Growth of cadmium sulfide （CdS） thin films on glass substrates was carried out by atmospheric pressure metal-organic chemical vapor deposition （AP-MOCVD） using Cd（S2CNEt2）2 as the single precursor. Changes in th...Growth of cadmium sulfide （CdS） thin films on glass substrates was carried out by atmospheric pressure metal-organic chemical vapor deposition （AP-MOCVD） using Cd（S2CNEt2）2 as the single precursor. Changes in the surface morphology of the deposited CdS thin films were investigated by atomic force microscope （AFM） as the function of substrate temperature （Ts）, vaporizing temperature （Tv）, and Ar flow rate. With the increase of Tv, CdS thin films evolved from pyramidal structure with fine grains to columnar structure with large grains. X-ray diffraction （XRD） patterns indicated that the CdS films had random orientation at the lower Tv and preferred orientation at the higher Tv. In addition, Ts had a great effect on the surface roughness of the CdS films, and a quantum dot-like structural CdS films were obtained in a narrow range of Ts with high Ar flow rate. Furthermore, the optical properties of the CdS films were measured using ultraviolet-visible （UV/VIS） spectrometer.展开更多
The use of credit default swaps （CDSs） has become increasingly popular over time. Between 2002 and 2007, gross notional amounts outstanding grew from below S2 trillion to nearly S60 trillion. The recent crisis has r...The use of credit default swaps （CDSs） has become increasingly popular over time. Between 2002 and 2007, gross notional amounts outstanding grew from below S2 trillion to nearly S60 trillion. The recent crisis has revealed several shortcomings in CDS market practices and structure. In addition, management of counterparty risk has proved insufficient, as has in some instances the settlement of contracts following a credit event. However, past problems should not distract from the potential benefits of these instruments. In particular, CDSs help complete markets, as they provide an effective means to hedge and trade credit risk. CDSs allow financial institutions to better manage their exposures, and investors benefit from an enhanced investment universe. The purpose of this paper is to present a complete and practical exposition of the CDS market and to explore how the development of the CDS market has played an important role in the credit risk markets. Currently, the CDS market is transforming into a more stable system. Various measures are being put in place to help enhance market transparency and mitigate operational and systemic risk. In particular, central counterparties have started to operate, which will eventually lead to an improved management of individual as well as system-wide risks.展开更多
（ CdS/ TiO2 ）/ MCM-41 loaded nanometer photocatalyst was prepared by the sol-gel method and dipping process, the photocatalytic degradation of methyl thionine chloride in water was investigated by using the photocat...（ CdS/ TiO2 ）/ MCM-41 loaded nanometer photocatalyst was prepared by the sol-gel method and dipping process, the photocatalytic degradation of methyl thionine chloride in water was investigated by using the photocatalyst. The experimental results show that the optimum concentration of CdS over TiO2 was 3% （ molar ratio ）, the photocatalytic activity was enhanced when making TiO2 the anatase ptase with a rise of the roasting temperature, and the carrier, mesoporous molecular sieve MCM-41, was beneficial to improving the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 for photocatalytic degradation of methyl thionine chloride. The morphology and the crystalline phase of the photocatalyst were discussed by means of XRD and SEM techniques, and the reaction mechanism of catalytic properties was also discussed.展开更多
Hydrogen energy has been regarded as the most promising energy resource in the near future due to that it is a clean and sustainable energy. And the heterogeneous photocatatytic hydrogen production is increasingly bec...Hydrogen energy has been regarded as the most promising energy resource in the near future due to that it is a clean and sustainable energy. And the heterogeneous photocatatytic hydrogen production is increasingly becoming a research hotspot around the world today. As visible light response photocatalysts for hydrogen production, cadmium sulfide （CdS） is the most representative material, the research of which is of continuing popularity. In the past several years, there has been significant progress in water splitting on CdS-based photocatalysts using solar light, especially in the develop- ment of co-catalysts. In this paper, recent researches into photocatalytic water splitting on CdS-based photocatalysts are reviewed, including controllable synthesis of CdS, modifications with different kinds of cocatalysts, solid solution, intercalated with layered nanocomposites and metal oxides, and hybrids with graphenes etc. Finally, the problems and future challenges in photocatalytic water splitting on CdS-based photocatalysts are described.展开更多
A hyperbolic function is introduced to reflect the attenuation effect of one firm＇s default to its partner. If two firms are competitors （copartners）, the default intensity of one firm will decrease （increase） ab...A hyperbolic function is introduced to reflect the attenuation effect of one firm＇s default to its partner. If two firms are competitors （copartners）, the default intensity of one firm will decrease （increase） abruptly when the other firm defaults. As time goes on, the impact will decrease gradually until extinct. In this model, the joint distribution and marginal distributions of default times are derived by employing the change of measure, and the fair swap premium of a credit default swap （CDS） can be valued.展开更多
The virtual backbone is an approach for solving routing problems in wireless ad hoc and sensor networks. A connected dominating set (CDS) was proposed as a virtual backbone to improve the performance of wireless netwo...The virtual backbone is an approach for solving routing problems in wireless ad hoc and sensor networks. A connected dominating set (CDS) was proposed as a virtual backbone to improve the performance of wireless networks. The quality of a virtual backbone is measured not only by approximation factor, which is the ratio of its size to that of minimum CDS, but also time complexity and message complexity. In this paper, a distributed algorithm is presented to construct a minimum CDS for ad hoc and sensor networks. By destroying triangular loops in the virtual backbone, the proposed algorithm can effectively construct a CDS with smaller size. Moreover, our algorithm, which is fully localized, has a constant approximation ratio, linear message and time complexity, and low implementation complexity. The simulation results and theoretical analysis show that our algorithm has better efficiency and performance than conventional approaches.展开更多
This paper proposes a connected dominating set (CDS) based mobility management algorithm, CMMA, to solve the problems of node entering, exiting and movement in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), which ensures the connec...This paper proposes a connected dominating set (CDS) based mobility management algorithm, CMMA, to solve the problems of node entering, exiting and movement in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), which ensures the connectivity and efficiency of the CDS. Compared with Wu's algorithm, the proposed algorithm can make full use of present network conditions and involves fewer nodes. Also it has better performance with regard to the approximation factor, message complexity, and time complexity.展开更多
We study the counterparty risk for a credit default swap （CDS） in a regime-switching market driven by an underlying continuous-time Markov chain. We model the default dependence via some correlated Cox processes wit...We study the counterparty risk for a credit default swap （CDS） in a regime-switching market driven by an underlying continuous-time Markov chain. We model the default dependence via some correlated Cox processes with regime-switching shot noise intensities containing common shock. Under the proposed model, the general bilateral counterparty risk pricing formula for CDS contracts with the possibility of joint defaults is presented. Based on some expressions for the conditional Laplace transform of the integrated intensity processes, semi-analytical solution for the bilateral credit valuation adjustment （CVA） is derived. When the model parameters satisfy some conditions, explicit formula for the bilateral CVA at time 0 is also given.展开更多
Efficient broadcasting protocols based on Connected Dominating Set (CDS) are frequently used;hence the entire broadcast domain is restricted to nodes in the CDS. This letter proves that a node must be a CDS node, if i...Efficient broadcasting protocols based on Connected Dominating Set (CDS) are frequently used;hence the entire broadcast domain is restricted to nodes in the CDS. This letter proves that a node must be a CDS node, if its neighbors with larger keys cannot cover it together.Then a simple distributed CDS construction algorithm is proposed, which is more effective than the existing algorithms in reducing the dominating set size and the computation complexity at the same time. Simulation results also confirm this, especially in relatively dense networks.展开更多
Cyclodextrins have gained wide attentions for their unique physicochemicai properties. In recent years, conducting polymers with special micro-structure and properties are synthesized in the presence of cyclodextrins....Cyclodextrins have gained wide attentions for their unique physicochemicai properties. In recent years, conducting polymers with special micro-structure and properties are synthesized in the presence of cyclodextrins. In this article, the application of cyclodextrins in the synthesis process of conducting polymer metarials is discussed. And authors＇ study results are summarized.展开更多
We consider a two-dimensional reduced form contagion model with regime-switching interacting default intensities. The model assumes the intensities of the default times are driven by macro-economy described by a homog...We consider a two-dimensional reduced form contagion model with regime-switching interacting default intensities. The model assumes the intensities of the default times are driven by macro-economy described by a homogeneous Markov chain as well as the other default. By using the idea of ＇change of measure＇ and some closed-form formulas for the Laplace transforms of the integrated intensity processes, we derive the two-dimensional conditional and unconditional joint distributions of the default times. Based on these results, we give the explicit formulas for the fair spreads of the first-to-default and second-to-default credit default swaps （CDSs） on two underlyings.展开更多
The contagion credit risk model is used to describe the contagion effect among different financial institutions. Under such a model, the default intensities are driven not only by the common risk factors, but also by ...The contagion credit risk model is used to describe the contagion effect among different financial institutions. Under such a model, the default intensities are driven not only by the common risk factors, but also by the defaults of other considered firms. In this paper, we consider a two-dimensional credit risk model with contagion and regime-switching. We assume that the default intensity of one firm will jump when the other firm defaults and that the intensity is controlled by a Vasicek model with the coefficients allowed to switch in different regimes before the default of other firm. By changing measure, we derive the marginal distributions and the joint distribution for default times. We obtain some closed form results for pricing the fair spreads of the first and the second to default credit default swaps （CDSs）. Numerical results are presented to show the impacts of the model parameters on the fair spreads.展开更多
Command Decision Simulation （CDS） is not only an important and difficult issue in the field of simulation, but also a technique issue to be tackled in the course of collective Modeling and Simulation in Joint Operat...Command Decision Simulation （CDS） is not only an important and difficult issue in the field of simulation, but also a technique issue to be tackled in the course of collective Modeling and Simulation in Joint Operations Experiment Center. CDS can give support to all kinds of simulation. Using computer to realize the Blue side＇s command deci- sion automatic execution in the operation training simulation system can improve training effect. Using computer to realize the lower level command unit＇s automatic command deci- sion can help to reduce the number of controllers and release them from heavy work. It can also enlarge simulation scale and increase the freedom of the simulation entity especially the command entity, thus enhance the authenticity and credibility of the simulation. Ac- cording to the command decision structure and the Joint Intention Theory, the thesis puts forward the method of making use of Coordination Matrix （CM） to realizing cooperation among the entities in CDS and constructs the calculation sketch of Task Execution, Task Monitoring and Task Replanning. At the same time, the thesis brings forward the CDS structure vision based on Partial Global Planning（PGP）. As CM is an indispensable part of combat simulation, the theory and the method of CDS will become an important part for the theory of Combat Simulation.展开更多
基金supported by the Project of Key Technologies Research & Development Programme of Chengdu under Grant No.06GGYB512GX-030
文摘Growth of cadmium sulfide （CdS） thin films on glass substrates was carried out by atmospheric pressure metal-organic chemical vapor deposition （AP-MOCVD） using Cd（S2CNEt2）2 as the single precursor. Changes in the surface morphology of the deposited CdS thin films were investigated by atomic force microscope （AFM） as the function of substrate temperature （Ts）, vaporizing temperature （Tv）, and Ar flow rate. With the increase of Tv, CdS thin films evolved from pyramidal structure with fine grains to columnar structure with large grains. X-ray diffraction （XRD） patterns indicated that the CdS films had random orientation at the lower Tv and preferred orientation at the higher Tv. In addition, Ts had a great effect on the surface roughness of the CdS films, and a quantum dot-like structural CdS films were obtained in a narrow range of Ts with high Ar flow rate. Furthermore, the optical properties of the CdS films were measured using ultraviolet-visible （UV/VIS） spectrometer.
文摘The use of credit default swaps （CDSs） has become increasingly popular over time. Between 2002 and 2007, gross notional amounts outstanding grew from below S2 trillion to nearly S60 trillion. The recent crisis has revealed several shortcomings in CDS market practices and structure. In addition, management of counterparty risk has proved insufficient, as has in some instances the settlement of contracts following a credit event. However, past problems should not distract from the potential benefits of these instruments. In particular, CDSs help complete markets, as they provide an effective means to hedge and trade credit risk. CDSs allow financial institutions to better manage their exposures, and investors benefit from an enhanced investment universe. The purpose of this paper is to present a complete and practical exposition of the CDS market and to explore how the development of the CDS market has played an important role in the credit risk markets. Currently, the CDS market is transforming into a more stable system. Various measures are being put in place to help enhance market transparency and mitigate operational and systemic risk. In particular, central counterparties have started to operate, which will eventually lead to an improved management of individual as well as system-wide risks.
基金Funded by Special Fund of Education Department of ShaanxiProvince(No.03JK144)
文摘（ CdS/ TiO2 ）/ MCM-41 loaded nanometer photocatalyst was prepared by the sol-gel method and dipping process, the photocatalytic degradation of methyl thionine chloride in water was investigated by using the photocatalyst. The experimental results show that the optimum concentration of CdS over TiO2 was 3% （ molar ratio ）, the photocatalytic activity was enhanced when making TiO2 the anatase ptase with a rise of the roasting temperature, and the carrier, mesoporous molecular sieve MCM-41, was beneficial to improving the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 for photocatalytic degradation of methyl thionine chloride. The morphology and the crystalline phase of the photocatalyst were discussed by means of XRD and SEM techniques, and the reaction mechanism of catalytic properties was also discussed.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No. 20973110）, the National Basic Research Program of China （No. 2009CN220000） and the international Cooperation Project of Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Commission （No. 12160705700）.
文摘Hydrogen energy has been regarded as the most promising energy resource in the near future due to that it is a clean and sustainable energy. And the heterogeneous photocatatytic hydrogen production is increasingly becoming a research hotspot around the world today. As visible light response photocatalysts for hydrogen production, cadmium sulfide （CdS） is the most representative material, the research of which is of continuing popularity. In the past several years, there has been significant progress in water splitting on CdS-based photocatalysts using solar light, especially in the develop- ment of co-catalysts. In this paper, recent researches into photocatalytic water splitting on CdS-based photocatalysts are reviewed, including controllable synthesis of CdS, modifications with different kinds of cocatalysts, solid solution, intercalated with layered nanocomposites and metal oxides, and hybrids with graphenes etc. Finally, the problems and future challenges in photocatalytic water splitting on CdS-based photocatalysts are described.
基金the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)(No.2007CB814903)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.70671069)
文摘A hyperbolic function is introduced to reflect the attenuation effect of one firm＇s default to its partner. If two firms are competitors （copartners）, the default intensity of one firm will decrease （increase） abruptly when the other firm defaults. As time goes on, the impact will decrease gradually until extinct. In this model, the joint distribution and marginal distributions of default times are derived by employing the change of measure, and the fair swap premium of a credit default swap （CDS） can be valued.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation ofChina(No.60272082)The Important Science and Technology Key Item of Shanghai(No.05dzl5004)
文摘The virtual backbone is an approach for solving routing problems in wireless ad hoc and sensor networks. A connected dominating set (CDS) was proposed as a virtual backbone to improve the performance of wireless networks. The quality of a virtual backbone is measured not only by approximation factor, which is the ratio of its size to that of minimum CDS, but also time complexity and message complexity. In this paper, a distributed algorithm is presented to construct a minimum CDS for ad hoc and sensor networks. By destroying triangular loops in the virtual backbone, the proposed algorithm can effectively construct a CDS with smaller size. Moreover, our algorithm, which is fully localized, has a constant approximation ratio, linear message and time complexity, and low implementation complexity. The simulation results and theoretical analysis show that our algorithm has better efficiency and performance than conventional approaches.
文摘This paper proposes a connected dominating set (CDS) based mobility management algorithm, CMMA, to solve the problems of node entering, exiting and movement in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), which ensures the connectivity and efficiency of the CDS. Compared with Wu's algorithm, the proposed algorithm can make full use of present network conditions and involves fewer nodes. Also it has better performance with regard to the approximation factor, message complexity, and time complexity.
基金The authors thank the anonymous referees for valuable comments to improve the earlier version of the paper. The research of Yinghui Dong was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province （Grant No. BK20170064） and QingLan project. The research of Kam Chuen Yuen was supported by a grant from the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China （Project No. HKU17329216）, and the CAE 2013 research grant from the Society of Actuaries-any opinions, finding, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the SOA. The research of Guojing Wang was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No. 11371274）.
文摘We study the counterparty risk for a credit default swap （CDS） in a regime-switching market driven by an underlying continuous-time Markov chain. We model the default dependence via some correlated Cox processes with regime-switching shot noise intensities containing common shock. Under the proposed model, the general bilateral counterparty risk pricing formula for CDS contracts with the possibility of joint defaults is presented. Based on some expressions for the conditional Laplace transform of the integrated intensity processes, semi-analytical solution for the bilateral credit valuation adjustment （CVA） is derived. When the model parameters satisfy some conditions, explicit formula for the bilateral CVA at time 0 is also given.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.60202005).
文摘Efficient broadcasting protocols based on Connected Dominating Set (CDS) are frequently used;hence the entire broadcast domain is restricted to nodes in the CDS. This letter proves that a node must be a CDS node, if its neighbors with larger keys cannot cover it together.Then a simple distributed CDS construction algorithm is proposed, which is more effective than the existing algorithms in reducing the dominating set size and the computation complexity at the same time. Simulation results also confirm this, especially in relatively dense networks.
文摘Cyclodextrins have gained wide attentions for their unique physicochemicai properties. In recent years, conducting polymers with special micro-structure and properties are synthesized in the presence of cyclodextrins. In this article, the application of cyclodextrins in the synthesis process of conducting polymer metarials is discussed. And authors＇ study results are summarized.
基金Acknowledgements The authors thank the anonymous referees for valuable comments to improve the earlier version of the paper. The research of Yinghui Dong was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province （Grant No. BK20130260）, the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No. 11301369）, and the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation （Grant No. 2013M540371）. The research of Guojing Wang was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No. 11371274） and the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province （Grant No. BK2012613）.
文摘We consider a two-dimensional reduced form contagion model with regime-switching interacting default intensities. The model assumes the intensities of the default times are driven by macro-economy described by a homogeneous Markov chain as well as the other default. By using the idea of ＇change of measure＇ and some closed-form formulas for the Laplace transforms of the integrated intensity processes, we derive the two-dimensional conditional and unconditional joint distributions of the default times. Based on these results, we give the explicit formulas for the fair spreads of the first-to-default and second-to-default credit default swaps （CDSs） on two underlyings.
基金Acknowledgements The authors cordially thank the anonymous reviewers for valuable comments to improve the earlier version of the paper. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant Nos. 11371274, 11671291）, the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province （Grant No. BK20160300）, and the Open Project of Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Financial Engineering （Grant No. NSK2015-05）.
文摘The contagion credit risk model is used to describe the contagion effect among different financial institutions. Under such a model, the default intensities are driven not only by the common risk factors, but also by the defaults of other considered firms. In this paper, we consider a two-dimensional credit risk model with contagion and regime-switching. We assume that the default intensity of one firm will jump when the other firm defaults and that the intensity is controlled by a Vasicek model with the coefficients allowed to switch in different regimes before the default of other firm. By changing measure, we derive the marginal distributions and the joint distribution for default times. We obtain some closed form results for pricing the fair spreads of the first and the second to default credit default swaps （CDSs）. Numerical results are presented to show the impacts of the model parameters on the fair spreads.
基金This project is supported by National Natnral Science Foundation of China（40601059）.
文摘Command Decision Simulation （CDS） is not only an important and difficult issue in the field of simulation, but also a technique issue to be tackled in the course of collective Modeling and Simulation in Joint Operations Experiment Center. CDS can give support to all kinds of simulation. Using computer to realize the Blue side＇s command deci- sion automatic execution in the operation training simulation system can improve training effect. Using computer to realize the lower level command unit＇s automatic command deci- sion can help to reduce the number of controllers and release them from heavy work. It can also enlarge simulation scale and increase the freedom of the simulation entity especially the command entity, thus enhance the authenticity and credibility of the simulation. Ac- cording to the command decision structure and the Joint Intention Theory, the thesis puts forward the method of making use of Coordination Matrix （CM） to realizing cooperation among the entities in CDS and constructs the calculation sketch of Task Execution, Task Monitoring and Task Replanning. At the same time, the thesis brings forward the CDS structure vision based on Partial Global Planning（PGP）. As CM is an indispensable part of combat simulation, the theory and the method of CDS will become an important part for the theory of Combat Simulation.
