The role of retailing has diminished in the center of cities of Western countries since its heyday in the 1920s. This trend was caused by violent transformations in the economic, social and locational contexts which i...The role of retailing has diminished in the center of cities of Western countries since its heyday in the 1920s. This trend was caused by violent transformations in the economic, social and locational contexts which involve resi- dential suburbanization, as well as new forms of commercial development out of town. As far as transforming China is concerned, the downtown retailing center has also come to turning point of development in the context of suburbaniza- tion. Based on the survey of Beijing residents’ shopping behavior, the present research tends to making clear the actual change and development problem of downtown retailing center. Combining with the macro retailing environment, re- lated influencing factors are further discussed too. Study results show that downtown retailing still plays an important part in resident’s shopping activity. However, with rapid urban sprawl, retailing in urban center has been greatly threatened by booming out-of-town commerce. In the course of such spatial change, the suburbanization of resident, the prevalence of new commercial forms and the change of consumers’ life style all have exerted their own pressure on downtown retailing. But for the special socioeconomic background of development and the support of government policy, it will still keep its vitality of retailing for a long period of time.展开更多
We theoretically analyze the organizing filament of small amplitude scroll waves in general excitable media by perturbation method and explicitly give the expressions of coefficients in Keener theory. In particular fo...We theoretically analyze the organizing filament of small amplitude scroll waves in general excitable media by perturbation method and explicitly give the expressions of coefficients in Keener theory. In particular for the excitable media with equal diffusion, we obtain a close system for the motion of the filament. With an example of the Oregonator model, our results are in good agreement with those simulated by Winfree.展开更多
This paper examines the role and effectiveness of locacal institutions in the management of forest biodiversity in New Dabaga-Ulongambi Forest Reserve, Tanzania. Data were obtained through questionnaires, interviews, ...This paper examines the role and effectiveness of locacal institutions in the management of forest biodiversity in New Dabaga-Ulongambi Forest Reserve, Tanzania. Data were obtained through questionnaires, interviews, focus group discussions, participatory rural appraisal and field observations. The study revealed that the most remarkable local institutions connected to forest biodiversity management include： Village Natural Resources Man- agement Committee （92%）, tree nursery group （79.4%）, beekeep- ing groups （61.1%）, fish fanning （43.3%）, livestock rearing group （33.9%）. Main activities carried out by local institutions which directly contribute to the sustainability Of forest reserve include： forest patrols, fire extinguish, preparation of fire breaks, plant- ing of trees along the forest boundaries, creation of awareness, arresting of forest defaulters, participation in income generation activities. For the purpose of realization that local communities are capable of managing forest biodiversity through their traditional institutions, the policy should provide tangible opportunity for local communities to meet their needs as they manage the forests.展开更多
This paper explores the potentials of traditional forms of communication in rural development communication. Experimenting a local development communication model that can be used at the grass-root level communication...This paper explores the potentials of traditional forms of communication in rural development communication. Experimenting a local development communication model that can be used at the grass-root level communication at the community development programs in Sri Lanka is the research objective. This study is a participatory research. Live participatory observation, impact analysis using a questionnaire and direct interview tools were used to analyze the impact of the creative model. This research study was experimented at Rasnayakapura divisional secretariat, Sri Lanka from 2004 to 2005. Results suggest that the traditional forms of communication can be utilized as a useful instrument in the rural community programs more than the dominant use of mass media and conventional use of small group communication. Forms of traditional communication are rich in communication because of their closeness to rural life, credibility, Utilization of familiar signs ＆ symbols, Participation of the same community, collective presentation, Utilization of past experiences, plot and the stories from their own life and psychological understanding （attraction, attention, rationality）. Communicating a message through entertainment was the practice of this model. Finally impact analysis confirmed the success of the model.展开更多
A great deal of research has been conducted on public language usage in Cameroon （Echu, 2003a, 2003b; Chumbow, 1996; Wolf, 2001） but very little has been done on advertising. Focus has been on administration, educat...A great deal of research has been conducted on public language usage in Cameroon （Echu, 2003a, 2003b; Chumbow, 1996; Wolf, 2001） but very little has been done on advertising. Focus has been on administration, education, and politics. Unlike in South Africa where the 11 official languages are accorded equal status and used in major sectors of the economy, in Cameroon, English and French dominate the landscape. Consequently, there is discontent among the speakers of the marginalized languages, who argue that the exclusive use of English and French accords these European languages unfair advantage. Leaving out their tongues denies them access to information and participation in economic development. This qualitative study examines the current state of advertising in Cameroon and South Africa using a questionnaire, interviews, and observations for data collection. The findings suggest that in order to improve relations between speakers of the indigenous languages in Cameroon, especially those who speak neither English nor French, and speakers of the official languages, advertising should include the use of the major indigenous languages, and perhaps Cameroon Pidgin English too. To affect equity, the hegemonic Cameroonian advertising should take a leaf from the dynamic multilingual practices of South African advertising.展开更多
This proposed project is not viable in profitable terms to private enterprise, so it applied a modified version of the CVM （Contingent Valuation Method） to realize this project. A survey was conducted in Lefkada Isl...This proposed project is not viable in profitable terms to private enterprise, so it applied a modified version of the CVM （Contingent Valuation Method） to realize this project. A survey was conducted in Lefkada Island in Greece, where 200 interviewees took part in order to consider whether they wish to voluntarily participate in the excavation and restoration of the ancient theater of Lefkada. Half of the interviewees were given information on the history of the site and then were asked to fill out a questionnaire. The other half of the interviewees were given no historical information on the archeological site and also were asked to fill out a questionnaire. The interviewees who were not given any information on the history of the site briefed on the history and then were asked to fill out another questionnaire. The purpose was to observe the different responses that the interviewees gave before and after being informed. This study aims to compare the WTP （Willingness To Participate） for this public good among those who were informed and those who were not.展开更多
Based on the consumer questionnaires of the three traditional retailing centers,Qianmen,Wangfujing and Xidan in Beijing,this article analyzes the present features of consumer composition in the three retailing centers...Based on the consumer questionnaires of the three traditional retailing centers,Qianmen,Wangfujing and Xidan in Beijing,this article analyzes the present features of consumer composition in the three retailing centers.What is more,the evolution course and function transition of traditional retailing centers is revealed based on the changing of consumer composition in different times.Lastly,the renewal method and development trends of traditional retailing centers are discussed based on the evaluation results in consumers'perspective.展开更多
The issue of accountants＇ role in decision-making has been the center of attention of lots of studies in the last decade but never did it get the adequate coverage in Lebanon. This paper studies to what extent accoun...The issue of accountants＇ role in decision-making has been the center of attention of lots of studies in the last decade but never did it get the adequate coverage in Lebanon. This paper studies to what extent accountants are involved in the managerial decision-making in Lebanon. Two hundred experienced accountants from all over the country were randomly selected for a questionnaire survey. This survey provides evidence as to what factors contribute to the variance of influence accountants have in managerial decision-making. The results from the questionnaires varied, but we conclude that accountants＇ involvement in new product development （NPD）, the skills that accountants have, their role in the financial analysis of the firm, and how much the finn they work for encourages them to advice on business decisions affect the degree of contribution an accountant has to decision-making. The findings of this research could be used as a reference to help in understanding the role of accounting in Lebanon by various finns and organizations.展开更多
The network of political participation is relative to the traditional political participation, it takes the Internet as a carrier, with distinctive character, with a more convenient, fast, and even without time and sp...The network of political participation is relative to the traditional political participation, it takes the Internet as a carrier, with distinctive character, with a more convenient, fast, and even without time and space constraints advantage. Political participation has to be affected by the social and economic development, political system, social and environmental factors, countries generally believe that collaboration between the Government and social organizations, networks of enterprises, schools and other interested parties are currently the main mode of network governance. College students are the main power of the network of political participation, the university plays an important role in the political participation process. Therefore, this article takes online political participation of college students as a starting point, through questionnaires and case interviews and other methods to investigate the current status of college students online political participation, analyze network characteristics and problems of college students in political participation, to guide the college network path which provides reference for orderly participation in political studies.展开更多
The concept of construction productivity and the needs for incentive schemes towards improving the performance of Artisan has long been established. The choice of particular scheme either financial or non financial an...The concept of construction productivity and the needs for incentive schemes towards improving the performance of Artisan has long been established. The choice of particular scheme either financial or non financial and to what level it contributes to the productivity of employees remain at stake. Therefore, this study set to evaluate the level of awareness, impact and contribution of the schemes with more emphasis to the non financial incentive schemes. A questionnaire survey involving management and artisans of the three tiers of NCl （Nigerian Construction Industry）： large, medium and small within Kaduna and Abuja Nigeria was conducted. Three hundred （300） responses from the management and artisans were used for analysis, inferences and conclusions. The survey result revealed that non-financial incentive schemes are mostly employed in the large and medium scale construction firms. Though, preference by medium and small scale firms was based on those that do not require fund to implement and maintain. It was concluded that, construction firms operating in Nigeria ought to strive more towards implementing non-financial incentive in their organization since artisans are willing to improve their output.展开更多
With the deepening of global economic integration, the internationalization of education has become the trend of education development in the world. The paper intends to study on foreign teachers＇ teaching validity f...With the deepening of global economic integration, the internationalization of education has become the trend of education development in the world. The paper intends to study on foreign teachers＇ teaching validity from English majors＇ students＇ perspective. The essay mainly adopts the classroom observation method to directly observe foreign teachers＇ classroom. In addition, the paper used the questionnaire and interview method for the English major students to get the first-hand feedback information to explore the existing problems of foreign teachers and then puts forward some suggestions.There are there parts in this paper. The first part is introduction of background and significance, and then it mainly analyzes performance of English majors from the present situation of the foreign teachers＇ class, and finally solves some common problems in classroom teaching.展开更多
基金Under the auspices of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40171034)
文摘The role of retailing has diminished in the center of cities of Western countries since its heyday in the 1920s. This trend was caused by violent transformations in the economic, social and locational contexts which involve resi- dential suburbanization, as well as new forms of commercial development out of town. As far as transforming China is concerned, the downtown retailing center has also come to turning point of development in the context of suburbaniza- tion. Based on the survey of Beijing residents’ shopping behavior, the present research tends to making clear the actual change and development problem of downtown retailing center. Combining with the macro retailing environment, re- lated influencing factors are further discussed too. Study results show that downtown retailing still plays an important part in resident’s shopping activity. However, with rapid urban sprawl, retailing in urban center has been greatly threatened by booming out-of-town commerce. In the course of such spatial change, the suburbanization of resident, the prevalence of new commercial forms and the change of consumers’ life style all have exerted their own pressure on downtown retailing. But for the special socioeconomic background of development and the support of government policy, it will still keep its vitality of retailing for a long period of time.
文摘We theoretically analyze the organizing filament of small amplitude scroll waves in general excitable media by perturbation method and explicitly give the expressions of coefficients in Keener theory. In particular for the excitable media with equal diffusion, we obtain a close system for the motion of the filament. With an example of the Oregonator model, our results are in good agreement with those simulated by Winfree.
基金TAFORI and Forestry and Beekeeping Division through Participatory Forest Management (PFM)grant for funding this study
文摘This paper examines the role and effectiveness of locacal institutions in the management of forest biodiversity in New Dabaga-Ulongambi Forest Reserve, Tanzania. Data were obtained through questionnaires, interviews, focus group discussions, participatory rural appraisal and field observations. The study revealed that the most remarkable local institutions connected to forest biodiversity management include： Village Natural Resources Man- agement Committee （92%）, tree nursery group （79.4%）, beekeep- ing groups （61.1%）, fish fanning （43.3%）, livestock rearing group （33.9%）. Main activities carried out by local institutions which directly contribute to the sustainability Of forest reserve include： forest patrols, fire extinguish, preparation of fire breaks, plant- ing of trees along the forest boundaries, creation of awareness, arresting of forest defaulters, participation in income generation activities. For the purpose of realization that local communities are capable of managing forest biodiversity through their traditional institutions, the policy should provide tangible opportunity for local communities to meet their needs as they manage the forests.
文摘This paper explores the potentials of traditional forms of communication in rural development communication. Experimenting a local development communication model that can be used at the grass-root level communication at the community development programs in Sri Lanka is the research objective. This study is a participatory research. Live participatory observation, impact analysis using a questionnaire and direct interview tools were used to analyze the impact of the creative model. This research study was experimented at Rasnayakapura divisional secretariat, Sri Lanka from 2004 to 2005. Results suggest that the traditional forms of communication can be utilized as a useful instrument in the rural community programs more than the dominant use of mass media and conventional use of small group communication. Forms of traditional communication are rich in communication because of their closeness to rural life, credibility, Utilization of familiar signs ＆ symbols, Participation of the same community, collective presentation, Utilization of past experiences, plot and the stories from their own life and psychological understanding （attraction, attention, rationality）. Communicating a message through entertainment was the practice of this model. Finally impact analysis confirmed the success of the model.
文摘A great deal of research has been conducted on public language usage in Cameroon （Echu, 2003a, 2003b; Chumbow, 1996; Wolf, 2001） but very little has been done on advertising. Focus has been on administration, education, and politics. Unlike in South Africa where the 11 official languages are accorded equal status and used in major sectors of the economy, in Cameroon, English and French dominate the landscape. Consequently, there is discontent among the speakers of the marginalized languages, who argue that the exclusive use of English and French accords these European languages unfair advantage. Leaving out their tongues denies them access to information and participation in economic development. This qualitative study examines the current state of advertising in Cameroon and South Africa using a questionnaire, interviews, and observations for data collection. The findings suggest that in order to improve relations between speakers of the indigenous languages in Cameroon, especially those who speak neither English nor French, and speakers of the official languages, advertising should include the use of the major indigenous languages, and perhaps Cameroon Pidgin English too. To affect equity, the hegemonic Cameroonian advertising should take a leaf from the dynamic multilingual practices of South African advertising.
文摘This proposed project is not viable in profitable terms to private enterprise, so it applied a modified version of the CVM （Contingent Valuation Method） to realize this project. A survey was conducted in Lefkada Island in Greece, where 200 interviewees took part in order to consider whether they wish to voluntarily participate in the excavation and restoration of the ancient theater of Lefkada. Half of the interviewees were given information on the history of the site and then were asked to fill out a questionnaire. The other half of the interviewees were given no historical information on the archeological site and also were asked to fill out a questionnaire. The interviewees who were not given any information on the history of the site briefed on the history and then were asked to fill out another questionnaire. The purpose was to observe the different responses that the interviewees gave before and after being informed. This study aims to compare the WTP （Willingness To Participate） for this public good among those who were informed and those who were not.
文摘Based on the consumer questionnaires of the three traditional retailing centers,Qianmen,Wangfujing and Xidan in Beijing,this article analyzes the present features of consumer composition in the three retailing centers.What is more,the evolution course and function transition of traditional retailing centers is revealed based on the changing of consumer composition in different times.Lastly,the renewal method and development trends of traditional retailing centers are discussed based on the evaluation results in consumers'perspective.
文摘The issue of accountants＇ role in decision-making has been the center of attention of lots of studies in the last decade but never did it get the adequate coverage in Lebanon. This paper studies to what extent accountants are involved in the managerial decision-making in Lebanon. Two hundred experienced accountants from all over the country were randomly selected for a questionnaire survey. This survey provides evidence as to what factors contribute to the variance of influence accountants have in managerial decision-making. The results from the questionnaires varied, but we conclude that accountants＇ involvement in new product development （NPD）, the skills that accountants have, their role in the financial analysis of the firm, and how much the finn they work for encourages them to advice on business decisions affect the degree of contribution an accountant has to decision-making. The findings of this research could be used as a reference to help in understanding the role of accounting in Lebanon by various finns and organizations.
文摘The network of political participation is relative to the traditional political participation, it takes the Internet as a carrier, with distinctive character, with a more convenient, fast, and even without time and space constraints advantage. Political participation has to be affected by the social and economic development, political system, social and environmental factors, countries generally believe that collaboration between the Government and social organizations, networks of enterprises, schools and other interested parties are currently the main mode of network governance. College students are the main power of the network of political participation, the university plays an important role in the political participation process. Therefore, this article takes online political participation of college students as a starting point, through questionnaires and case interviews and other methods to investigate the current status of college students online political participation, analyze network characteristics and problems of college students in political participation, to guide the college network path which provides reference for orderly participation in political studies.
文摘The concept of construction productivity and the needs for incentive schemes towards improving the performance of Artisan has long been established. The choice of particular scheme either financial or non financial and to what level it contributes to the productivity of employees remain at stake. Therefore, this study set to evaluate the level of awareness, impact and contribution of the schemes with more emphasis to the non financial incentive schemes. A questionnaire survey involving management and artisans of the three tiers of NCl （Nigerian Construction Industry）： large, medium and small within Kaduna and Abuja Nigeria was conducted. Three hundred （300） responses from the management and artisans were used for analysis, inferences and conclusions. The survey result revealed that non-financial incentive schemes are mostly employed in the large and medium scale construction firms. Though, preference by medium and small scale firms was based on those that do not require fund to implement and maintain. It was concluded that, construction firms operating in Nigeria ought to strive more towards implementing non-financial incentive in their organization since artisans are willing to improve their output.
文摘With the deepening of global economic integration, the internationalization of education has become the trend of education development in the world. The paper intends to study on foreign teachers＇ teaching validity from English majors＇ students＇ perspective. The essay mainly adopts the classroom observation method to directly observe foreign teachers＇ classroom. In addition, the paper used the questionnaire and interview method for the English major students to get the first-hand feedback information to explore the existing problems of foreign teachers and then puts forward some suggestions.There are there parts in this paper. The first part is introduction of background and significance, and then it mainly analyzes performance of English majors from the present situation of the foreign teachers＇ class, and finally solves some common problems in classroom teaching.
