In Turkey, from the second half of the nineteenth century, the shaping of an art of painting on the basis of Western understanding was realized with state support. From this period, certain art movements were seen as ...In Turkey, from the second half of the nineteenth century, the shaping of an art of painting on the basis of Western understanding was realized with state support. From this period, certain art movements were seen as the means of modernization and Westernization. Therefore, impressionism, cubism, realism, and classicism were supported by the state as a formal artistic understanding. This attitude continued until the 1940s and artists painted certain subject matters on the basis of these art movements. The main theme and subject matters were the presentations of an idealized society such as palace＇s life, attractive women in Western appearance, happy peasants, war heroes, and beautiful views from the country. In the early 1940s, significant breakup began to take place in point of the theme and the subject matter of art. Social realism began to take shape for the first time in art in Turkey. The artists of Yeniler Grubu （Newcomers Group） focused on social phenomena related disadvantaged social groups rather than an idealized society. Some artists among the 1950 generation, especially Nedim Gunsur, Nuri iyem, and Miimtaz Yener, focused on migration and social problems that occurred correspondingly in the 1960s and 1970s. This paper aims to investigate how these artists depicted and interpreted the migration and its consequences.展开更多
China＇s 2012 leadership change revealed signs of factional divide at the top level. The elitist/princeling faction has outnumbered the populist faction. Princelings have better and stronger ties with the military, wh...China＇s 2012 leadership change revealed signs of factional divide at the top level. The elitist/princeling faction has outnumbered the populist faction. Princelings have better and stronger ties with the military, which tends to have a more hawkish view regarding any potential Taiwan independence. In Taiwan, changing social experiences have created a new Taiwan Residents identity, which is dif- ferent from that of the Chinese. People in Taiwan are increasingly thinking of themselves as Taiwan Residents instead of Chinese. On the mainland, Chinese popular nationalism has been on the rise, as anti-Taiwan independence remains one of the most nationalistic issues. When the forces of new identity and nationalism meet each other, a diverging path regarding the future of Taiwan is being created. Moreover, China＇s economic and military power continues to rise, giving China more confidence. I argue that the overall effect is that China＇s new leadership will increasingly have the capability to act tougher against any potential Taiwan Residents independence. The potential need to act tougher with Taiwan may be beyond the desire and control of Chinese elites due to the rise of popular nationalism in China and the leadership＇s need to maintain internal legitimacy and survival.展开更多
文摘In Turkey, from the second half of the nineteenth century, the shaping of an art of painting on the basis of Western understanding was realized with state support. From this period, certain art movements were seen as the means of modernization and Westernization. Therefore, impressionism, cubism, realism, and classicism were supported by the state as a formal artistic understanding. This attitude continued until the 1940s and artists painted certain subject matters on the basis of these art movements. The main theme and subject matters were the presentations of an idealized society such as palace＇s life, attractive women in Western appearance, happy peasants, war heroes, and beautiful views from the country. In the early 1940s, significant breakup began to take place in point of the theme and the subject matter of art. Social realism began to take shape for the first time in art in Turkey. The artists of Yeniler Grubu （Newcomers Group） focused on social phenomena related disadvantaged social groups rather than an idealized society. Some artists among the 1950 generation, especially Nedim Gunsur, Nuri iyem, and Miimtaz Yener, focused on migration and social problems that occurred correspondingly in the 1960s and 1970s. This paper aims to investigate how these artists depicted and interpreted the migration and its consequences.
文摘China＇s 2012 leadership change revealed signs of factional divide at the top level. The elitist/princeling faction has outnumbered the populist faction. Princelings have better and stronger ties with the military, which tends to have a more hawkish view regarding any potential Taiwan independence. In Taiwan, changing social experiences have created a new Taiwan Residents identity, which is dif- ferent from that of the Chinese. People in Taiwan are increasingly thinking of themselves as Taiwan Residents instead of Chinese. On the mainland, Chinese popular nationalism has been on the rise, as anti-Taiwan independence remains one of the most nationalistic issues. When the forces of new identity and nationalism meet each other, a diverging path regarding the future of Taiwan is being created. Moreover, China＇s economic and military power continues to rise, giving China more confidence. I argue that the overall effect is that China＇s new leadership will increasingly have the capability to act tougher against any potential Taiwan Residents independence. The potential need to act tougher with Taiwan may be beyond the desire and control of Chinese elites due to the rise of popular nationalism in China and the leadership＇s need to maintain internal legitimacy and survival.
