the role of olfaction in host plant location by A. trifasciata underlying the semio-chemical option for controlling this insect pest. A diffusional Y-tube olfactometer was used to study the behavioural response of A. trifasciata, to freshly cut cashew stem and leaves odour sources. Methanol-extract of these plant tissues was subjected to the coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Y-tube olfactometric assays demonstrated that both sexes oriented towards and spent significantly more time in stem odour arm compared to the leaf odour arm in both male (male: t = 2.228, d.f = 11, P = 0.040) and female (t = 2.341, d.f = 11, P = 0.040). A combination of fatty acids, amino acids and carbohydrates were detected in cashew stems. Some of these fatty acids are attractants to other insect pests. It is suspected that these fatty acid blends may possibly be responsible for facilitating host plant location by both sexes. In conclusion, both sexes were independently and strongly attracted to the stem volatiles;this study opens the possibility of utilizing cashew stem volatiles as surveillance and control tools.展开更多
A series of N-acetylated cationic gemini surfactants (3a-e) having dimeric structures derived from tertiary amines were synthesized. Their antifungal potency and surface properties were determined. It also studied the...A series of N-acetylated cationic gemini surfactants (3a-e) having dimeric structures derived from tertiary amines were synthesized. Their antifungal potency and surface properties were determined. It also studied the acute toxicity of the molecule with the best performance and the best water solubility (3e) through Chlorella vulgaris and Daphnia magna bioassays. The results were compared to those obtained for a commercially available reference compound 2-(thiocyanomethylthio) benzothiazole (TCMTB). Parameters such as surface tension (ϒCMC), critical micelle concentration (CMC), surface excess concentration (Γ), and area per molecule (A) were determined. The resulting values indicated that the five gemini surfactants are characterized by good surface-active and self-aggregation properties. All surfactants were tested to evaluate their antifungal activity. Six fungal strains were used to conduct the study. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value was measured by the fungal growth inhibition. The results of the MICs were compared with two commercially available reference compounds (Fluconazole and TCMTB). The least active molecule was 3e, but 3b and 3d were found to be the most potent compounds with a similar activity for all strains. Candida albicans was the most sensitive one. In contrast, Aspergillus niger was resistant. Ecotoxicity of gemini 3e was assessed: the commercial formulation (TCMTB) was between three and four orders of magnitude more toxic than the gemini one for the biological species tested.展开更多
For mistakes taken in pesticide bioassays, teaching experimental design is improved in the paper, so as to let students explore and analyze in teaching experiments to get a deeper understanding of theoretical knowledg...For mistakes taken in pesticide bioassays, teaching experimental design is improved in the paper, so as to let students explore and analyze in teaching experiments to get a deeper understanding of theoretical knowledge, thereby effectively avoiding frequently-taken mistakes in pesticide bioassays.展开更多
[ Objective] The aim was to compare the application of two bioassays to monitoring and evaluation of water quality. [ Method ] By using two bioassays （micronucleus detecting technology based on Vicia faba root tip ce...[ Objective] The aim was to compare the application of two bioassays to monitoring and evaluation of water quality. [ Method ] By using two bioassays （micronucleus detecting technology based on Vicia faba root tip cells and the bioassay by luminous bacteria）, we monitored and evaluated seven kinds of single solutions respectively added different pollutants （ Hg, Cd, As, Cr6 ＋ , Pb, I_A8 and CODc,） and a mixed solution added those seven pollutants. Afterwards, we compared their results under the same pollutant and concentration, so as to study the two bioassays＇ sensitivity and sensitive concentration to the seven pollutants. [ Result] Under the same pollutant and concentration, micronucleus detecting tech- nology based on Vicia faba root tip cells had responses to Hg, Cd, As and Cr6＋ , but there was no response to Pb, LAS and CODer. However, the bioassay by luminous bacteria had responses to most pollutants except Cr6＋. Comparing the sensitive degree and concentration to each pollutant, they can complement each other. For these seven pollutants, the bioassay by luminous bacteria was better than micronucleus detecting technology based on Vicia faba root tip cells. Meanwhile, from the testing result of the mixed solution, the combined toxicity of several pollutants in lower con- cantrations was serious. At the same time, contrasted to normal chemical methods, bioassays were fast and effective. [ Conclusion] The research could provide theoretical references for the correlation study of bioassays.展开更多
Various contaminants are present in aquatic environment and pose potential threats to pelagic and benthic organisms,calling for effective risk assessment.Traditional risk assessments based on target analysis are usefu...Various contaminants are present in aquatic environment and pose potential threats to pelagic and benthic organisms,calling for effective risk assessment.Traditional risk assessments based on target analysis are useful when the principal contaminants responsible for ecological risk are known;however,these approaches become challenging when dealing with chemical mixtures.In addition,the compositions of chemical mixtures often differ in regions with different levels of socioeconomic develop-ment,requiring risk assessment methods that are applicable under different pollution scenarios.Herein,in situ bioassays were conducted with two native species,Chinese rare minnows(Gobiocypris rarus)and Asian clams(Corbicula fluminea),in economically developed watersheds in China(Pearl River Basin(PRB)and Taihu Lake Basin(THB))and agriculture-dominated Poyang Lake Basin(PYB).Significant lethal and sublethal effects(e.g.,neurotoxicity,reproductive toxicity,and metabolic and oxidative stress)were observed in fish and clams irrespective of economic gradients.Notably,ecological effects differed significantly between water and sediment phases within the same region.Target(98 contaminants)and suspect screening(942 contaminants)revealed regional-specific characteristics.Ecological risk assessments using a weight of evidence approach demonstrated that both water and sediment in the PRB were at moderate to high risk,as was the sediment in the less developed PYB.However,the characteristics of mixture pollution varied greatly among regions.Suspect screening identified many pollutants that are not regularly monitored but are present at high environmental concentrations and are linked to local industrial production.These distinct mixture risk characteristics across different basins suggest that mitigating aquatic pollution requires region-specific management measures.展开更多
Electric fishes(Gymnotiformes)inhabit Central and South America and form a relatively large group with more than 200 species.Besides a taxonomic challenge due to their still unresolved systematic,wide distribution and...Electric fishes(Gymnotiformes)inhabit Central and South America and form a relatively large group with more than 200 species.Besides a taxonomic challenge due to their still unresolved systematic,wide distribution and the variety of habitats they occupy,these fishes have been intensively studied due to their peculiar use of bioelectricity for electrolocation and communication.Conventional analysis of cells,tissues and organs have been complemented with the studies on the electric organ discharges of these fishes.This review compiles the results of 13 bioassays developed during the last 50 years,which used the quickness,low costs and functionality of the bioelectric data collection of Gymnotiformes to evaluate the effects of environmental contaminants and neuroactive drugs.展开更多
Environmental estrogen-like compounds（i.e. xenoestrogens） are a variety of pollutants,ranging from synthetic to natural occurring molecules, that are found in surface and waste waters over a wide range of concentrat...Environmental estrogen-like compounds（i.e. xenoestrogens） are a variety of pollutants,ranging from synthetic to natural occurring molecules, that are found in surface and waste waters over a wide range of concentrations. In aquatic environment, the overall estrogenic activity is often due to the presence of a mixture of chemicals and their degraded products which can induce synergistic effects. Current strategies for monitoring estrogen-like chemicals are based on the use of a battery of in vivo and in vitro ecotoxicological tests. In this regard, the aim of the present work was to carry out a bio-monitoring study for testing estrogenicity of the Chienti river（Marche Region, Italy） by using both an E-screen and a vitellogenin（Vtg） induction assay in juvenile goldfish. Three sites were used for analysis,localized at the mouth（sampling point 1）, in the middle（sampling point 2） and at the origin（sampling point 3） of Chienti river. For most of the water samples（i.e. samples collected at sampling points 2 and 3）, clear estrogenic activity was detected in the E-screen assay suggesting different proliferation activities in function of the collecting site. In contrast, the Vtg ELISA demonstrated that water samples collected from each sampling point were estrogenic. Overall, we showed for the first time that the estrogenic activities in water samples from the Chienti river were significant in both in vivo and in vitro; we also observed a different sensitivity between bioassays.展开更多
With the increasing demand for multiplex and high-throughput analysis of large numbers of biomolecules,multiplex technology becomes a promising tool for carrying out thousands of individual reactions at the same time ...With the increasing demand for multiplex and high-throughput analysis of large numbers of biomolecules,multiplex technology becomes a promising tool for carrying out thousands of individual reactions at the same time for large-scale biological analysis. Among current technologies,suspension arrays based on appropriate barcode particles have been popularly used in multiplex bioassays of many research fields with the ability of unique encoding, such as in the clinical, medicinal, nutritional, and environmental fields.Besides the unique form of barcode, these particles have higher flexibility, better sensitivity, and faster reaction kinetics. In this review, we present some examples of typical barcode particles that are divided into different groups depending on how they are encoded and their applications in multiplex bioassays for different targets such as proteins,DNA and RNA sequences, and cells. The bioassays for monitoring food safety, drug research, and clinical diagnosis are also described.展开更多
Reporter genes produce a protein product in transfected cells that can be easily measured in intact or lysed cells and they have been extensively used in numerous basic and applied research applications.Over the past ...Reporter genes produce a protein product in transfected cells that can be easily measured in intact or lysed cells and they have been extensively used in numerous basic and applied research applications.Over the past 10 years,reporter gene assays have been widely accepted and used for analysis of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and related dioxin-like compounds in various types of matrices,such as biological,environmental,food and feed samples,given that high-resolution instrumental analysis techniques are impractical for large-scale screening analysis.The most sensitive cell-based reporter gene bioassay systems developed are the mechanism-based CALUX(Chemically Activated Luciferase Expression) and CAFLUX(Chemically Activated Fluorescent Expression) bioassays,which utilize recombinant cell lines containing stably transfected dioxin(AhR) responsive firefly luciferase or enhanced green fluorescent protein(EGFP) reporter genes,respectively.While the current CALUX and CAFLUX bioassays are very sensitive,increasing their lower limit of sensitivity,magnitude of response and dynamic range for chemical detection would significantly increase their utility,particularly for those samples that contain low levels of dioxin-like HAHs(i.e.,serum) .In this study,we report that the addition of modulators of cell signaling pathways or modification of cell culture conditions results in significant improvement in the magnitude and overall responsiveness of the existing CALUX and CAFLUX cell bioassays.展开更多
A shrinkage estimator and a maximum likelihood estimator are proposed in this paper for combination of bioassays. The shrinkage estimator is obtained in closed form which incorporates prior information just on the com...A shrinkage estimator and a maximum likelihood estimator are proposed in this paper for combination of bioassays. The shrinkage estimator is obtained in closed form which incorporates prior information just on the common log relative potency after the homogeneity test for combination of bioassays is accepted. It is a practical improvement over other estimators which require iterative procedure to obtain the estimator for the relative potency. A real data is also used to show the superiorities for the newly-proposed procedures.展开更多
There has been much effort to assess the efficacy of sewage treatment plants to remove chemicals with estrogenic activity,but other modes of toxicity have received less attention.This study assessed the efficacy of ad...There has been much effort to assess the efficacy of sewage treatment plants to remove chemicals with estrogenic activity,but other modes of toxicity have received less attention.This study assessed the efficacy of advanced tertiary technologies to remove estrogen receptor(ER),aryl hydrocarbon receptor(AhR),retinoic receptor(RAR)agonists and genotoxicity using recombinant gene bioassays.Untreated sewage contained ER,AhR and RAR agonists and was genotoxic.Activated sludge treatment removed over 69%of the ER,AhR and RAR aqueous phase activities.Ozonation and biologically activated carbon processes removed genotoxicity and most receptor agonists to below detection limits.Estrogenic activity was associated with the semi-polar fraction of the aqueous phase and non-polar phase of the influent(maximum 30%).AhR and RAR activities were found in both the aqueous and particulate phases of influent.Only RAR activity was frequently found in the polar fraction of aqueous and particulate phases of the process effluent.In the influent,the greatest RAR activity was found in the polar fraction of the aqueous phase(>65%).Genotoxic activity was detected in all influent fractions but rapidly decreased.The results showed that ER,AhR and RAR agonists were greatly reduced by the advanced tertiary treatment processes.展开更多
Background Chitinase is an enzyme that hydrolyzes chitin,a major component of the exoskeleton of insects,including plant pests like whiteflies.The present study aimed to investigate the expression of chemically synthe...Background Chitinase is an enzyme that hydrolyzes chitin,a major component of the exoskeleton of insects,including plant pests like whiteflies.The present study aimed to investigate the expression of chemically synthesized barley ch1 and chi2 genes in cotton(Gossypium hirsutum)through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation.Fifty-five putative transgenic cotton plants were obtained,out of which fifteen plants successfully survived and were shifted to the field.Using gene-specific primers,amplification of 447 bp and 401 bp fragments confirmed the presence of the ch1 and chi2 genes in five transgenic cotton plants of the T0 generation.These five plants were further evalu-ated for their mRNA expression levels.The T0 transgenic cotton plants with the highest mRNA expression level and better yield performance in field,were selected to raise their subsequent progenies.Results The T1 cotton plants showed the highest mRNA expression levels of 3.5-fold in P10(2)for the ch1 gene and 3.7-fold in P2(1)for the chi2 gene.Fluorescent in situ hybridization(FISH)confirmed a single copy number of ch1 and chi2(hemizygous)on chromosome no.6.Furthermore,the efficacy of transgenes on whitefly was evaluated through an insect bioassay,where after 96 h of infestation,mortality rates of whitefly were calculated to be 78%–80%in transgenic cotton plants.The number of eggs on transgenic cotton plants were calculated to be 0.1%–0.12 per plant compared with the non-transgenic plants where egg number was calculated to be 0.90–1.00 per plant.Conclusion Based on these findings,it can be concluded that the chemically synthesized barley chitinase genes(ch1 and chi2)have the potential to be effective against insects with chitin exoskeletons,including whiteflies.The transgenic cotton plants expressing these genes showed increased resistance to whiteflies,resulting in reduced egg numbers and higher mortality rates.展开更多
Several natural and synthetic retinoids (vitamin-A derived analogies) were examined for their potential anti-cancer activity in both in vivo animal models and a novel in vitro human keratinocyte clonal growth bioassay...Several natural and synthetic retinoids (vitamin-A derived analogies) were examined for their potential anti-cancer activity in both in vivo animal models and a novel in vitro human keratinocyte clonal growth bioassay system. The natural retinoids included all-trans-retinoic (RA), 13-cis-retinoic acid, 4-oxoretinoic acid, and retinol. Among the synthetic retinoids tested were all trans N-(4-hydroxy(phenyl)retinamide, 3-substituted oxoretinoic acids, and 13 cis-N-ethylretinamide. The animal models employed were: 1) vitamin A-deficient hamster tracheal organ assay (HTOC);2) the benzo(α)pyrene-induced squamous metaplasia in a hamster tracheal organ system (BP-HTOC);3) the mouse skin tumor promoter (TPA)-induced ornithine decarboxylase enzyme assay(ODC);4) the mouse skin papilloma (MPA) assay;and 5) a novel retinoid bioassay in which retinoids display IC<sub>50</sub> values to inhibit clonal growth of NHK. All-trans-RA, 4-oxoretinoic acid and retinol were consistently more active than any of the synthetic derivatives in all bioassays tested. A statistical model was developed and significant positive correlations were found between: 1) ED<sub>50</sub> values in the HTOC system and reduction in TPA-induced ODC enzyme activity;2) tumors per animal in the MPA bioassay and suppression of TPA-induced ODC activity;and 3) a positive correlation between suppression of tumors per animal in the MPA assay, and retinoid inhibition of keratinocyte clonal growth. Test retinoids, were tested for their capacity to inhibit the clonal growth of a squamous carcinoma cell line (SCC-25), which were found to be 2 - 3 logs less sensitive for each tested retinoid than the corresponding activity against NHK cells. Antineoplastic retinoid drugs were reviewed.展开更多
Allelochemicals of Chinese-fir root was extracted by technology ofsupercritical CO_2 extraction under orthogonal experiment design, and it was used to analyzeallelopathic activity of Chinese-fir through bioassay of se...Allelochemicals of Chinese-fir root was extracted by technology ofsupercritical CO_2 extraction under orthogonal experiment design, and it was used to analyzeallelopathic activity of Chinese-fir through bioassay of seed germination. The results showed thatas to the available rate of allelochemicals, the pressure and temperature of extraction were themost important factors. The allelochemicals of Chinese-fir root extracted by pure CO_2 and ethanolmixed with CO_2 have different allelopathic activities to seed germination, and the allelochemicalsextracted by ethanol mixed with CO_2 had stronger inhibitory effects on seed germination than thatextracted by pure CO_2.展开更多
Five triterpenoid saponins were isolated from the Chinese traditional medicine Eclipta prostrata L.. On the basis of their chemical properties and spectral data, they were identified as eclalbasaponins II(1), I(2), II...Five triterpenoid saponins were isolated from the Chinese traditional medicine Eclipta prostrata L.. On the basis of their chemical properties and spectral data, they were identified as eclalbasaponins II(1), I(2), III(3), 3-O-[b-D-glucopyranosyl(12)-b-D-glucopyranosyl]-16a-ethoxy-olean-12-ene-28-oic acid-28-O-b-D-glu-copyranoside(4) and 3-O-[(2-O-sulfuryl-b-D-glucopyranosyl)(12)-b-D-glucopyranosyl]-echinocystic acid-28-O-b-D-glucopyranoside(5). Compounds 4 and 5 are new compounds and named eclalbasaponins XI and XII, respectively. Compounds 1 and 5 induced morphological deformation of Pyricularia oryzae mycelia.展开更多
Objective: To investigate antibacterial and antitumor activities of 51 different extracts prepared with 3 types of solvents (water, ethanol and methanol) of 16 different plant species (Ajuga reptans (A. reptans) L., P...Objective: To investigate antibacterial and antitumor activities of 51 different extracts prepared with 3 types of solvents (water, ethanol and methanol) of 16 different plant species (Ajuga reptans (A. reptans) L., Phlomis pungens (P. pungens) Willd., Marrubium astracanicum (M. astracanicum) Jacq., Nepeta nuda (N. nuda) L., Stachys annua (S. annua) L., Genista lydia (G. lydia) Boiss., Nuphar lutea (N. lutea) L., Nymphaea alba (N. alba) L., Vinca minor (V. minor) L., Stellaria media (S. media) L., Capsella bursa-pastoris (C. bursa-pastoris) L., Galium spurium (G. spurium) L., Onosma heterophyllum (O. heterophyllum) Griseb., Reseda luteola (R. luteola) L., Viburnum lantana (V. lantana) L. and Mercurialis annua (M. annua) L.) grown in Turkey was conducted. Methods: Antibacterial activity was evaluated with 10 bacteria including Streptococcus pyogenes (S. pyogenes), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis), Escheria coli (E. coli), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium), Serratia marcescens (S. marcescens), Proteus vulgaris (P. vulgaris), Enterobacter cloacae (E. cloacea), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) by using disc diffusion method. Antitumor activity was evaluated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens (A. tumefaciens)-induced potato disc tumor assay. Results: Best antibacterial activity was obtained with ethanolic extract of P. pungens against S. pyogenes . Ethanolic and methanolic extract of N. alba and ethanolic extract of G. lydia also showed strong antibacterial activities. Results indicated that alcoholic extracts especially ethanolic extracts exhibited strong antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Best antitumor activity was obtained with methanolic extracts of N. alba and V. lantana (100% tumor inhibition). Ethanolic extract of N. alba , alcoholic extracts of N. lutea , A. reptans and V. minor flowers, methanolic extracts of G. lydia and O. heterophyllum and ethanolic extract of V. lantana and aqueous extract of V. minor leaves exhibited strong tumor inhibitions. Conclusions: In near future works, identification of active components can be studied for plant extracts having strong bioactivity.展开更多
Two new tirucallane triterpenoids,2a-ethoxy-2,3-secotirucalla-2,29-epoxy-7-ene-23-oxo-3-oic acid(1)and(23E)-2a-hydroxytirucalla-7,23,25-triene-3-one(2),along with the known 2,3-secotirucalla-2,3;2,29-diepoxy-7-ene-3,2...Two new tirucallane triterpenoids,2a-ethoxy-2,3-secotirucalla-2,29-epoxy-7-ene-23-oxo-3-oic acid(1)and(23E)-2a-hydroxytirucalla-7,23,25-triene-3-one(2),along with the known 2,3-secotirucalla-2,3;2,29-diepoxy-7-ene-3,23-dione(3),were isolated from the leaves and twigs of Aphanamixis grandifolia.Their structures were elucidated by extensive NMR and MS data,and compound 3 was further confirmed by X-ray crystal diffraction analysis.Antimicrobial activities and insecticidal activities of these three compounds were also evaluated.Compound 1 showed good antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus with the MIC value of 1.56μg/mL,while compounds 1 and 2 showed insecticidal activity at 100 ppm,with the corrected mortality 79.1%and 60.6%,respectively.展开更多
[ Objective] The phytotoxicity effect of quinclorac on peanut succeeding seedlings was studied. [ Method] Peanut was taken as the indicator crop, plant height and fresh weight were adopted as bioassay indicator, the b...[ Objective] The phytotoxicity effect of quinclorac on peanut succeeding seedlings was studied. [ Method] Peanut was taken as the indicator crop, plant height and fresh weight were adopted as bioassay indicator, the biological activity of quinclorac on peanut was determined by the method of adding quinclorac in the soil, and the residue dynamic of quinclorac in paddy soil was determined. [Result] The linear correlation equations of peanut plant height and fresh weight with the concentration range of 0.7 -8.0 mg/kg separately were y = 11.235x ＋3.818 6, R^2 = 0.969 1 ; y = 5.973 3x ＋ 6.532 8, R^2 = 0.988 2. There would be no residual phytotoxicity effect when peanut was going to be planted in the same block in the second year. [Condusion] The bioassay method was simple and exact with good repeatability.展开更多
An estrogen receptor （ER）/androgen receptor （AR） ligand competitive binding assay （ER/AR-binding assay） and chemical analyses were used to evaluate the endocrine disrupting chemicals （EDCs） behavior of two mun...An estrogen receptor （ER）/androgen receptor （AR） ligand competitive binding assay （ER/AR-binding assay） and chemical analyses were used to evaluate the endocrine disrupting chemicals （EDCs） behavior of two municipal wastewater treatment plants （WWTPs） （K and S）. In the influents, estrone （E 1）, androsterone （A）, androstenedione （AD）, BPA （bisphenol A）, NP （nonylphenol） and daidzein （DZ） were detected in high amounts with subsequent 24 h-average concentrations of 350, 1000, 29, 1300, 3900, and 5700 ng/L in K-WWTP and of 310, 620, 59, 1600, 2600, and 8400 ng/L in S-WWTP. The estrogenic （androgenic） activity as 17β-estradiol （E2） equivalents （EEQ） or testosterone （Te） equivalents （TEQ） was consequently 620 ng E2/L （570 ng Te/L） and 580 ng E2/L （800 ng Te/L） for the two WWTPs. The removal efficiencies of the above mentioned sole target chemicals were 51%-100% for K-WWTP and 55.6%-100% for S-WWTP. The removal efficiencies of EEQ were about 73% for both WWTPs, while the removal efficiencies of TEQ were 62.1% for K-WWTP and 98.4% for S-WWTP. In addition, chemical-derived EEQ were about 1.2%-52.4% of those by ER-binding assay for K-WWTP and the corresponding ratios were 1.3%-83.3% for S-WWTP, while chemical derived TEQ were less than 3% of values measured by the AR-binding assay for both WWTPs.展开更多
[ Objective] The paper was to preliminarily identify the species of six actinomyeetes strains, and to determine the fungicidal activities of their fermenta- tion products. E Method ] The species of six aefinomyeetes s...[ Objective] The paper was to preliminarily identify the species of six actinomyeetes strains, and to determine the fungicidal activities of their fermenta- tion products. E Method ] The species of six aefinomyeetes strains were identified by morphological method, and the fungicidal activities of the fermentation products of six aetinomycetes strains were systematically determined by series of methods including mycellal growth rate inhibition method, spore germination method, potting and field test. []Result] Morphological identification results showed that six strains belonged to Streptornyces. Biological determination results indicated that the in- hibition rates of the fermentation products of six actinomycetes strains with the concentration of 500μg/nd against the mycelial growth of Fusar/um oxysporum f. sp. Vasinfeetum were all greater than 90% ; the inhibition rates against the myeelial growth of Botrytis cinerea Pers. , A/ternar/a a/zernate and Fusarium oxysporum were also greater than 80%. The inhibition rates of the fermentation products of GZ-204 and GZ-331 strains against the spore germination of Bipolaria sorokiniana and Cercospora sorghl were 97. 8% , 98.2%, 99.5% and 94.6%, respectively. Potting test showed that the protection effects of the fermentation products of GZ-204 and GZ-331 strains on wheat powdery mildew（Erysiphe graminis） were 78.8% and 87.1% , and their cure effects were 62.4% and 68.5% , respectively. Field test showed that the control effects of 200 times fermentation liquids of GZ-204 and GZ-331 strains on wheat powdery mildew were 50.5% and 69. 2%, respective- ly. [Condusion] The research provided the reference for the development of new pesticides with actinomyeetes as the resource.展开更多
文摘The cashew stem girdler, Analeptes trifasciata Fabricius (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), damages cashew by its girdling activities in the stem thereby causing huge economic losses. The stem girdler is managed through cultural practice of burning girdled stems and beetles, though this has drawbacks. The objective of this study was to explore the cues mediating attraction to the cashew host plant;hence the role of olfaction in host plant location by A. trifasciata underlying the semio-chemical option for controlling this insect pest. A diffusional Y-tube olfactometer was used to study the behavioural response of A. trifasciata, to freshly cut cashew stem and leaves odour sources. Methanol-extract of these plant tissues was subjected to the coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Y-tube olfactometric assays demonstrated that both sexes oriented towards and spent significantly more time in stem odour arm compared to the leaf odour arm in both male (male: t = 2.228, d.f = 11, P = 0.040) and female (t = 2.341, d.f = 11, P = 0.040). A combination of fatty acids, amino acids and carbohydrates were detected in cashew stems. Some of these fatty acids are attractants to other insect pests. It is suspected that these fatty acid blends may possibly be responsible for facilitating host plant location by both sexes. In conclusion, both sexes were independently and strongly attracted to the stem volatiles;this study opens the possibility of utilizing cashew stem volatiles as surveillance and control tools.
文摘A series of N-acetylated cationic gemini surfactants (3a-e) having dimeric structures derived from tertiary amines were synthesized. Their antifungal potency and surface properties were determined. It also studied the acute toxicity of the molecule with the best performance and the best water solubility (3e) through Chlorella vulgaris and Daphnia magna bioassays. The results were compared to those obtained for a commercially available reference compound 2-(thiocyanomethylthio) benzothiazole (TCMTB). Parameters such as surface tension (ϒCMC), critical micelle concentration (CMC), surface excess concentration (Γ), and area per molecule (A) were determined. The resulting values indicated that the five gemini surfactants are characterized by good surface-active and self-aggregation properties. All surfactants were tested to evaluate their antifungal activity. Six fungal strains were used to conduct the study. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value was measured by the fungal growth inhibition. The results of the MICs were compared with two commercially available reference compounds (Fluconazole and TCMTB). The least active molecule was 3e, but 3b and 3d were found to be the most potent compounds with a similar activity for all strains. Candida albicans was the most sensitive one. In contrast, Aspergillus niger was resistant. Ecotoxicity of gemini 3e was assessed: the commercial formulation (TCMTB) was between three and four orders of magnitude more toxic than the gemini one for the biological species tested.
基金Supported by Construction Project of " National Teaching Team of Plant Protection" in 2008Construction Project of National " Plant Protection Specialty"( TS11138)Provincial Excellent Course Construction Project of Pesticide Science in Yunnan Province
文摘For mistakes taken in pesticide bioassays, teaching experimental design is improved in the paper, so as to let students explore and analyze in teaching experiments to get a deeper understanding of theoretical knowledge, thereby effectively avoiding frequently-taken mistakes in pesticide bioassays.
基金Supported by Scientific and Technological Planning Project of Tianjin City (05ZHGCNC01600)Special Scientific Research Fee of Central Public Welfare Institutes (2009-XYP-06)
文摘[ Objective] The aim was to compare the application of two bioassays to monitoring and evaluation of water quality. [ Method ] By using two bioassays （micronucleus detecting technology based on Vicia faba root tip cells and the bioassay by luminous bacteria）, we monitored and evaluated seven kinds of single solutions respectively added different pollutants （ Hg, Cd, As, Cr6 ＋ , Pb, I_A8 and CODc,） and a mixed solution added those seven pollutants. Afterwards, we compared their results under the same pollutant and concentration, so as to study the two bioassays＇ sensitivity and sensitive concentration to the seven pollutants. [ Result] Under the same pollutant and concentration, micronucleus detecting tech- nology based on Vicia faba root tip cells had responses to Hg, Cd, As and Cr6＋ , but there was no response to Pb, LAS and CODer. However, the bioassay by luminous bacteria had responses to most pollutants except Cr6＋. Comparing the sensitive degree and concentration to each pollutant, they can complement each other. For these seven pollutants, the bioassay by luminous bacteria was better than micronucleus detecting technology based on Vicia faba root tip cells. Meanwhile, from the testing result of the mixed solution, the combined toxicity of several pollutants in lower con- cantrations was serious. At the same time, contrasted to normal chemical methods, bioassays were fast and effective. [ Conclusion] The research could provide theoretical references for the correlation study of bioassays.
基金supported by Guangdong Provincial Department of Science and Technology(2023A1515011396)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42377270,42277265)the Innovative Research Team of Department of Education of Guangdong Province(2020KCXTD005).
文摘Various contaminants are present in aquatic environment and pose potential threats to pelagic and benthic organisms,calling for effective risk assessment.Traditional risk assessments based on target analysis are useful when the principal contaminants responsible for ecological risk are known;however,these approaches become challenging when dealing with chemical mixtures.In addition,the compositions of chemical mixtures often differ in regions with different levels of socioeconomic develop-ment,requiring risk assessment methods that are applicable under different pollution scenarios.Herein,in situ bioassays were conducted with two native species,Chinese rare minnows(Gobiocypris rarus)and Asian clams(Corbicula fluminea),in economically developed watersheds in China(Pearl River Basin(PRB)and Taihu Lake Basin(THB))and agriculture-dominated Poyang Lake Basin(PYB).Significant lethal and sublethal effects(e.g.,neurotoxicity,reproductive toxicity,and metabolic and oxidative stress)were observed in fish and clams irrespective of economic gradients.Notably,ecological effects differed significantly between water and sediment phases within the same region.Target(98 contaminants)and suspect screening(942 contaminants)revealed regional-specific characteristics.Ecological risk assessments using a weight of evidence approach demonstrated that both water and sediment in the PRB were at moderate to high risk,as was the sediment in the less developed PYB.However,the characteristics of mixture pollution varied greatly among regions.Suspect screening identified many pollutants that are not regularly monitored but are present at high environmental concentrations and are linked to local industrial production.These distinct mixture risk characteristics across different basins suggest that mitigating aquatic pollution requires region-specific management measures.
基金Supported by the Coordination of Improvement of Higher Education Personnel(CAPES),Ministry of Science,Technology and Innovation of Brazil(Grant No.PROAP/2014).
文摘Electric fishes(Gymnotiformes)inhabit Central and South America and form a relatively large group with more than 200 species.Besides a taxonomic challenge due to their still unresolved systematic,wide distribution and the variety of habitats they occupy,these fishes have been intensively studied due to their peculiar use of bioelectricity for electrolocation and communication.Conventional analysis of cells,tissues and organs have been complemented with the studies on the electric organ discharges of these fishes.This review compiles the results of 13 bioassays developed during the last 50 years,which used the quickness,low costs and functionality of the bioelectric data collection of Gymnotiformes to evaluate the effects of environmental contaminants and neuroactive drugs.
基金financially supported by the Province of Macerata (Italy) under the grant no. 277
文摘Environmental estrogen-like compounds（i.e. xenoestrogens） are a variety of pollutants,ranging from synthetic to natural occurring molecules, that are found in surface and waste waters over a wide range of concentrations. In aquatic environment, the overall estrogenic activity is often due to the presence of a mixture of chemicals and their degraded products which can induce synergistic effects. Current strategies for monitoring estrogen-like chemicals are based on the use of a battery of in vivo and in vitro ecotoxicological tests. In this regard, the aim of the present work was to carry out a bio-monitoring study for testing estrogenicity of the Chienti river（Marche Region, Italy） by using both an E-screen and a vitellogenin（Vtg） induction assay in juvenile goldfish. Three sites were used for analysis,localized at the mouth（sampling point 1）, in the middle（sampling point 2） and at the origin（sampling point 3） of Chienti river. For most of the water samples（i.e. samples collected at sampling points 2 and 3）, clear estrogenic activity was detected in the E-screen assay suggesting different proliferation activities in function of the collecting site. In contrast, the Vtg ELISA demonstrated that water samples collected from each sampling point were estrogenic. Overall, we showed for the first time that the estrogenic activities in water samples from the Chienti river were significant in both in vivo and in vitro; we also observed a different sensitivity between bioassays.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21473029 and 51522302)the NSAF Foundation of China (U1530260)+3 种基金the Key Medical Projects of Jiangsu Province ( BL2014078)Key Discipline of Jiangsu Province (2016-2020)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu (BK20140028)the Scientific Research Foundation of Southeast University
文摘With the increasing demand for multiplex and high-throughput analysis of large numbers of biomolecules,multiplex technology becomes a promising tool for carrying out thousands of individual reactions at the same time for large-scale biological analysis. Among current technologies,suspension arrays based on appropriate barcode particles have been popularly used in multiplex bioassays of many research fields with the ability of unique encoding, such as in the clinical, medicinal, nutritional, and environmental fields.Besides the unique form of barcode, these particles have higher flexibility, better sensitivity, and faster reaction kinetics. In this review, we present some examples of typical barcode particles that are divided into different groups depending on how they are encoded and their applications in multiplex bioassays for different targets such as proteins,DNA and RNA sequences, and cells. The bioassays for monitoring food safety, drug research, and clinical diagnosis are also described.
基金support from the National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences Superfund Basic Research Grant(ES004699(MSD))the California Agricultural Experiment Station,the Startup Fund of 100 Talents Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (20921063)the National Basic Research Program(2010CB933500)
文摘Reporter genes produce a protein product in transfected cells that can be easily measured in intact or lysed cells and they have been extensively used in numerous basic and applied research applications.Over the past 10 years,reporter gene assays have been widely accepted and used for analysis of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and related dioxin-like compounds in various types of matrices,such as biological,environmental,food and feed samples,given that high-resolution instrumental analysis techniques are impractical for large-scale screening analysis.The most sensitive cell-based reporter gene bioassay systems developed are the mechanism-based CALUX(Chemically Activated Luciferase Expression) and CAFLUX(Chemically Activated Fluorescent Expression) bioassays,which utilize recombinant cell lines containing stably transfected dioxin(AhR) responsive firefly luciferase or enhanced green fluorescent protein(EGFP) reporter genes,respectively.While the current CALUX and CAFLUX bioassays are very sensitive,increasing their lower limit of sensitivity,magnitude of response and dynamic range for chemical detection would significantly increase their utility,particularly for those samples that contain low levels of dioxin-like HAHs(i.e.,serum) .In this study,we report that the addition of modulators of cell signaling pathways or modification of cell culture conditions results in significant improvement in the magnitude and overall responsiveness of the existing CALUX and CAFLUX cell bioassays.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.10671044)the Science & Technology Bureau of Guangzhou Municipal Government(2004J1-C0333)Guangzhou advanced University(2004)
文摘A shrinkage estimator and a maximum likelihood estimator are proposed in this paper for combination of bioassays. The shrinkage estimator is obtained in closed form which incorporates prior information just on the common log relative potency after the homogeneity test for combination of bioassays is accepted. It is a practical improvement over other estimators which require iterative procedure to obtain the estimator for the relative potency. A real data is also used to show the superiorities for the newly-proposed procedures.
基金This research was funded by an Australian Research Council Linkage grant(LP0560600)with industry partner Veoliathe New Zealand Ministry of Business,Innovation and Employment(MBIE C03X0902).
文摘There has been much effort to assess the efficacy of sewage treatment plants to remove chemicals with estrogenic activity,but other modes of toxicity have received less attention.This study assessed the efficacy of advanced tertiary technologies to remove estrogen receptor(ER),aryl hydrocarbon receptor(AhR),retinoic receptor(RAR)agonists and genotoxicity using recombinant gene bioassays.Untreated sewage contained ER,AhR and RAR agonists and was genotoxic.Activated sludge treatment removed over 69%of the ER,AhR and RAR aqueous phase activities.Ozonation and biologically activated carbon processes removed genotoxicity and most receptor agonists to below detection limits.Estrogenic activity was associated with the semi-polar fraction of the aqueous phase and non-polar phase of the influent(maximum 30%).AhR and RAR activities were found in both the aqueous and particulate phases of influent.Only RAR activity was frequently found in the polar fraction of aqueous and particulate phases of the process effluent.In the influent,the greatest RAR activity was found in the polar fraction of the aqueous phase(>65%).Genotoxic activity was detected in all influent fractions but rapidly decreased.The results showed that ER,AhR and RAR agonists were greatly reduced by the advanced tertiary treatment processes.
文摘Background Chitinase is an enzyme that hydrolyzes chitin,a major component of the exoskeleton of insects,including plant pests like whiteflies.The present study aimed to investigate the expression of chemically synthesized barley ch1 and chi2 genes in cotton(Gossypium hirsutum)through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation.Fifty-five putative transgenic cotton plants were obtained,out of which fifteen plants successfully survived and were shifted to the field.Using gene-specific primers,amplification of 447 bp and 401 bp fragments confirmed the presence of the ch1 and chi2 genes in five transgenic cotton plants of the T0 generation.These five plants were further evalu-ated for their mRNA expression levels.The T0 transgenic cotton plants with the highest mRNA expression level and better yield performance in field,were selected to raise their subsequent progenies.Results The T1 cotton plants showed the highest mRNA expression levels of 3.5-fold in P10(2)for the ch1 gene and 3.7-fold in P2(1)for the chi2 gene.Fluorescent in situ hybridization(FISH)confirmed a single copy number of ch1 and chi2(hemizygous)on chromosome no.6.Furthermore,the efficacy of transgenes on whitefly was evaluated through an insect bioassay,where after 96 h of infestation,mortality rates of whitefly were calculated to be 78%–80%in transgenic cotton plants.The number of eggs on transgenic cotton plants were calculated to be 0.1%–0.12 per plant compared with the non-transgenic plants where egg number was calculated to be 0.90–1.00 per plant.Conclusion Based on these findings,it can be concluded that the chemically synthesized barley chitinase genes(ch1 and chi2)have the potential to be effective against insects with chitin exoskeletons,including whiteflies.The transgenic cotton plants expressing these genes showed increased resistance to whiteflies,resulting in reduced egg numbers and higher mortality rates.
文摘Several natural and synthetic retinoids (vitamin-A derived analogies) were examined for their potential anti-cancer activity in both in vivo animal models and a novel in vitro human keratinocyte clonal growth bioassay system. The natural retinoids included all-trans-retinoic (RA), 13-cis-retinoic acid, 4-oxoretinoic acid, and retinol. Among the synthetic retinoids tested were all trans N-(4-hydroxy(phenyl)retinamide, 3-substituted oxoretinoic acids, and 13 cis-N-ethylretinamide. The animal models employed were: 1) vitamin A-deficient hamster tracheal organ assay (HTOC);2) the benzo(α)pyrene-induced squamous metaplasia in a hamster tracheal organ system (BP-HTOC);3) the mouse skin tumor promoter (TPA)-induced ornithine decarboxylase enzyme assay(ODC);4) the mouse skin papilloma (MPA) assay;and 5) a novel retinoid bioassay in which retinoids display IC<sub>50</sub> values to inhibit clonal growth of NHK. All-trans-RA, 4-oxoretinoic acid and retinol were consistently more active than any of the synthetic derivatives in all bioassays tested. A statistical model was developed and significant positive correlations were found between: 1) ED<sub>50</sub> values in the HTOC system and reduction in TPA-induced ODC enzyme activity;2) tumors per animal in the MPA bioassay and suppression of TPA-induced ODC activity;and 3) a positive correlation between suppression of tumors per animal in the MPA assay, and retinoid inhibition of keratinocyte clonal growth. Test retinoids, were tested for their capacity to inhibit the clonal growth of a squamous carcinoma cell line (SCC-25), which were found to be 2 - 3 logs less sensitive for each tested retinoid than the corresponding activity against NHK cells. Antineoplastic retinoid drugs were reviewed.
基金This paper was supported by Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province (B0010020)
文摘Allelochemicals of Chinese-fir root was extracted by technology ofsupercritical CO_2 extraction under orthogonal experiment design, and it was used to analyzeallelopathic activity of Chinese-fir through bioassay of seed germination. The results showed thatas to the available rate of allelochemicals, the pressure and temperature of extraction were themost important factors. The allelochemicals of Chinese-fir root extracted by pure CO_2 and ethanolmixed with CO_2 have different allelopathic activities to seed germination, and the allelochemicalsextracted by ethanol mixed with CO_2 had stronger inhibitory effects on seed germination than thatextracted by pure CO_2.
文摘Five triterpenoid saponins were isolated from the Chinese traditional medicine Eclipta prostrata L.. On the basis of their chemical properties and spectral data, they were identified as eclalbasaponins II(1), I(2), III(3), 3-O-[b-D-glucopyranosyl(12)-b-D-glucopyranosyl]-16a-ethoxy-olean-12-ene-28-oic acid-28-O-b-D-glu-copyranoside(4) and 3-O-[(2-O-sulfuryl-b-D-glucopyranosyl)(12)-b-D-glucopyranosyl]-echinocystic acid-28-O-b-D-glucopyranoside(5). Compounds 4 and 5 are new compounds and named eclalbasaponins XI and XII, respectively. Compounds 1 and 5 induced morphological deformation of Pyricularia oryzae mycelia.
基金supported by Abant Izzet Baysal University Research Foundation (Project no: BAP 2005.03.01.219)
文摘Objective: To investigate antibacterial and antitumor activities of 51 different extracts prepared with 3 types of solvents (water, ethanol and methanol) of 16 different plant species (Ajuga reptans (A. reptans) L., Phlomis pungens (P. pungens) Willd., Marrubium astracanicum (M. astracanicum) Jacq., Nepeta nuda (N. nuda) L., Stachys annua (S. annua) L., Genista lydia (G. lydia) Boiss., Nuphar lutea (N. lutea) L., Nymphaea alba (N. alba) L., Vinca minor (V. minor) L., Stellaria media (S. media) L., Capsella bursa-pastoris (C. bursa-pastoris) L., Galium spurium (G. spurium) L., Onosma heterophyllum (O. heterophyllum) Griseb., Reseda luteola (R. luteola) L., Viburnum lantana (V. lantana) L. and Mercurialis annua (M. annua) L.) grown in Turkey was conducted. Methods: Antibacterial activity was evaluated with 10 bacteria including Streptococcus pyogenes (S. pyogenes), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis), Escheria coli (E. coli), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium), Serratia marcescens (S. marcescens), Proteus vulgaris (P. vulgaris), Enterobacter cloacae (E. cloacea), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) by using disc diffusion method. Antitumor activity was evaluated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens (A. tumefaciens)-induced potato disc tumor assay. Results: Best antibacterial activity was obtained with ethanolic extract of P. pungens against S. pyogenes . Ethanolic and methanolic extract of N. alba and ethanolic extract of G. lydia also showed strong antibacterial activities. Results indicated that alcoholic extracts especially ethanolic extracts exhibited strong antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Best antitumor activity was obtained with methanolic extracts of N. alba and V. lantana (100% tumor inhibition). Ethanolic extract of N. alba , alcoholic extracts of N. lutea , A. reptans and V. minor flowers, methanolic extracts of G. lydia and O. heterophyllum and ethanolic extract of V. lantana and aqueous extract of V. minor leaves exhibited strong tumor inhibitions. Conclusions: In near future works, identification of active components can be studied for plant extracts having strong bioactivity.
基金This work was financially supported by grants from the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program,2009CB522300 and 2009CB940900)National Natural Science Funding of China(31170332)the Young Academic and Technical Leader Raising Foundation of Yunnan Province(2010CI047).
文摘Two new tirucallane triterpenoids,2a-ethoxy-2,3-secotirucalla-2,29-epoxy-7-ene-23-oxo-3-oic acid(1)and(23E)-2a-hydroxytirucalla-7,23,25-triene-3-one(2),along with the known 2,3-secotirucalla-2,3;2,29-diepoxy-7-ene-3,23-dione(3),were isolated from the leaves and twigs of Aphanamixis grandifolia.Their structures were elucidated by extensive NMR and MS data,and compound 3 was further confirmed by X-ray crystal diffraction analysis.Antimicrobial activities and insecticidal activities of these three compounds were also evaluated.Compound 1 showed good antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus with the MIC value of 1.56μg/mL,while compounds 1 and 2 showed insecticidal activity at 100 ppm,with the corrected mortality 79.1%and 60.6%,respectively.
文摘[ Objective] The phytotoxicity effect of quinclorac on peanut succeeding seedlings was studied. [ Method] Peanut was taken as the indicator crop, plant height and fresh weight were adopted as bioassay indicator, the biological activity of quinclorac on peanut was determined by the method of adding quinclorac in the soil, and the residue dynamic of quinclorac in paddy soil was determined. [Result] The linear correlation equations of peanut plant height and fresh weight with the concentration range of 0.7 -8.0 mg/kg separately were y = 11.235x ＋3.818 6, R^2 = 0.969 1 ; y = 5.973 3x ＋ 6.532 8, R^2 = 0.988 2. There would be no residual phytotoxicity effect when peanut was going to be planted in the same block in the second year. [Condusion] The bioassay method was simple and exact with good repeatability.
文摘An estrogen receptor （ER）/androgen receptor （AR） ligand competitive binding assay （ER/AR-binding assay） and chemical analyses were used to evaluate the endocrine disrupting chemicals （EDCs） behavior of two municipal wastewater treatment plants （WWTPs） （K and S）. In the influents, estrone （E 1）, androsterone （A）, androstenedione （AD）, BPA （bisphenol A）, NP （nonylphenol） and daidzein （DZ） were detected in high amounts with subsequent 24 h-average concentrations of 350, 1000, 29, 1300, 3900, and 5700 ng/L in K-WWTP and of 310, 620, 59, 1600, 2600, and 8400 ng/L in S-WWTP. The estrogenic （androgenic） activity as 17β-estradiol （E2） equivalents （EEQ） or testosterone （Te） equivalents （TEQ） was consequently 620 ng E2/L （570 ng Te/L） and 580 ng E2/L （800 ng Te/L） for the two WWTPs. The removal efficiencies of the above mentioned sole target chemicals were 51%-100% for K-WWTP and 55.6%-100% for S-WWTP. The removal efficiencies of EEQ were about 73% for both WWTPs, while the removal efficiencies of TEQ were 62.1% for K-WWTP and 98.4% for S-WWTP. In addition, chemical-derived EEQ were about 1.2%-52.4% of those by ER-binding assay for K-WWTP and the corresponding ratios were 1.3%-83.3% for S-WWTP, while chemical derived TEQ were less than 3% of values measured by the AR-binding assay for both WWTPs.
基金Supported by Bureau of Education in Guangzhou City(08C034)Educational Commission of Guangdong Province(LYM08081)~~
文摘[ Objective] The paper was to preliminarily identify the species of six actinomyeetes strains, and to determine the fungicidal activities of their fermenta- tion products. E Method ] The species of six aefinomyeetes strains were identified by morphological method, and the fungicidal activities of the fermentation products of six aetinomycetes strains were systematically determined by series of methods including mycellal growth rate inhibition method, spore germination method, potting and field test. []Result] Morphological identification results showed that six strains belonged to Streptornyces. Biological determination results indicated that the in- hibition rates of the fermentation products of six actinomycetes strains with the concentration of 500μg/nd against the mycelial growth of Fusar/um oxysporum f. sp. Vasinfeetum were all greater than 90% ; the inhibition rates against the myeelial growth of Botrytis cinerea Pers. , A/ternar/a a/zernate and Fusarium oxysporum were also greater than 80%. The inhibition rates of the fermentation products of GZ-204 and GZ-331 strains against the spore germination of Bipolaria sorokiniana and Cercospora sorghl were 97. 8% , 98.2%, 99.5% and 94.6%, respectively. Potting test showed that the protection effects of the fermentation products of GZ-204 and GZ-331 strains on wheat powdery mildew（Erysiphe graminis） were 78.8% and 87.1% , and their cure effects were 62.4% and 68.5% , respectively. Field test showed that the control effects of 200 times fermentation liquids of GZ-204 and GZ-331 strains on wheat powdery mildew were 50.5% and 69. 2%, respective- ly. [Condusion] The research provided the reference for the development of new pesticides with actinomyeetes as the resource.
