A drug of abuse, Foxy or Methoxy Foxy gained popularity among recreational users as an alternative to MDMA (Ecstasy). Considerable research into the consequences of MDMA use is available, yet much remains unknown abou...A drug of abuse, Foxy or Methoxy Foxy gained popularity among recreational users as an alternative to MDMA (Ecstasy). Considerable research into the consequences of MDMA use is available, yet much remains unknown about the neurobiological consequences of Foxy use. In addition, research into the long-term neuropsychological repercussions associated with these two compounds remains incomplete. The goal of the present research was to explore the effects of MDMA or Foxy on cognitive processes associated with adolescent exposure considered over much of the lifespan. Here we investigated whether the reported effects following adolescent exposure resolved in early adulthood or continued throughout life. The protocol involved repeated doses of either MDMA or Foxy during the period defined as mid-adolescence (postnatal days 34 - 46) in rats, followed by the use of four series of learning and memory tasks repeated at different points in the rodent lifespan. At four time points in adulthood, the animals were trained and tested on a on a series of spatial and non-spatial memory tasks designed to assess the impact and severity of Foxy and MDMA. Oddly, MDMA-treated rats were impaired on a step down passive avoidance task. The performance of the drug-treated rats was markedly inferior to that of the control animals on more demanding water maze tasks, with some results suggesting a lack of flexibility in adapting to changing task demands. MDMA rats were the most impaired. While some persistent cognitive deficits were found, no significant group differences in serotonin or dopamine levels were found in any of the measured regions of the brain changes, cortical or subcortical. These results provide evidence for compromised neurocognition that continues long after drug exposure in the absence of any discernable changes in neurotransmitter levels. Several possible physiological and neurochemical mechanisms associated with these compounds requiring further study are also outlined.展开更多
目的:研究长链非编码RNA(lncRNA)生长阻滞特异性转录物5(GAS5)基因多态性与多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)发病的关联性。方法:选取2018年5月~2019年5月在广西右江民族医学院附属医院生殖医学中心确诊的236例PCOS患者作为病例组,同时选取同期性...目的:研究长链非编码RNA(lncRNA)生长阻滞特异性转录物5(GAS5)基因多态性与多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)发病的关联性。方法:选取2018年5月~2019年5月在广西右江民族医学院附属医院生殖医学中心确诊的236例PCOS患者作为病例组,同时选取同期性别、年龄相匹配的277例健康女性作为对照组,采用iMLDR单核苷酸多态性(SNP)分型方法检测GAS5基因rs145204276 I/D、rs55829688 C/T和rs6790 G/A位点基因型。采用logistic回归分析GAS5基因多态性与PCOS的相关性。结果:GAS5基因rs145204276 I/D位点多态性在对照组和PCOS组之间差异有统计学意义,logistic回归分析结果显示,与I/I基因型相比,I/D和D/D基因型以及显性模型I/D+D/D具有较低的PCOS发病风险[I/D vs I/I:OR(95%CI)=0.61(0.42,0.88),P=0.009;D/D vs I/I:OR(95%CI)=0.44(0.23,0.84),P=0.013;I/D+D/D vs I/I:OR(95%CI)=0.57(0.40,0.81),P=0.002];与I等位基因相比,D等位基因显著降低PCOS的发病风险[D vs I:OR(95%CI)=0.62(0.47,0.82),P=0.001]。rs55829688 C/T和rs6790 G/A位点多态性在对照组和PCOS组之间比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。单倍型联合分析显示D-T-A单倍型在对照组和PCOS组间的分布差异有统计学意义[OR(95%CI)=0.61(0.45,0.84),P=0.002]。结论:GAS5基因rs145204276 I/D位点多态性可能与PCOS遗传易感性相关,即携带D等位基因的个体可能具有较低的PCOS发病风险。展开更多
文摘A drug of abuse, Foxy or Methoxy Foxy gained popularity among recreational users as an alternative to MDMA (Ecstasy). Considerable research into the consequences of MDMA use is available, yet much remains unknown about the neurobiological consequences of Foxy use. In addition, research into the long-term neuropsychological repercussions associated with these two compounds remains incomplete. The goal of the present research was to explore the effects of MDMA or Foxy on cognitive processes associated with adolescent exposure considered over much of the lifespan. Here we investigated whether the reported effects following adolescent exposure resolved in early adulthood or continued throughout life. The protocol involved repeated doses of either MDMA or Foxy during the period defined as mid-adolescence (postnatal days 34 - 46) in rats, followed by the use of four series of learning and memory tasks repeated at different points in the rodent lifespan. At four time points in adulthood, the animals were trained and tested on a on a series of spatial and non-spatial memory tasks designed to assess the impact and severity of Foxy and MDMA. Oddly, MDMA-treated rats were impaired on a step down passive avoidance task. The performance of the drug-treated rats was markedly inferior to that of the control animals on more demanding water maze tasks, with some results suggesting a lack of flexibility in adapting to changing task demands. MDMA rats were the most impaired. While some persistent cognitive deficits were found, no significant group differences in serotonin or dopamine levels were found in any of the measured regions of the brain changes, cortical or subcortical. These results provide evidence for compromised neurocognition that continues long after drug exposure in the absence of any discernable changes in neurotransmitter levels. Several possible physiological and neurochemical mechanisms associated with these compounds requiring further study are also outlined.
文摘目的:研究长链非编码RNA(lncRNA)生长阻滞特异性转录物5(GAS5)基因多态性与多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)发病的关联性。方法:选取2018年5月~2019年5月在广西右江民族医学院附属医院生殖医学中心确诊的236例PCOS患者作为病例组,同时选取同期性别、年龄相匹配的277例健康女性作为对照组,采用iMLDR单核苷酸多态性(SNP)分型方法检测GAS5基因rs145204276 I/D、rs55829688 C/T和rs6790 G/A位点基因型。采用logistic回归分析GAS5基因多态性与PCOS的相关性。结果:GAS5基因rs145204276 I/D位点多态性在对照组和PCOS组之间差异有统计学意义,logistic回归分析结果显示,与I/I基因型相比,I/D和D/D基因型以及显性模型I/D+D/D具有较低的PCOS发病风险[I/D vs I/I:OR(95%CI)=0.61(0.42,0.88),P=0.009;D/D vs I/I:OR(95%CI)=0.44(0.23,0.84),P=0.013;I/D+D/D vs I/I:OR(95%CI)=0.57(0.40,0.81),P=0.002];与I等位基因相比,D等位基因显著降低PCOS的发病风险[D vs I:OR(95%CI)=0.62(0.47,0.82),P=0.001]。rs55829688 C/T和rs6790 G/A位点多态性在对照组和PCOS组之间比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。单倍型联合分析显示D-T-A单倍型在对照组和PCOS组间的分布差异有统计学意义[OR(95%CI)=0.61(0.45,0.84),P=0.002]。结论:GAS5基因rs145204276 I/D位点多态性可能与PCOS遗传易感性相关,即携带D等位基因的个体可能具有较低的PCOS发病风险。
