The reconstruction of craniomaxillofacial bone defects remains clinically challenging.To date,autogenous grafts are considered the gold standard but present critical drawbacks.These shortcomings have driven recent res...The reconstruction of craniomaxillofacial bone defects remains clinically challenging.To date,autogenous grafts are considered the gold standard but present critical drawbacks.These shortcomings have driven recent research on craniomaxillofacial bone reconstruction to focus on synthetic grafts with distinct materials and fabrication techniques.Among the various fabrication methods,additive manufacturing(AM)has shown significant clinical potential.AM technologies build three-dimensional(3D)objects with personalized geometry customizable from a computer-aided design.These layer-by-layer 3D biomaterial structures can support bone formation by guiding cell migration/proliferation,osteogenesis,and angiogenesis.Additionally,these structures can be engineered to degrade concomitantly with the new bone tissue formation,making them ideal as synthetic grafts.This review delves into the key advances of bioceramic grafts/scaffolds obtained by 3D printing for personalized craniomaxillofacial bone reconstruction.In this regard,clinically relevant topics such as ceramic-based biomaterials,graft/scaffold characteristics(macro/micro-features),material extrusion-based 3D printing,and the step-by-step workflow to engineer personalized bioceramic grafts are discussed.Importantly,in vitro models are highlighted in conjunction with a thorough examination of the signaling pathways reported when investigating these bioceramics and their effect on cellular response/behavior.Lastly,we summarize the clinical potential and translation opportunities of personalized bioceramics for craniomaxillofacial bone regeneration.展开更多
基金supported by funding from the National Institutes of Health(NIH),National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research[R01DE031476 to MCB]the São Paulo Research Foundation(FAPESP,projects 2022/03811-9 to ABGC+2 种基金2021/05259-9 to RLMSOand 2022/12217-3 to EST)The content is solely the authors’responsibility and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health。
文摘The reconstruction of craniomaxillofacial bone defects remains clinically challenging.To date,autogenous grafts are considered the gold standard but present critical drawbacks.These shortcomings have driven recent research on craniomaxillofacial bone reconstruction to focus on synthetic grafts with distinct materials and fabrication techniques.Among the various fabrication methods,additive manufacturing(AM)has shown significant clinical potential.AM technologies build three-dimensional(3D)objects with personalized geometry customizable from a computer-aided design.These layer-by-layer 3D biomaterial structures can support bone formation by guiding cell migration/proliferation,osteogenesis,and angiogenesis.Additionally,these structures can be engineered to degrade concomitantly with the new bone tissue formation,making them ideal as synthetic grafts.This review delves into the key advances of bioceramic grafts/scaffolds obtained by 3D printing for personalized craniomaxillofacial bone reconstruction.In this regard,clinically relevant topics such as ceramic-based biomaterials,graft/scaffold characteristics(macro/micro-features),material extrusion-based 3D printing,and the step-by-step workflow to engineer personalized bioceramic grafts are discussed.Importantly,in vitro models are highlighted in conjunction with a thorough examination of the signaling pathways reported when investigating these bioceramics and their effect on cellular response/behavior.Lastly,we summarize the clinical potential and translation opportunities of personalized bioceramics for craniomaxillofacial bone regeneration.
