The field-effect transistor is inherently bipolar, having simultaneously electron and hole surface and volume channels and currents. The channels and currents are controlled by one or more externally applied transvers...The field-effect transistor is inherently bipolar, having simultaneously electron and hole surface and volume channels and currents. The channels and currents are controlled by one or more externally applied transverse electric fields. It has been known as the unipolar field-effect transistor for 55-years since Shockley＇s 1952 invention,because the electron-current theory inevitably neglected the hole current from over-specified internal and boundary conditions, such as the electrical neutrality and the constant hole-electrochemical-potential, resulting in erroneous solutions of the internal and terminal electrical characteristics from the electron channel current alone, which are in gross error when the neglected hole current becomes comparable to the electron current, both in subthreshold and strong inversion. This report presents the general theory, that includes both electron and hole channels and currents. The rectangular （ x, y, z） parallelepiped transistors,uniform in the width direction （z-axis）,with one or two MOS gates on thin and thick,and pure and impure base, are used to illustrate the two-dimensional effects and the correct internal and boundary conditions for the electric and the electron and hole electrochemical potentials. Complete analytical equations of the DC current-voltage characteristics of four common MOS transistor structures are derived without over-specification： the 1-gate on semi-infinite-thick impure-base （the traditional bulk transistor）, the 1-gate on thin impure-silicon layer over oxide-insulated silicon bulk （SOI） ,the 1-gate on thin impure-silicon layer deposited on insulating glass （SOI TFT）, and the 2-gates on thin pure-base （FinFETs）.展开更多
This paper describes the short channel theory of the bipolar field-effect transistor （BiFET） by partitioning the transistor into two sections,the source and drain sections,each can operate as the electron or hole em...This paper describes the short channel theory of the bipolar field-effect transistor （BiFET） by partitioning the transistor into two sections,the source and drain sections,each can operate as the electron or hole emitter or collector under specific combinations of applied terminal voltages. Analytical solution is obtained in the source and drain sections by separating the two-dimensional trap-free Shockley Equations into two one-dimensional equations parametrically coupled via the surface-electric-potential and by using electron current continuity and hole current continuity at the boundary between the emitter and collector sections. Total and electron-hole-channel components of the output and transfer currents and conductances, and the electrical lengths of the two sections are computed and presented in graphs as a function of the D. C. terminal voltages for the model transistor with two identical and connected metal-oxide-silicon-gates （MOS-gates） on a thin pure-silicon base over practical ranges of thicknesses of the silicon base and gate oxide. Deviations of the long physical channel currents and conductances from those of the short electrical channels are reported.展开更多
This paper gives the short channel analytical theory of the bipolar field-effect transistor （BiFET） with the drift and diffusion currents separately computed in the analytical theory. As in the last-month paper whic...This paper gives the short channel analytical theory of the bipolar field-effect transistor （BiFET） with the drift and diffusion currents separately computed in the analytical theory. As in the last-month paper which represented the drift and diffusion current by the single electrochemical （potential-gradient） current, the two-dimensional transistor is partitioned into two sections, the source and drain sections, each can operate as the electron or hole emitter or collector under specific combinations of applied terminal voltages. Analytical solution is then obtained in the source and drain sections by separating the two-dimensional trap-free Shockley Equations into two one-dimensional equations parametrically coupled via the surface-electric-potential and by using electron current continuity and hole current continuity at the boundary between the emitter and collector sections. Total and the drift and diffusion components of the electron-channel and hole-channel currents and output and transfer conductances, and the electrical lengths of the two sections are computed and presented in graphs as a function of the D. C. terminal voltages for the model transistor with two identical and connected metal-oxide-silicon-gates （MOS-gates） on a thin pure-silicon base over practical ranges of thicknesses of the silicon base and gate oxide. Deviations of the two-section short-channel theory from the one-section long-channel theory are described.展开更多
This paper describes the drift-diffusion theory of the bipolar field-effect transistor （BiFET） with two identical and connected metal-oxide-silicon-gates （MOS-gates） on a thin-pure-base. Analytical solution is obt...This paper describes the drift-diffusion theory of the bipolar field-effect transistor （BiFET） with two identical and connected metal-oxide-silicon-gates （MOS-gates） on a thin-pure-base. Analytical solution is obtained by partitioning the two-dimensional transistor into two one-dimensional problems coupled by the parametric sur- face-electric-potential. Total and component output and transfer currents and conductances versus D. C. voltages from the drift-diffusion theory, and their deviations from the electrochemical （quasi-Fermi） potential-gradient theory,are presented over practical ranges of thicknesses of the silicon base and gate oxide. A substantial contri- bution from the longitudinal gradient of the square of the transverse electric field is shown.展开更多
Stereo-electroencephalography （SEEG） is the main investigation method for pre-surgical evaluation of patients suffering from drug-resistant partial epilepsy. SEEG signals reflect two types of paroxysmal activity： i...Stereo-electroencephalography （SEEG） is the main investigation method for pre-surgical evaluation of patients suffering from drug-resistant partial epilepsy. SEEG signals reflect two types of paroxysmal activity： ictal activity and interictal activity or interictal spikes （IS）. The relationship between IS and ictal activity is an essential and recurrent question in epiletology. In this paper, we present a distributed and parallel architecture for space and temporal distribution analysis of IS, based on a distributed and collaborative methodology. The proposed approach exploits the SEEG data using vector analysis of the corresponding signals among multi-agents system. The objective is to present a new method to analyze and classify IS during wakefulness （W）, light sleep （LS） and deep sleep （DS） stages. Temporal and spatial relationships between IS and seizure onset zone are compared during wakefulness, light sleep and deep sleep. Results show that space and temporal distribution for real data are not random but correlated.展开更多
To investigate best diagnosing methods and therapy for patients with biliary tract complications after liver transplantation and analyze related factors Methods A review was made of data collected from 96 patients, ...To investigate best diagnosing methods and therapy for patients with biliary tract complications after liver transplantation and analyze related factors Methods A review was made of data collected from 96 patients, and confirmed by retrospective case notes examination Results A total of 94 patients (97 grafts) survived more than 2 days after transplantation; of whom, 92 had an end to end biliary anastomosis with a T tube The average follow up was 5 8 months (range: 0 3-10 2 months) Among the 94 patients, eight (8 5%, 8/94) had complications: leakage during T tube removal (2 patients), leakage at an earlier stage (2), simultaneous stricture and leak (2) and just stricture (2) Six patients with biliary tract complications had predisposing factors including hepatic artery stenosis (2 patients, including one hepatic artery stenosis combined with severe rejection, hepatic artery thrombosis (3), and donor recipient bile duct mismatch (1) There was no difference in cold ischemic time With hepatic artery thrombosis and/or stenosis 】50%, five patients were re transplanted; without hepatic artery thrombosis and/or stenosis 【50%, three patients required endoscopic stenting and radiological percutaneous drainage of bile collection with or without balloon dilation All patients survived Conclusions Biliary strictures occur later than leaks after surgery Without hepatic artery thrombosis and/or stricture, there is no need for surgery; with hepatic artery thrombosis and/or stricture 】50%, re transplantation is needed as early as possible展开更多
The concentrations of PAHs in the surface waters from seven river basins in China were summarized from literature published from 2000-2010. Subsequently, the risks from individual PAHs and Y. PAHs in the surface water...The concentrations of PAHs in the surface waters from seven river basins in China were summarized from literature published from 2000-2010. Subsequently, the risks from individual PAHs and Y. PAHs in the surface waters of China were quantified by comparing the overlap between the probability distributions of exposure concentrations with the probability distributions of toxicity data. The results show that the concentrations of 15 PAHs in the surface waters ranged from 3.09 to 38139.00 ng L-a, with a geometric mean of 474.93 ng L-1. The significantly higher concentrations of the 15 PAHs occurred in the surface waters from northern China when compared with those from southern China. The concentrations of the 15 PAHs in Chinese surface waters were higher than those in other waters worldwide. The MOSI0 （margin of safety） values were calculated at 90th percen- tile values of exposure concentrations and 10th percentile values of toxicity data, with 5.75, 0.17, 2.33, 0.30, 0.57, 1.74, 1.05, and 0.11 for Ace, Ant, Flu, BaP, Flua, Nap, Phe, and Pyr, respectively. The probabilities of the individual PAH concentrations exceeding the 10th percentile value of the toxicity data were 6.06%, 2.07%, 9.51%, and 2.07% for Nap, Ace, Phe, and Flu, re- spectively, suggesting minimal risk to aquatic organisms; however, the probabilities of BaP, Ant, Flua, and Pyr exceeding this value were 19.49%, 25.46%, 15.15%, and 30.50%, respectively, indicating potential risks. Among the individual PAHs, the ecological risk from Pyr was the highest, followed by, in descending order of risk, Ant, Bap, Flua, Phe, Nap, Flu, and Ace. Additionally, the combined ecological risk of ~ PAH8 in Chinese surface waters was significantly higher than any that of in- dividual PAHs alone. The MOS0 values in the river basins were 〈 1, except for the Haihe River Basin, suggesting a potential combined risk from E PAH8 in the other six fiver basins. The probabilities calculation indicate that low to high ecological risk from E PAH8 for all aquatic species was reported in the Liaohe River Basin （65.58%）, Huaihe River Basin （57.15%）, Songhua River Basin （46.49%）, Pearl River Basin （38.41%）, Yangtze River Basin （25.98%）, Yellow River Basin （15.92%）, and Haihe River Basin （5.22%）.展开更多
Objective： To observe the clinical effects of a combination of acupuncture and drug administration for non-specific acute lumbar sprain. Methods： Sixty-nine cases were randomly allocated into a combination group, an...Objective： To observe the clinical effects of a combination of acupuncture and drug administration for non-specific acute lumbar sprain. Methods： Sixty-nine cases were randomly allocated into a combination group, an acupuncture group, and a drug group according to the visiting sequence. Patients in the acupuncture group （n=24） were treated with acupuncture daily for 5 d, 20 patients in the drug group were treated with oral Diclofenac Sodium, 50 mg per time, twice per day, for 5 d, and 25 patients in the combination group were treated with methods in both the acupuncture group and the drug group. The Numerical Rating Scale （NRS） and the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire （RMDQ） were used to evaluate the therapeutic effects. Results： All patients in the three groups got improvement in pain and movement, the combination group had the best effects （P〈0.01）, and there was no significant difference between the acupuncture group and the drug group. Conclusion： Combination of acupuncture and drug has a better effect than single acupuncture or routine treatment of Diclofenac Sodium on acute lumbar sprain.展开更多
Resveratrol-based natural products have received considerable attention as synthetic targets due to their versatile bioactivities and unique structures.Herein,we disclose our efforts toward the syntheses of polynapsti...Resveratrol-based natural products have received considerable attention as synthetic targets due to their versatile bioactivities and unique structures.Herein,we disclose our efforts toward the syntheses of polynapstilbenes A and B,which possess[C8-O-C-C-C7]-type dihydrobenzofuran skeleton that is distinctive compared with the other reported resveratrol-derived natural products.Our approach,featuring an acid-catalyzed conjugate addition followed by cyclization of para-quinone methides and phenols,affords two advanced intermediates that represents the dimethyl-protected aglycon of polynapstilbenes A and B.展开更多
Objective： To observe the clinical efficacy of electroacupuncture in treating perimenopausal insomnia. Methods： Seventy eligible subjects were randomized into two groups, 38 subjects in the treatment group were int...Objective： To observe the clinical efficacy of electroacupuncture in treating perimenopausal insomnia. Methods： Seventy eligible subjects were randomized into two groups, 38 subjects in the treatment group were intervened by electroacupuncture, 30 min each session; 32 subjects in the control group were intervened by Alprazolam, 0.4 mg each time before sleep. Athens insomnia scale （AIS） was adopted to evaluate sleep quality. Results： The therapeutic efficacy in the treatment group was significantly better than that in the control group （P〈0.05）. Conclusion： Electroacupuncture efficacy in treating perimenopausal can produce a content therapeutic nsomnia.展开更多
文摘The field-effect transistor is inherently bipolar, having simultaneously electron and hole surface and volume channels and currents. The channels and currents are controlled by one or more externally applied transverse electric fields. It has been known as the unipolar field-effect transistor for 55-years since Shockley＇s 1952 invention,because the electron-current theory inevitably neglected the hole current from over-specified internal and boundary conditions, such as the electrical neutrality and the constant hole-electrochemical-potential, resulting in erroneous solutions of the internal and terminal electrical characteristics from the electron channel current alone, which are in gross error when the neglected hole current becomes comparable to the electron current, both in subthreshold and strong inversion. This report presents the general theory, that includes both electron and hole channels and currents. The rectangular （ x, y, z） parallelepiped transistors,uniform in the width direction （z-axis）,with one or two MOS gates on thin and thick,and pure and impure base, are used to illustrate the two-dimensional effects and the correct internal and boundary conditions for the electric and the electron and hole electrochemical potentials. Complete analytical equations of the DC current-voltage characteristics of four common MOS transistor structures are derived without over-specification： the 1-gate on semi-infinite-thick impure-base （the traditional bulk transistor）, the 1-gate on thin impure-silicon layer over oxide-insulated silicon bulk （SOI） ,the 1-gate on thin impure-silicon layer deposited on insulating glass （SOI TFT）, and the 2-gates on thin pure-base （FinFETs）.
文摘This paper describes the short channel theory of the bipolar field-effect transistor （BiFET） by partitioning the transistor into two sections,the source and drain sections,each can operate as the electron or hole emitter or collector under specific combinations of applied terminal voltages. Analytical solution is obtained in the source and drain sections by separating the two-dimensional trap-free Shockley Equations into two one-dimensional equations parametrically coupled via the surface-electric-potential and by using electron current continuity and hole current continuity at the boundary between the emitter and collector sections. Total and electron-hole-channel components of the output and transfer currents and conductances, and the electrical lengths of the two sections are computed and presented in graphs as a function of the D. C. terminal voltages for the model transistor with two identical and connected metal-oxide-silicon-gates （MOS-gates） on a thin pure-silicon base over practical ranges of thicknesses of the silicon base and gate oxide. Deviations of the long physical channel currents and conductances from those of the short electrical channels are reported.
文摘This paper gives the short channel analytical theory of the bipolar field-effect transistor （BiFET） with the drift and diffusion currents separately computed in the analytical theory. As in the last-month paper which represented the drift and diffusion current by the single electrochemical （potential-gradient） current, the two-dimensional transistor is partitioned into two sections, the source and drain sections, each can operate as the electron or hole emitter or collector under specific combinations of applied terminal voltages. Analytical solution is then obtained in the source and drain sections by separating the two-dimensional trap-free Shockley Equations into two one-dimensional equations parametrically coupled via the surface-electric-potential and by using electron current continuity and hole current continuity at the boundary between the emitter and collector sections. Total and the drift and diffusion components of the electron-channel and hole-channel currents and output and transfer conductances, and the electrical lengths of the two sections are computed and presented in graphs as a function of the D. C. terminal voltages for the model transistor with two identical and connected metal-oxide-silicon-gates （MOS-gates） on a thin pure-silicon base over practical ranges of thicknesses of the silicon base and gate oxide. Deviations of the two-section short-channel theory from the one-section long-channel theory are described.
文摘This paper describes the drift-diffusion theory of the bipolar field-effect transistor （BiFET） with two identical and connected metal-oxide-silicon-gates （MOS-gates） on a thin-pure-base. Analytical solution is obtained by partitioning the two-dimensional transistor into two one-dimensional problems coupled by the parametric sur- face-electric-potential. Total and component output and transfer currents and conductances versus D. C. voltages from the drift-diffusion theory, and their deviations from the electrochemical （quasi-Fermi） potential-gradient theory,are presented over practical ranges of thicknesses of the silicon base and gate oxide. A substantial contri- bution from the longitudinal gradient of the square of the transverse electric field is shown.
文摘Stereo-electroencephalography （SEEG） is the main investigation method for pre-surgical evaluation of patients suffering from drug-resistant partial epilepsy. SEEG signals reflect two types of paroxysmal activity： ictal activity and interictal activity or interictal spikes （IS）. The relationship between IS and ictal activity is an essential and recurrent question in epiletology. In this paper, we present a distributed and parallel architecture for space and temporal distribution analysis of IS, based on a distributed and collaborative methodology. The proposed approach exploits the SEEG data using vector analysis of the corresponding signals among multi-agents system. The objective is to present a new method to analyze and classify IS during wakefulness （W）, light sleep （LS） and deep sleep （DS） stages. Temporal and spatial relationships between IS and seizure onset zone are compared during wakefulness, light sleep and deep sleep. Results show that space and temporal distribution for real data are not random but correlated.
文摘To investigate best diagnosing methods and therapy for patients with biliary tract complications after liver transplantation and analyze related factors Methods A review was made of data collected from 96 patients, and confirmed by retrospective case notes examination Results A total of 94 patients (97 grafts) survived more than 2 days after transplantation; of whom, 92 had an end to end biliary anastomosis with a T tube The average follow up was 5 8 months (range: 0 3-10 2 months) Among the 94 patients, eight (8 5%, 8/94) had complications: leakage during T tube removal (2 patients), leakage at an earlier stage (2), simultaneous stricture and leak (2) and just stricture (2) Six patients with biliary tract complications had predisposing factors including hepatic artery stenosis (2 patients, including one hepatic artery stenosis combined with severe rejection, hepatic artery thrombosis (3), and donor recipient bile duct mismatch (1) There was no difference in cold ischemic time With hepatic artery thrombosis and/or stenosis 】50%, five patients were re transplanted; without hepatic artery thrombosis and/or stenosis 【50%, three patients required endoscopic stenting and radiological percutaneous drainage of bile collection with or without balloon dilation All patients survived Conclusions Biliary strictures occur later than leaks after surgery Without hepatic artery thrombosis and/or stricture, there is no need for surgery; with hepatic artery thrombosis and/or stricture 】50%, re transplantation is needed as early as possible
基金supported by National Basic Research Program of China(Grant No. 2008CB418200)National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. U0833603, 41130743)
文摘The concentrations of PAHs in the surface waters from seven river basins in China were summarized from literature published from 2000-2010. Subsequently, the risks from individual PAHs and Y. PAHs in the surface waters of China were quantified by comparing the overlap between the probability distributions of exposure concentrations with the probability distributions of toxicity data. The results show that the concentrations of 15 PAHs in the surface waters ranged from 3.09 to 38139.00 ng L-a, with a geometric mean of 474.93 ng L-1. The significantly higher concentrations of the 15 PAHs occurred in the surface waters from northern China when compared with those from southern China. The concentrations of the 15 PAHs in Chinese surface waters were higher than those in other waters worldwide. The MOSI0 （margin of safety） values were calculated at 90th percen- tile values of exposure concentrations and 10th percentile values of toxicity data, with 5.75, 0.17, 2.33, 0.30, 0.57, 1.74, 1.05, and 0.11 for Ace, Ant, Flu, BaP, Flua, Nap, Phe, and Pyr, respectively. The probabilities of the individual PAH concentrations exceeding the 10th percentile value of the toxicity data were 6.06%, 2.07%, 9.51%, and 2.07% for Nap, Ace, Phe, and Flu, re- spectively, suggesting minimal risk to aquatic organisms; however, the probabilities of BaP, Ant, Flua, and Pyr exceeding this value were 19.49%, 25.46%, 15.15%, and 30.50%, respectively, indicating potential risks. Among the individual PAHs, the ecological risk from Pyr was the highest, followed by, in descending order of risk, Ant, Bap, Flua, Phe, Nap, Flu, and Ace. Additionally, the combined ecological risk of ~ PAH8 in Chinese surface waters was significantly higher than any that of in- dividual PAHs alone. The MOS0 values in the river basins were 〈 1, except for the Haihe River Basin, suggesting a potential combined risk from E PAH8 in the other six fiver basins. The probabilities calculation indicate that low to high ecological risk from E PAH8 for all aquatic species was reported in the Liaohe River Basin （65.58%）, Huaihe River Basin （57.15%）, Songhua River Basin （46.49%）, Pearl River Basin （38.41%）, Yangtze River Basin （25.98%）, Yellow River Basin （15.92%）, and Haihe River Basin （5.22%）.
文摘Objective： To observe the clinical effects of a combination of acupuncture and drug administration for non-specific acute lumbar sprain. Methods： Sixty-nine cases were randomly allocated into a combination group, an acupuncture group, and a drug group according to the visiting sequence. Patients in the acupuncture group （n=24） were treated with acupuncture daily for 5 d, 20 patients in the drug group were treated with oral Diclofenac Sodium, 50 mg per time, twice per day, for 5 d, and 25 patients in the combination group were treated with methods in both the acupuncture group and the drug group. The Numerical Rating Scale （NRS） and the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire （RMDQ） were used to evaluate the therapeutic effects. Results： All patients in the three groups got improvement in pain and movement, the combination group had the best effects （P〈0.01）, and there was no significant difference between the acupuncture group and the drug group. Conclusion： Combination of acupuncture and drug has a better effect than single acupuncture or routine treatment of Diclofenac Sodium on acute lumbar sprain.
基金Peking University Health Science Center(Grant No.BMU20130354)State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs,and the National Recruitment Program of Global Youth Experts(1000 Plan)
文摘Resveratrol-based natural products have received considerable attention as synthetic targets due to their versatile bioactivities and unique structures.Herein,we disclose our efforts toward the syntheses of polynapstilbenes A and B,which possess[C8-O-C-C-C7]-type dihydrobenzofuran skeleton that is distinctive compared with the other reported resveratrol-derived natural products.Our approach,featuring an acid-catalyzed conjugate addition followed by cyclization of para-quinone methides and phenols,affords two advanced intermediates that represents the dimethyl-protected aglycon of polynapstilbenes A and B.
文摘Objective： To observe the clinical efficacy of electroacupuncture in treating perimenopausal insomnia. Methods： Seventy eligible subjects were randomized into two groups, 38 subjects in the treatment group were intervened by electroacupuncture, 30 min each session; 32 subjects in the control group were intervened by Alprazolam, 0.4 mg each time before sleep. Athens insomnia scale （AIS） was adopted to evaluate sleep quality. Results： The therapeutic efficacy in the treatment group was significantly better than that in the control group （P〈0.05）. Conclusion： Electroacupuncture efficacy in treating perimenopausal can produce a content therapeutic nsomnia.
