The use of technical HCH （1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6-hexachlorocyclohexane）, DDT （dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane） and lindane in Heilongjiang River Basin （HRB） of China was studied. Between 1952 and 1984 the total usage ...The use of technical HCH （1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6-hexachlorocyclohexane）, DDT （dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane） and lindane in Heilongjiang River Basin （HRB） of China was studied. Between 1952 and 1984 the total usage in the HRB was 108900 t for technical HCH, and 4900 t for DDT, respectively, and the use of DDT due to dicofol application in the HRB was 220 t from 1984 to 2003. The usage of lindane in HRB was 109 t from 1991 to 2000. The results show that the highest technical HCH use （41800 t） in HRB was on maize, accounting for 38.3% of the total usage on all crops, followed by the use on wheat （28000 t, 25.7%） and on soybean （26600 t, 24.4%）. The highest DDT use （2300 t） was on soybean, accounting for 46.8% of the total usage on all crops, followed by the use on maize （1500 t, 31.3%） and on sorghum （600 t, 13.2%）. The major use of lindane was mainly on wheat. Gridded usage inventories of these three OCPs （organochlorine pesticides）, in HRB with a 1/6° latitude by 1/4° longitude resolution have been created by using different gridded cropland as surrogates. Some soil samples have also been collected in HRB. Data of usage and soil concentrations of 5： HCH in HRB match quite well to those in Shanghai region, and much higher soil concentration of 5： DDT in Shanghai region could be due to much heavier dicofol use in this region.展开更多
Optimized calculations of 209 polychlorinated diphenyl ethers （PCDEs） and diphenyl ethers were carried out at the B3LYP/6-31G^＊ level with the Gaussian 98 program. Based on the theoretical linear solvation energy r...Optimized calculations of 209 polychlorinated diphenyl ethers （PCDEs） and diphenyl ethers were carried out at the B3LYP/6-31G^＊ level with the Gaussian 98 program. Based on the theoretical linear solvation energy relationship （TLSER） model, the obtained structural parameters were taken as theoretical descriptors to establish the novel QSPR model for predicting aqueous solubility （-lgSw） of PCDEs. The model obtained in this work contains two variables： mean molecular polarizability （a） and the most positive partial charge on a hydrogen atom （qH^＋）, of which RE = 0.9606 and SD = 0.32. And the results of cross-validation test also show that the model exhibits optimum stability and better predictive power. Moreover, the predictive power of the new model is better than that of MCIs method.展开更多
In China,the water quality standards in operation include the Environmental Quality Standard for Surface Water（GB3838-2002）and Water Quality Standards for Seawater（GB3097-1997）.However,these two standards are curr...In China,the water quality standards in operation include the Environmental Quality Standard for Surface Water（GB3838-2002）and Water Quality Standards for Seawater（GB3097-1997）.However,these two standards are currently not suitable for the estuarial zones of China because of the unique properties of water environment in estuaries.We proposed preliminarily a basic idea and technical workflow in formulating water quality standards for the estuaries of China based on analyzing the water environment properties of estuaries comprehensively and comparing various parameters and their standard values mentioned in these two standards above.Issues pertinent to the formulation of the water quality standards for estuaries,e.g.nutrient,heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants（POPs）,are highly concerned.The objective of this paper is to provide technical support for the formulation of scientific water quality standards and the assessment of water quality of the estuaries of China.展开更多
The Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants （POPs） was adopted in 2001. This year is the 10th anniversary of the adoption of the Convention. Until now, 22 chemicals or chemical categories have been lis...The Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants （POPs） was adopted in 2001. This year is the 10th anniversary of the adoption of the Convention. Until now, 22 chemicals or chemical categories have been listed as POPs in the Stockholm Convention. The POPs Research Center was established in Tsinghua University in the same year when the Convention was adopted. In the last ten years, much work has been done by Chinese researchers to understand the environ- mental risk of POPs in China. This article aims to review the recent research progress of our POPs Research Center and some other Chinese researchers＇ studies in addressing the environmental risk of POPs, including the priority screening and inventory study of POPs, monitoring and modeling of POPs pollution and exposure, and environ- mental risk assessment and modeling of POPs. Although great advances in addressing the environmental risk of POPs have been made in recent years, we are still facing quite a few problems, such as data scarcity and uncertainty in environmental risk assessment of POPs. The study on the effect of POPs mixtures is in its infancy and currently POPs are usually assessed from legal perspective by risk assessment of single chemicals. These problems should be well addressed by further efforts. Further studies should also be taken in future to study environment risk of POPs by considering aspects of coupled dynamics between climate processes and POPs. Such sound scientific, riskbased information can support decision-making aiming to effectively minimize the risk level of POPs.展开更多
Organochlorine pesticide （OCP） concentrations in tree bark from the upper Yellow River region were determined. Total OCP concentrations ranged from 2.7 to 82 ng/g dw, with a mean of 20 ng/g dw. Concentrations of tot...Organochlorine pesticide （OCP） concentrations in tree bark from the upper Yellow River region were determined. Total OCP concentrations ranged from 2.7 to 82 ng/g dw, with a mean of 20 ng/g dw. Concentrations of total （E） DDTs （0.49-37 ng/g dw）, HCHs （0.55-4.5 ng/g dw）, and HCB （0.1-1.0 ng/g dw） were much higher than the other OCPs and accounted for 89% of the YOCP concentrations. p,p＇-DDT was the dominant member of the DDT pesticide group and [5-HCH was the dominant HCH isomer. The p,p＇-DDT/p,p＇-DDE and ct-HCH/y-HCH ratios suggested that there were recent DDT and y-HCH releases. OCP concentrations in the air were estimated from the tree bark, and the estimated median 3ZDDTs, EHCHs, and HCB concentrations in the air were 0.09, 0.14, and 0.024 pg/m3, respectively. The relationship between total OCP concentrations and socioeconomic and natural environment indices were assessed using multiple linear regression analysis, and a regression equation including all these factors was obtained. Population density and tertiary industry were the two dominant factors that appeared to affect OCP concentrations in the upper Yellow River region.展开更多
Here, we examined the incineration of extruded polystyrene containing hexabromocyclododecane（HBCD） in a pilot-scale incinerator under various combustion temperatures（800–950℃） and flue gas residence times（2–8 ...Here, we examined the incineration of extruded polystyrene containing hexabromocyclododecane（HBCD） in a pilot-scale incinerator under various combustion temperatures（800–950℃） and flue gas residence times（2–8 sec）. Rates of HBCD decomposition ranged from 99.996%（800℃, 2 sec） to 99.9999%（950℃, 8 sec）; the decomposition of HBCD, except during the initial stage of combustion（flue gas residence time 〈 2 sec）, followed a pseudo-first-order kinetics model. An Arrhenius plot revealed that the activation energy and frequency factor of the decomposition of HBCD by combustion were 14.2 kJ/mol and 1.69 sec^（-1）,respectively. During combustion, 11 brominated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons（BrPAHs）were detected as unintentional by-products. Of the 11 BrPAHs detected, 2-bromoanthracene and 1-bromopyrene were detected at the highest concentrations. The mutagenic and carcinogenic BrPAHs 1,5-dibromoanthracene and 1-bromopyrene were most frequently detected in the flue gases analyzed. The total concentration of BrPAHs exponentially increased（range,87.8–2,040,000 ng/m^3） with increasing flue gas residence time. Results from a qualitative analysis using gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry suggest that bromofluorene and bromopyrene（or fluoranthene） congeners were also produced during the combustion.展开更多
A novel photocatalytic reactor was developed to remove （1,1-bis（4-chlorophenyl）-2,2,2-trichloroethane） （DDT） from water. In the reactor, a cenosphere was used to support TiO2 film made by means of sol-gel. Becau...A novel photocatalytic reactor was developed to remove （1,1-bis（4-chlorophenyl）-2,2,2-trichloroethane） （DDT） from water. In the reactor, a cenosphere was used to support TiO2 film made by means of sol-gel. Because the cenospheres were coated with TiO2, their specific gravity was slightly increased from the original 0.6-0.8 to 0.8-0.9, so that they were able to be suspended in water. With the mixed operation of a bubbler, the water in the reactor was in a well-fluidized state. The bottom of the reactor is a sand filter bed, which can be used to prevent the photocatalyst from being lost. A mathematical model of the reactor has been developed in the two primary influential factors： ultraviolet （UV） light intensity and photocatalyst concentration. With such a model, the reactor can be designed more reasonably.展开更多
This paper reviews the usage and emissions of endosulfan, the newest member of the persistent organic pollutants （POPs）, in China, and its fate and behavior in Chinese environment. Endosulfan usage in China has been...This paper reviews the usage and emissions of endosulfan, the newest member of the persistent organic pollutants （POPs）, in China, and its fate and behavior in Chinese environment. Endosulfan usage in China has been estimated to be approximately 25700 t between 1994 and 2004. Concentrations of endosulfan in different environ- mental compartments in China, such as air, soil, water, and biota, but focusing at air and surface soil, have been summarized. Concentrations of total endosulfan in surface soil across China were ranged from below detection limit （BDL） to 19000 pg.g^-1 dry weight （dw）, with geometric mean of 120pg.g^-1dw. The results indicated that endo- sulfan sulfate had highest concentration in Chinese soil, followed by r- and α-endosulfan. Air concentrations of endosulfan in China were ranged 0-340 pg.m3 for a- endosulfan and 0-121 pg. m--3 for β-endosulfan, with high concentrations occurred in the cotton production areas. Gridded usage inventories of endosulfan on a fine gridded system with a 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution were compiled, from which, emission to air and residues in soil of endosulfan were calculated in each grid by using a modified simplified gridded pesticide emission and residue model （SGPERM）, an integrated modeling system combining mathematical model, database management system, and geographic information system. Total emissions were around 10800 t from 1994 to 2004. Based on the emission and residue inventories, concentrations of α- and β- endosulfan in Chinese air and agricultural surface soil were also calculated for each grid cell, which are in general consistent with the published monitoring data.展开更多
文摘The use of technical HCH （1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6-hexachlorocyclohexane）, DDT （dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane） and lindane in Heilongjiang River Basin （HRB） of China was studied. Between 1952 and 1984 the total usage in the HRB was 108900 t for technical HCH, and 4900 t for DDT, respectively, and the use of DDT due to dicofol application in the HRB was 220 t from 1984 to 2003. The usage of lindane in HRB was 109 t from 1991 to 2000. The results show that the highest technical HCH use （41800 t） in HRB was on maize, accounting for 38.3% of the total usage on all crops, followed by the use on wheat （28000 t, 25.7%） and on soybean （26600 t, 24.4%）. The highest DDT use （2300 t） was on soybean, accounting for 46.8% of the total usage on all crops, followed by the use on maize （1500 t, 31.3%） and on sorghum （600 t, 13.2%）. The major use of lindane was mainly on wheat. Gridded usage inventories of these three OCPs （organochlorine pesticides）, in HRB with a 1/6° latitude by 1/4° longitude resolution have been created by using different gridded cropland as surrogates. Some soil samples have also been collected in HRB. Data of usage and soil concentrations of 5： HCH in HRB match quite well to those in Shanghai region, and much higher soil concentration of 5： DDT in Shanghai region could be due to much heavier dicofol use in this region.
基金funded by the 973 National Basic Research Program of China (2003CB415002)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2003033486)
文摘Optimized calculations of 209 polychlorinated diphenyl ethers （PCDEs） and diphenyl ethers were carried out at the B3LYP/6-31G^＊ level with the Gaussian 98 program. Based on the theoretical linear solvation energy relationship （TLSER） model, the obtained structural parameters were taken as theoretical descriptors to establish the novel QSPR model for predicting aqueous solubility （-lgSw） of PCDEs. The model obtained in this work contains two variables： mean molecular polarizability （a） and the most positive partial charge on a hydrogen atom （qH^＋）, of which RE = 0.9606 and SD = 0.32. And the results of cross-validation test also show that the model exhibits optimum stability and better predictive power. Moreover, the predictive power of the new model is better than that of MCIs method.
基金Supported by the Special Fund for Environmental Protection Research in the Pubic Interest(201309007)
文摘In China,the water quality standards in operation include the Environmental Quality Standard for Surface Water（GB3838-2002）and Water Quality Standards for Seawater（GB3097-1997）.However,these two standards are currently not suitable for the estuarial zones of China because of the unique properties of water environment in estuaries.We proposed preliminarily a basic idea and technical workflow in formulating water quality standards for the estuaries of China based on analyzing the water environment properties of estuaries comprehensively and comparing various parameters and their standard values mentioned in these two standards above.Issues pertinent to the formulation of the water quality standards for estuaries,e.g.nutrient,heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants（POPs）,are highly concerned.The objective of this paper is to provide technical support for the formulation of scientific water quality standards and the assessment of water quality of the estuaries of China.
文摘The Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants （POPs） was adopted in 2001. This year is the 10th anniversary of the adoption of the Convention. Until now, 22 chemicals or chemical categories have been listed as POPs in the Stockholm Convention. The POPs Research Center was established in Tsinghua University in the same year when the Convention was adopted. In the last ten years, much work has been done by Chinese researchers to understand the environ- mental risk of POPs in China. This article aims to review the recent research progress of our POPs Research Center and some other Chinese researchers＇ studies in addressing the environmental risk of POPs, including the priority screening and inventory study of POPs, monitoring and modeling of POPs pollution and exposure, and environ- mental risk assessment and modeling of POPs. Although great advances in addressing the environmental risk of POPs have been made in recent years, we are still facing quite a few problems, such as data scarcity and uncertainty in environmental risk assessment of POPs. The study on the effect of POPs mixtures is in its infancy and currently POPs are usually assessed from legal perspective by risk assessment of single chemicals. These problems should be well addressed by further efforts. Further studies should also be taken in future to study environment risk of POPs by considering aspects of coupled dynamics between climate processes and POPs. Such sound scientific, riskbased information can support decision-making aiming to effectively minimize the risk level of POPs.
基金supported by the 985 Engineering Project(No.MUC 985-9)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China
文摘Organochlorine pesticide （OCP） concentrations in tree bark from the upper Yellow River region were determined. Total OCP concentrations ranged from 2.7 to 82 ng/g dw, with a mean of 20 ng/g dw. Concentrations of total （E） DDTs （0.49-37 ng/g dw）, HCHs （0.55-4.5 ng/g dw）, and HCB （0.1-1.0 ng/g dw） were much higher than the other OCPs and accounted for 89% of the YOCP concentrations. p,p＇-DDT was the dominant member of the DDT pesticide group and [5-HCH was the dominant HCH isomer. The p,p＇-DDT/p,p＇-DDE and ct-HCH/y-HCH ratios suggested that there were recent DDT and y-HCH releases. OCP concentrations in the air were estimated from the tree bark, and the estimated median 3ZDDTs, EHCHs, and HCB concentrations in the air were 0.09, 0.14, and 0.024 pg/m3, respectively. The relationship between total OCP concentrations and socioeconomic and natural environment indices were assessed using multiple linear regression analysis, and a regression equation including all these factors was obtained. Population density and tertiary industry were the two dominant factors that appeared to affect OCP concentrations in the upper Yellow River region.
基金supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (No. JP16H05891)the Steel Foundation for Environmental Protection Technology+1 种基金the Environment Research and Technology Development Fund (No. 3K153003) of the Ministry of the Environment, Japana Health and Labor Sciences Research Grant of the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, Japan
文摘Here, we examined the incineration of extruded polystyrene containing hexabromocyclododecane（HBCD） in a pilot-scale incinerator under various combustion temperatures（800–950℃） and flue gas residence times（2–8 sec）. Rates of HBCD decomposition ranged from 99.996%（800℃, 2 sec） to 99.9999%（950℃, 8 sec）; the decomposition of HBCD, except during the initial stage of combustion（flue gas residence time 〈 2 sec）, followed a pseudo-first-order kinetics model. An Arrhenius plot revealed that the activation energy and frequency factor of the decomposition of HBCD by combustion were 14.2 kJ/mol and 1.69 sec^（-1）,respectively. During combustion, 11 brominated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons（BrPAHs）were detected as unintentional by-products. Of the 11 BrPAHs detected, 2-bromoanthracene and 1-bromopyrene were detected at the highest concentrations. The mutagenic and carcinogenic BrPAHs 1,5-dibromoanthracene and 1-bromopyrene were most frequently detected in the flue gases analyzed. The total concentration of BrPAHs exponentially increased（range,87.8–2,040,000 ng/m^3） with increasing flue gas residence time. Results from a qualitative analysis using gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry suggest that bromofluorene and bromopyrene（or fluoranthene） congeners were also produced during the combustion.
基金supported by the National Science and Technology Support Program of China (No. 2006BAJ08B06)the Major Projects on Control and Rectification of Water Body Pollution by Ministry of Environmental Protection (No. 2008ZX07421-002), China
文摘A novel photocatalytic reactor was developed to remove （1,1-bis（4-chlorophenyl）-2,2,2-trichloroethane） （DDT） from water. In the reactor, a cenosphere was used to support TiO2 film made by means of sol-gel. Because the cenospheres were coated with TiO2, their specific gravity was slightly increased from the original 0.6-0.8 to 0.8-0.9, so that they were able to be suspended in water. With the mixed operation of a bubbler, the water in the reactor was in a well-fluidized state. The bottom of the reactor is a sand filter bed, which can be used to prevent the photocatalyst from being lost. A mathematical model of the reactor has been developed in the two primary influential factors： ultraviolet （UV） light intensity and photocatalyst concentration. With such a model, the reactor can be designed more reasonably.
文摘This paper reviews the usage and emissions of endosulfan, the newest member of the persistent organic pollutants （POPs）, in China, and its fate and behavior in Chinese environment. Endosulfan usage in China has been estimated to be approximately 25700 t between 1994 and 2004. Concentrations of endosulfan in different environ- mental compartments in China, such as air, soil, water, and biota, but focusing at air and surface soil, have been summarized. Concentrations of total endosulfan in surface soil across China were ranged from below detection limit （BDL） to 19000 pg.g^-1 dry weight （dw）, with geometric mean of 120pg.g^-1dw. The results indicated that endo- sulfan sulfate had highest concentration in Chinese soil, followed by r- and α-endosulfan. Air concentrations of endosulfan in China were ranged 0-340 pg.m3 for a- endosulfan and 0-121 pg. m--3 for β-endosulfan, with high concentrations occurred in the cotton production areas. Gridded usage inventories of endosulfan on a fine gridded system with a 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution were compiled, from which, emission to air and residues in soil of endosulfan were calculated in each grid by using a modified simplified gridded pesticide emission and residue model （SGPERM）, an integrated modeling system combining mathematical model, database management system, and geographic information system. Total emissions were around 10800 t from 1994 to 2004. Based on the emission and residue inventories, concentrations of α- and β- endosulfan in Chinese air and agricultural surface soil were also calculated for each grid cell, which are in general consistent with the published monitoring data.
