The maximum entropy principle(MEP) is one of the first methods which have been used to predict droplet size and velocity distributions of liquid sprays. This method needs a mean droplets diameter as an input to predic...The maximum entropy principle(MEP) is one of the first methods which have been used to predict droplet size and velocity distributions of liquid sprays. This method needs a mean droplets diameter as an input to predict the droplet size distribution. This paper presents a new sub-model based on the deterministic aspects of liquid atomization process independent of the experimental data to provide the mean droplets diameter for using in the maximum entropy formulation(MEF). For this purpose, a theoretical model based on the approach of energy conservation law entitled energy-based model(EBM) is presented. Based on this approach, atomization occurs due to the kinetic energy loss. Prediction of the combined model(MEF/EBM) is in good agreement with the available experimental data. The energy-based model can be used as a fast and reliable enough model to obtain a good estimation of the mean droplets diameter of a spray and the combined model(MEF/EBM) can be used to well predict the droplet size distribution at the primary breakup.展开更多
The quasi-permanent anticyclonic gyre （ACG） east of Mindanao is a dominant feature of the subthermocline circulation in the southem Philippine Sea, and it is believed closely associated with the continuous northward...The quasi-permanent anticyclonic gyre （ACG） east of Mindanao is a dominant feature of the subthermocline circulation in the southem Philippine Sea, and it is believed closely associated with the continuous northward alongshore flow of the Mindanao Undercurrent （MUC）. In this study, the structure and variability of this ACG were investigated using the 1950-2012 output of the Oceanic General Circulation Model for the Earth Simulator （OFES）, which can reproduce well the structure of the climatological intermediate-layer circulation and satellite-observed sea level variations in the southern Philippine Sea. Between 26.8-27.3 ao, the ACG covers a large area from the Mindanao coast to 131 ~E and from 3~N to 10~N. Its anticyclonic flow structure is unrelated to the surface Halmahera Eddy. The eddy-resolving simulation of the OFES revealed that the ACG consists of two components. The southern ACG （SACG） is centered at -6~N, while the northern ACG （NACG） is centered at -10~N. Seasonal and interannual variations of the ACG are linked to the variations of the northward MUC transport along the Mindanao coast, and the role of the SACG is more important than the NACG. Stronger （weaker） ACGs lead to greater （smaller） MUC transport. On the interannual timescale, the SACG shows a spectrum peak at 4-8 years, while the NACG has enhanced power within the 3-5-year band. A lead-lag correlation analysis indicates that interannual variations of the ACGs and the MUC transport are partly associated with the E1 Nifio-Southern Oscillation. Possible causes for the ACG variability are discussed.展开更多
The male gametogenic cycle, spawning season, first sexual maturity, and the biological minimum size in male Ruditapes philippinarum were investigated by qualitative and quantitative reproductive analyses. In the study...The male gametogenic cycle, spawning season, first sexual maturity, and the biological minimum size in male Ruditapes philippinarum were investigated by qualitative and quantitative reproductive analyses. In the study of the male gametogenic cycle by qualitative histological analysis, the gametogenic cycle in male individuals can be classified into five successive stages： （1） early active stage, （2） late active stage, （3） ripe stage, （4） partially spawned stage, and （5） spent and inactive stage. Monthly changes in the gonad index in males measured by qualitative analysis showed a similar pattern to the male gametogenic cycle. In the study of the male gametogenic cycle by quantitative statistical analysis, monthly changes in the portions （%） of areas occupied by the testis areas to total tissue areas showed a rapid increase in March, and reached the maximum in May-June. And also monthly changes in the portions （%） of areas occupied by the spermatogenic stages to the testis area showed a maximum in May and gradually decreased from June to October. Therefore, this species showed a unimodal gametogenic cycle during the year, and the number of spawning seasons occurred once per year, from June to October, with a peak spawning between July and August. The percentage at the first sexual maturity of male clams ranging from 15.1-20.0 mm in shell length was 64.7%, and that of all individuals ranging from over 25.1 mm in shell length was 100%. The biological minimum size （shell lengths at 50% of sexual maturity （RMs0）） of male mature clams that was fitted to an exponential equation was 17.16 mm （considered to be 1 year old）. Because harvesting clams less than 17.16 mm in shell length could potentially cause a drastic reduction in recruitment, a measure indicating a prohibitory fishing size should be enacted for adequate fisheries management.展开更多
The indentation test is a localized testing technique;therefore,the role of the material size-effect and local non-uniformity is of much importance.The influence of the heterogeneity in size-independent materials has ...The indentation test is a localized testing technique;therefore,the role of the material size-effect and local non-uniformity is of much importance.The influence of the heterogeneity in size-independent materials has been studied previously.The present work detailedly investigated the influence of the material size-effect and heterogeneity(inclusions near the indenter tip)on the indentation hardness using a size-dependent strain gradient plastic theory.And it was found that when considering the material size-ffect,shallow hard inclusions in the heterogeneous materials more significantly enhance the material indentation hardness compared with the size-independent materials which are based on the conventional plastic theory.This hardening effect is be-lieved to be related to the elevation of the load and local constraints of large deformation.The effect of material inhomogeneity mainly comes from the non-uniformity of the structure rather than the inclusion modulus itself especially when the size-effect is involved,and the transition range of the inclusion modulus'influence is pretty narrow.The effect of non-uniformity becomes negligible after the initial inclusion depth is larger than its diameter.The horizontal offset of the indenter from the inclusion is also of much sensitivity to the influence of the heterogeneous indentation.This paper focuses on the scaling relationships in micro-and nanoindentation,the influence of non-uniformity in microscopic materials is studied and supplemented as well.展开更多
文摘The maximum entropy principle(MEP) is one of the first methods which have been used to predict droplet size and velocity distributions of liquid sprays. This method needs a mean droplets diameter as an input to predict the droplet size distribution. This paper presents a new sub-model based on the deterministic aspects of liquid atomization process independent of the experimental data to provide the mean droplets diameter for using in the maximum entropy formulation(MEF). For this purpose, a theoretical model based on the approach of energy conservation law entitled energy-based model(EBM) is presented. Based on this approach, atomization occurs due to the kinetic energy loss. Prediction of the combined model(MEF/EBM) is in good agreement with the available experimental data. The energy-based model can be used as a fast and reliable enough model to obtain a good estimation of the mean droplets diameter of a spray and the combined model(MEF/EBM) can be used to well predict the droplet size distribution at the primary breakup.
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)(No.2012CB417401)the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDA11010204)+4 种基金the Pioneer Hundred Talent Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.Y62114101Q)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(Nos.40890152,41330963)the NSFC-Shandong Joint Fund for Marine Science Research Centers(No.U1406401)the Global Change and Air-Sea Interaction(No.GASI-03-01-01-05)the NSFC Innovative Group Grant(No.41421005)
文摘The quasi-permanent anticyclonic gyre （ACG） east of Mindanao is a dominant feature of the subthermocline circulation in the southem Philippine Sea, and it is believed closely associated with the continuous northward alongshore flow of the Mindanao Undercurrent （MUC）. In this study, the structure and variability of this ACG were investigated using the 1950-2012 output of the Oceanic General Circulation Model for the Earth Simulator （OFES）, which can reproduce well the structure of the climatological intermediate-layer circulation and satellite-observed sea level variations in the southern Philippine Sea. Between 26.8-27.3 ao, the ACG covers a large area from the Mindanao coast to 131 ~E and from 3~N to 10~N. Its anticyclonic flow structure is unrelated to the surface Halmahera Eddy. The eddy-resolving simulation of the OFES revealed that the ACG consists of two components. The southern ACG （SACG） is centered at -6~N, while the northern ACG （NACG） is centered at -10~N. Seasonal and interannual variations of the ACG are linked to the variations of the northward MUC transport along the Mindanao coast, and the role of the SACG is more important than the NACG. Stronger （weaker） ACGs lead to greater （smaller） MUC transport. On the interannual timescale, the SACG shows a spectrum peak at 4-8 years, while the NACG has enhanced power within the 3-5-year band. A lead-lag correlation analysis indicates that interannual variations of the ACGs and the MUC transport are partly associated with the E1 Nifio-Southern Oscillation. Possible causes for the ACG variability are discussed.
文摘The male gametogenic cycle, spawning season, first sexual maturity, and the biological minimum size in male Ruditapes philippinarum were investigated by qualitative and quantitative reproductive analyses. In the study of the male gametogenic cycle by qualitative histological analysis, the gametogenic cycle in male individuals can be classified into five successive stages： （1） early active stage, （2） late active stage, （3） ripe stage, （4） partially spawned stage, and （5） spent and inactive stage. Monthly changes in the gonad index in males measured by qualitative analysis showed a similar pattern to the male gametogenic cycle. In the study of the male gametogenic cycle by quantitative statistical analysis, monthly changes in the portions （%） of areas occupied by the testis areas to total tissue areas showed a rapid increase in March, and reached the maximum in May-June. And also monthly changes in the portions （%） of areas occupied by the spermatogenic stages to the testis area showed a maximum in May and gradually decreased from June to October. Therefore, this species showed a unimodal gametogenic cycle during the year, and the number of spawning seasons occurred once per year, from June to October, with a peak spawning between July and August. The percentage at the first sexual maturity of male clams ranging from 15.1-20.0 mm in shell length was 64.7%, and that of all individuals ranging from over 25.1 mm in shell length was 100%. The biological minimum size （shell lengths at 50% of sexual maturity （RMs0）） of male mature clams that was fitted to an exponential equation was 17.16 mm （considered to be 1 year old）. Because harvesting clams less than 17.16 mm in shell length could potentially cause a drastic reduction in recruitment, a measure indicating a prohibitory fishing size should be enacted for adequate fisheries management.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11890681,12032001,and 11521202).
文摘The indentation test is a localized testing technique;therefore,the role of the material size-effect and local non-uniformity is of much importance.The influence of the heterogeneity in size-independent materials has been studied previously.The present work detailedly investigated the influence of the material size-effect and heterogeneity(inclusions near the indenter tip)on the indentation hardness using a size-dependent strain gradient plastic theory.And it was found that when considering the material size-ffect,shallow hard inclusions in the heterogeneous materials more significantly enhance the material indentation hardness compared with the size-independent materials which are based on the conventional plastic theory.This hardening effect is be-lieved to be related to the elevation of the load and local constraints of large deformation.The effect of material inhomogeneity mainly comes from the non-uniformity of the structure rather than the inclusion modulus itself especially when the size-effect is involved,and the transition range of the inclusion modulus'influence is pretty narrow.The effect of non-uniformity becomes negligible after the initial inclusion depth is larger than its diameter.The horizontal offset of the indenter from the inclusion is also of much sensitivity to the influence of the heterogeneous indentation.This paper focuses on the scaling relationships in micro-and nanoindentation,the influence of non-uniformity in microscopic materials is studied and supplemented as well.
