In 2020,the COVID-19 pandemic spreads rapidly around the world.To accurately predict the number of daily new cases in each country,Lanzhou University has established the Global Prediction System of the COVID-19 Pandem...In 2020,the COVID-19 pandemic spreads rapidly around the world.To accurately predict the number of daily new cases in each country,Lanzhou University has established the Global Prediction System of the COVID-19 Pandemic(GPCP).In this article,the authors use the ensemble empirical mode decomposition(EEMD)model and autoregressive moving average(ARMA)model to improve the prediction results of GPCP.In addition,the authors also conduct direct predictions for those countries with a small number of confirmed cases or are in the early stage of the disease,whose development trends of the pandemic do not fully comply with the law of infectious diseases and cannot be predicted by the GPCP model.Judging from the results,the absolute values of the relative errors of predictions in countries such as Cuba have been reduced significantly and their prediction trends are closer to the real situations through the method mentioned above to revise the prediction results out of GPCP.For countries such as El Salvador with a small number of cases,the absolute values of the relative errors of prediction become smaller.Therefore,this article concludes that this method is more effective for improving prediction results and direct prediction.展开更多
Observations of accumulated precipitation are extremely valuable for effectively improving rainfall analysis and forecast. It is, however, difficult to use such observations directly through sequential assimilation me...Observations of accumulated precipitation are extremely valuable for effectively improving rainfall analysis and forecast. It is, however, difficult to use such observations directly through sequential assimilation methods, such as three-dimensional variational data assimilation or an Ensemble Kalman Filter. In this study, the authors illustrate a new approach that makes effective use of precipitation data to improve rainfall forecast. The new method directly obtains an optimal solution in a reduced space by fitting observations with historical time series generated by the model; it also avoids the implementation of tangent linear model and its adjoint. A lot of historical samples are produced as the ensemble of precipitation observations with the fully nonlinear forecast model. The results show that the new approach is capable of extracting information from precipitation observations to improve the analysis and forecast. This method provides comparable performance with the standard fourdimensional variational data assimilation at a much lower computational cost.展开更多
The spatial resolution of source data, the impact factor selection on the grid model and the size of the grid might be the main limitations of global land datasets applied on a regional scale. Quantitative studies of ...The spatial resolution of source data, the impact factor selection on the grid model and the size of the grid might be the main limitations of global land datasets applied on a regional scale. Quantitative studies of the impacts of rasterization on data accuracy can help improve data resolution and regional data accuracy. Through a case study of cropland data for Jiangsu and Anhui provinces in China, this research compared data accuracy with different data sources, rasterization methods, and grid sizes. First, we investigated the influence of different data sources on gridded data accuracy. The temporal trends of the History Database of the Global Environment （HYDE）, Chinese Historical Cropland Data （CHCD）, and Suwan Cropland Data （SWCD） datasets were more similar. However, differ- ent spatial resolutions of cropland source data in the CHCD and SWCD datasets revealed an average difference of 16.61% when provin- cial and county data were downscaled to a 10 x 10 km2 grid for comparison. Second, the influence of selection of the potential arable land reclamation rate and temperature factors, as well as the different processing methods for water factors, on accuracy of gridded datasets was investigated. Applying the reclamation rate of potential cropland to grid-processing increased the diversity of spatial distri- bution but resulted in only a slightly greater standard deviation, which increased by 4.05. Temperature factors only produced relative disparities within 10% and absolute disparities within 2 km2 over more than 90% of grid cells. For the different processing methods for water factors, the HYDE dataset distributed 70% more cropland in grid cells along riverbanks, at the abandoned Yellow River Estuary （located in Binhai County, Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province）, and around Hongze Lake, than did the SWCD dataset. Finally, we ex- plored the influence of different grid sizes. Absolute accuracy disparities by unit area for the year 2000 were within 0.1 km2 at a 1 km2 grid size, a 25% improvement over the 10 km2 grid size. Compared to the outcomes of other similar studies, this demonstrates that some model hypotheses and grid-processing methods in international land datasets are truly incongruent with actual land reclamation proc- esses, at least in China. Combining the model-based methods with historical empirical data may be a better way to improve the accuracy of regional scale datasets. Exploring methods for the above aspects improved the accuracy of historical crop/and gridded datasets for finer regional scales.展开更多
Nowadays the answer to the question ＂what is logic？＂ seems very simple and obvious--＂logic is a science,＂ and after that usually one says what is this science about. As for the expressions ＂logic is an art＂ or ...Nowadays the answer to the question ＂what is logic？＂ seems very simple and obvious--＂logic is a science,＂ and after that usually one says what is this science about. As for the expressions ＂logic is an art＂ or ＂the art of logic,＂ then they are only metaphors or some kind of ＂facon de parler＂ used in serious scientific discourse. One of my aims here is to trace （on the base of as authentic texts as a commentator literature） the line of development of dichotomy ＂logic as an art--logic as a science＂ and to demonstrate that both these feat uses of logic have fundamental historical roots and play very important conceptual role in any theorizing about logic. Despite the fact that （modern） logic is undoubtedly a science, it can be interpreted as an art, moreover, the analysis of logic from this point of view expands, it seems to me, the researching possibilities in the field of the philosophy of logic at least in better understanding what is logic, what creates its unity independently from the historical period of its development, topics, and methods.展开更多
This paper combines grey model with time series model and then dynamic model for rapid and in-depth fault prediction in chemical processes. Two combination methods are proposed. In one method, historical data is intro...This paper combines grey model with time series model and then dynamic model for rapid and in-depth fault prediction in chemical processes. Two combination methods are proposed. In one method, historical data is introduced into the grey time series model to predict future trend of measurement values in chemical process. These predicted measurements are then used in the dynamic model to retrieve the change of fault parameters by model based diagnosis algorithm. In another method, historical data is introduced directly into the dynamic model to retrieve historical fault parameters by model based diagnosis algorithm. These parameters are then predicted by the grey time series model. The two methods are applied to a gravity tank example. The case study demonstrates that the first method is more accurate for fault prediction.展开更多
The subject of the legal history belongs to the interdisciplinary of the law and the history. Because of the attribute of the interdisciplinary of the subject of the legal history, the reference of the experience in t...The subject of the legal history belongs to the interdisciplinary of the law and the history. Because of the attribute of the interdisciplinary of the subject of the legal history, the reference of the experience in the development of the h/story is very important. The subject of the legal history must pay attention to the problems encountered in the process of the development of the history and the accumulated experience. The historical development since the last century displays the importance and necessity of the theory of the social science in the study of the history. The researcher of the legal history should focus on the comprehensive use of the theories and methods of the subject of the social sciences, and through the innovative use of the historical data and the use of the multidisciplinary interpretation methods, re-interpret the historical events and figures. With the aid of the comprehensive use of the methods of the multiple disciplines, further open the new situation of the study of the legal history.展开更多
The Mirahor Ilyas Beg Mosque, built in 1496 in Korea, is one of a few Ottoman mosques still existing in Albania and the only Ottoman monument in the city. The mosque was built using cut stone and brick. It has a stron...The Mirahor Ilyas Beg Mosque, built in 1496 in Korea, is one of a few Ottoman mosques still existing in Albania and the only Ottoman monument in the city. The mosque was built using cut stone and brick. It has a strong image a cubic mass rising over a square plan. Inside there are found pictures of the mosque in the past and different famous mosques. During its existence, it was damaged from many earthquakes occurring at this area. Due to amortization, the mosque＇s structural properties were weakened and architectural values were dimmed. Proper strengthening methods need to be applied, not only to improve structural conditions, but also to preserve architectural features of the mosque. In this paper assessment of existing conditions of the structure is carried out Based on the obtained results, solutions for the structural problems are investigated. As for restoration, the repair methods to be applied were examined taking into consideration at what extent the historical values of the building will be preserved. The proposed strengthening methods are the ones which would affect the least the mosque＇s historical values.展开更多
Web service recommendation is one of the most important fi elds of research in the area of service computing. The two core problems of Web service recommendation are the prediction of unknown Qo S property values and ...Web service recommendation is one of the most important fi elds of research in the area of service computing. The two core problems of Web service recommendation are the prediction of unknown Qo S property values and the evaluation of overall Qo S according to user preferences. Aiming to address these two problems and their current challenges, we propose two efficient approaches to solve these problems. First, unknown Qo S property values were predicted by modeling the high-dimensional Qo S data as tensors, by utilizing an important tensor operation, i.e., tensor composition, to predict these Qo S values. Our method, which considers all Qo S dimensions integrally and uniformly, allows us to predict multi-dimensional Qo S values accurately and easily. Second, the overall Qo S was evaluated by proposing an efficient user preference learning method, which learns user preferences based on users' ratings history data, allowing us to obtain user preferences quantifiably and accurately. By solving these two core problems, it became possible to compute a realistic value for the overall Qo S. The experimental results showed our proposed methods to be more efficient than existing methods.展开更多
Throughout his work, Lev S. Vygotsky （1896-1934） pursued the objective of reformulating psychological theory. His historical-cultural analysis of the ＂crisis in psychology＂ showed that, beyond contradictions betwe...Throughout his work, Lev S. Vygotsky （1896-1934） pursued the objective of reformulating psychological theory. His historical-cultural analysis of the ＂crisis in psychology＂ showed that, beyond contradictions between the two main methodological currents---＂objective/explanatory＂ and ＂subjective/intuitive＂--psychology is primarily influenced by its empirical-sensory foundations. This influence is actually at the origin of the disagreement since it maintains the obligation for the two currents to make reference to empirical-sensory data. Only a general model of the developing human being, assessed by its usefulness, will allow reorienting psychology towards a broader science. This would lead to a general theory of psychology, which could then facilitate the search for tools for an indirect method enabling it to go beyond empiricism.展开更多
In this paper, the starting point comprises the general philosophy of sexuality. Despite certain differences in various cultures throughout the world and social history regarding all matters of sexuality, many converg...In this paper, the starting point comprises the general philosophy of sexuality. Despite certain differences in various cultures throughout the world and social history regarding all matters of sexuality, many converging principles of mankind are also there to take notice. In this light, in this work, the dimension of criminality in sexuality is taken into consideration. Rape seems to be the most common type of violent sexual crime. The topic of sexual offences （milder crimes） in the legal framework is further developed and debated, with references to figures of authority. Sexual harassment seems to be the mildest form or degree of offence on a scale depicting the spectrum of sexual crimes. As a matter of fact, its mere definition emerged only in contemporary times, even though its presence had been a fact of social life, throughout the ages. In this paper, while a general survey is preferred, peculiarities due to Turkey as a separate country with its own cultural history, are also alluded to inappropriate places, along the course of debates.展开更多
This paper introduces the idea that if theories of history generate different taxonomies of history they too are incommensurable. I argue this is unavoidable for Kuhn given what he says about incommensurability and 1 ...This paper introduces the idea that if theories of history generate different taxonomies of history they too are incommensurable. I argue this is unavoidable for Kuhn given what he says about incommensurability and 1 investigate the consequences in relation to reflexivity, justification, and paradox for Kuhn＇s account of science. I want to do this on two levels, firstly looking at different possibilities for characterising individual paradigms. I will look at some examples from ancient and early modem astronomy as here it is clearest that paradigms can be characterised in different ways and that this has important consequences. I will argue in particular that Kuhn＇s characterisation of the paradigm for astronomy which emerges from antiquity （geocentrism） is favourable to his general account of the history of science, but that there is a very plausible and extremely damaging alternative. I argue that these differing characterisations generate differing, incommensurable taxonomies of the history of astronomy, with attendant ＂local holism,＂ untranslatability of key terms and issues of theory choice. If so, Kuhn then has problems with generating an adequate decision making protocol for choosing between the two paradigm characterisations. That is problematic in itself, but I also argue this problem is systemic and affects the evidence needed for Kuhn to justify his general account of the history of science. I also want to investigate the implications of differing taxonomies of the history of science at a more abstract level. Kuhn＇s general theory of the history of science generates a taxonomy of the history of science, as do other theories such as those of Popper and of gradualism. If so, the incommensurability involved here, again with attendant ＂local holism,＂ untranslatability of key terms and issues of theory choice, leads to issues of paradox and justification for Kuhn＇s general account of the history of science. With this broader understanding of taxonomic issues, some important Kuhn statements about scientific theories become self-referential, again generating problems of paradox and justification.展开更多
The addition of basement beneath existing building changes the underpinning pile from fully embedded to partially embedded,and thus influences the mechanical properties of pile.In the past,scholars paid attention to t...The addition of basement beneath existing building changes the underpinning pile from fully embedded to partially embedded,and thus influences the mechanical properties of pile.In the past,scholars paid attention to the change in the bearing capacity of pile but neglected the difference of dynamic characteristics before and after construction,and potential changes in stress history of remaining soil are also ignored.In this work,a calculation model is built to investigate the influence of excavation on dynamic impedance of underpinning pile considering the effect of stress history.The soil is simulated by the dynamic Winkler foundation,which is characterized by springs and dashpots.Properties of remaining soil after excavation are updated to consider the effect of stress history through modifying the initial shear modulus and related parameters.The dynamic impedance of pile after excavation is obtained based on the transfer matrix method.The parameter study is carried out to evaluate the dynamic impedance with various excavation depths,considering or ignoring stress history effect,and various element lengths.The results show that shallow soil plays an important role to dynamic impedance,and overestimated dynamic impedance is obtained if not considering the stress history effect.展开更多
AFuller makes the morality be divided into two groups of morality in the book ＂The Morality of Law＂ . One group is the desiderative morality and compulsory morality, and other group is innernal and external morality...AFuller makes the morality be divided into two groups of morality in the book ＂The Morality of Law＂ . One group is the desiderative morality and compulsory morality, and other group is innernal and external morality of law. The desiderative morality is the good morality with life, excellent morality and the morality which can make human＇ s power be fully realized. The author makes the interactive relationship between innernal morality and external morality be explained that there is experience contact about innernal and external morality of law. The explanation about this kind of experience relationship conforms with the position of the sociology of law which is definited by Fuller in law. In addition, seen from the practical experience and historical experience of human, this kind of explanation not only conforms with the demand of human practice but also conforms with the reality at the same time. There is also some significance which can be reference for us to discuss how to conduct the law practice.展开更多
The main subject of this paper is the theory of financial statement valuations observed in its historical development. More notably, regarding the subject, the research is concerned with some theoretical concepts deve...The main subject of this paper is the theory of financial statement valuations observed in its historical development. More notably, regarding the subject, the research is concerned with some theoretical concepts developed by the Italian doctrine in a very specific age, namely, between the 19th and the 20th century, which in fact, devoid of any accounting regulation. This paper analyzes in particular the shift from the exchange value rule to the historical cost method and tries to explain the reasons of such a development. In the second half of the 19th century, some of the best Italian scholars, who were faced with the need to properly develop the problem of accounting valuations, thought that it was appropriate to rely on concepts that belonged to similar sciences, such as economics and real estate appraisal, by blindly borrowing the theory of value from the former and the theory of valuations from the latter. During that age, everything hinged around the concept of exchange value. At the dawn of the 20th century, the Italian accounting doctrine began to wonder about a subject that was crucial to the financial statement theory： the informative purposes underlying the financial statements. At the same time, the first principle took shape, which might be called as the ＂finalistic principle of value＂. It is still the basis of the theory of financial accounting measurements, for which different evaluative criteria must be applied to different informative purposes. Thus, an alternative criterion to that of the exchange value makes its appearance on the scene of the accounting valuations, notably the historical cost. The introduction of the historical cost criteria and above all the relinquishment of the combination of the ＂economic cost＂ in favor of that of the ＂manufacturing cost＂ allow the Italian accounting to get rid of the theories of economics and real estate appraisal, thus, becoming independent regarding the financial statement valuations.展开更多
基金This work was jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant numbers 41521004 and 41875083]the Gansu Provincial Special Fund Project for Guiding Scientific and Technological Innovation and Development[grant number 2019ZX-06].
文摘In 2020,the COVID-19 pandemic spreads rapidly around the world.To accurately predict the number of daily new cases in each country,Lanzhou University has established the Global Prediction System of the COVID-19 Pandemic(GPCP).In this article,the authors use the ensemble empirical mode decomposition(EEMD)model and autoregressive moving average(ARMA)model to improve the prediction results of GPCP.In addition,the authors also conduct direct predictions for those countries with a small number of confirmed cases or are in the early stage of the disease,whose development trends of the pandemic do not fully comply with the law of infectious diseases and cannot be predicted by the GPCP model.Judging from the results,the absolute values of the relative errors of predictions in countries such as Cuba have been reduced significantly and their prediction trends are closer to the real situations through the method mentioned above to revise the prediction results out of GPCP.For countries such as El Salvador with a small number of cases,the absolute values of the relative errors of prediction become smaller.Therefore,this article concludes that this method is more effective for improving prediction results and direct prediction.
基金the Ministry of Finance of China and China Meteorological Administration for the Special Project of Meteorological Sector (Grant No. GYHY(QX)2007-615)the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2005CB321703)
文摘Observations of accumulated precipitation are extremely valuable for effectively improving rainfall analysis and forecast. It is, however, difficult to use such observations directly through sequential assimilation methods, such as three-dimensional variational data assimilation or an Ensemble Kalman Filter. In this study, the authors illustrate a new approach that makes effective use of precipitation data to improve rainfall forecast. The new method directly obtains an optimal solution in a reduced space by fitting observations with historical time series generated by the model; it also avoids the implementation of tangent linear model and its adjoint. A lot of historical samples are produced as the ensemble of precipitation observations with the fully nonlinear forecast model. The results show that the new approach is capable of extracting information from precipitation observations to improve the analysis and forecast. This method provides comparable performance with the standard fourdimensional variational data assimilation at a much lower computational cost.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41471156,41501207)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDA05080102)Special Fund of National Science and Technology of China(No.2014FY130500)
文摘The spatial resolution of source data, the impact factor selection on the grid model and the size of the grid might be the main limitations of global land datasets applied on a regional scale. Quantitative studies of the impacts of rasterization on data accuracy can help improve data resolution and regional data accuracy. Through a case study of cropland data for Jiangsu and Anhui provinces in China, this research compared data accuracy with different data sources, rasterization methods, and grid sizes. First, we investigated the influence of different data sources on gridded data accuracy. The temporal trends of the History Database of the Global Environment （HYDE）, Chinese Historical Cropland Data （CHCD）, and Suwan Cropland Data （SWCD） datasets were more similar. However, differ- ent spatial resolutions of cropland source data in the CHCD and SWCD datasets revealed an average difference of 16.61% when provin- cial and county data were downscaled to a 10 x 10 km2 grid for comparison. Second, the influence of selection of the potential arable land reclamation rate and temperature factors, as well as the different processing methods for water factors, on accuracy of gridded datasets was investigated. Applying the reclamation rate of potential cropland to grid-processing increased the diversity of spatial distri- bution but resulted in only a slightly greater standard deviation, which increased by 4.05. Temperature factors only produced relative disparities within 10% and absolute disparities within 2 km2 over more than 90% of grid cells. For the different processing methods for water factors, the HYDE dataset distributed 70% more cropland in grid cells along riverbanks, at the abandoned Yellow River Estuary （located in Binhai County, Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province）, and around Hongze Lake, than did the SWCD dataset. Finally, we ex- plored the influence of different grid sizes. Absolute accuracy disparities by unit area for the year 2000 were within 0.1 km2 at a 1 km2 grid size, a 25% improvement over the 10 km2 grid size. Compared to the outcomes of other similar studies, this demonstrates that some model hypotheses and grid-processing methods in international land datasets are truly incongruent with actual land reclamation proc- esses, at least in China. Combining the model-based methods with historical empirical data may be a better way to improve the accuracy of regional scale datasets. Exploring methods for the above aspects improved the accuracy of historical crop/and gridded datasets for finer regional scales.
文摘Nowadays the answer to the question ＂what is logic？＂ seems very simple and obvious--＂logic is a science,＂ and after that usually one says what is this science about. As for the expressions ＂logic is an art＂ or ＂the art of logic,＂ then they are only metaphors or some kind of ＂facon de parler＂ used in serious scientific discourse. One of my aims here is to trace （on the base of as authentic texts as a commentator literature） the line of development of dichotomy ＂logic as an art--logic as a science＂ and to demonstrate that both these feat uses of logic have fundamental historical roots and play very important conceptual role in any theorizing about logic. Despite the fact that （modern） logic is undoubtedly a science, it can be interpreted as an art, moreover, the analysis of logic from this point of view expands, it seems to me, the researching possibilities in the field of the philosophy of logic at least in better understanding what is logic, what creates its unity independently from the historical period of its development, topics, and methods.
基金Supported by the Shandong Natural Science Foundation(ZR2013BL008)
文摘This paper combines grey model with time series model and then dynamic model for rapid and in-depth fault prediction in chemical processes. Two combination methods are proposed. In one method, historical data is introduced into the grey time series model to predict future trend of measurement values in chemical process. These predicted measurements are then used in the dynamic model to retrieve the change of fault parameters by model based diagnosis algorithm. In another method, historical data is introduced directly into the dynamic model to retrieve historical fault parameters by model based diagnosis algorithm. These parameters are then predicted by the grey time series model. The two methods are applied to a gravity tank example. The case study demonstrates that the first method is more accurate for fault prediction.
文摘The subject of the legal history belongs to the interdisciplinary of the law and the history. Because of the attribute of the interdisciplinary of the subject of the legal history, the reference of the experience in the development of the h/story is very important. The subject of the legal history must pay attention to the problems encountered in the process of the development of the history and the accumulated experience. The historical development since the last century displays the importance and necessity of the theory of the social science in the study of the history. The researcher of the legal history should focus on the comprehensive use of the theories and methods of the subject of the social sciences, and through the innovative use of the historical data and the use of the multidisciplinary interpretation methods, re-interpret the historical events and figures. With the aid of the comprehensive use of the methods of the multiple disciplines, further open the new situation of the study of the legal history.
文摘The Mirahor Ilyas Beg Mosque, built in 1496 in Korea, is one of a few Ottoman mosques still existing in Albania and the only Ottoman monument in the city. The mosque was built using cut stone and brick. It has a strong image a cubic mass rising over a square plan. Inside there are found pictures of the mosque in the past and different famous mosques. During its existence, it was damaged from many earthquakes occurring at this area. Due to amortization, the mosque＇s structural properties were weakened and architectural values were dimmed. Proper strengthening methods need to be applied, not only to improve structural conditions, but also to preserve architectural features of the mosque. In this paper assessment of existing conditions of the structure is carried out Based on the obtained results, solutions for the structural problems are investigated. As for restoration, the repair methods to be applied were examined taking into consideration at what extent the historical values of the building will be preserved. The proposed strengthening methods are the ones which would affect the least the mosque＇s historical values.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing under Grant No.4132048NSFC (61472047),and NSFC (61202435)
文摘Web service recommendation is one of the most important fi elds of research in the area of service computing. The two core problems of Web service recommendation are the prediction of unknown Qo S property values and the evaluation of overall Qo S according to user preferences. Aiming to address these two problems and their current challenges, we propose two efficient approaches to solve these problems. First, unknown Qo S property values were predicted by modeling the high-dimensional Qo S data as tensors, by utilizing an important tensor operation, i.e., tensor composition, to predict these Qo S values. Our method, which considers all Qo S dimensions integrally and uniformly, allows us to predict multi-dimensional Qo S values accurately and easily. Second, the overall Qo S was evaluated by proposing an efficient user preference learning method, which learns user preferences based on users' ratings history data, allowing us to obtain user preferences quantifiably and accurately. By solving these two core problems, it became possible to compute a realistic value for the overall Qo S. The experimental results showed our proposed methods to be more efficient than existing methods.
文摘Throughout his work, Lev S. Vygotsky （1896-1934） pursued the objective of reformulating psychological theory. His historical-cultural analysis of the ＂crisis in psychology＂ showed that, beyond contradictions between the two main methodological currents---＂objective/explanatory＂ and ＂subjective/intuitive＂--psychology is primarily influenced by its empirical-sensory foundations. This influence is actually at the origin of the disagreement since it maintains the obligation for the two currents to make reference to empirical-sensory data. Only a general model of the developing human being, assessed by its usefulness, will allow reorienting psychology towards a broader science. This would lead to a general theory of psychology, which could then facilitate the search for tools for an indirect method enabling it to go beyond empiricism.
文摘In this paper, the starting point comprises the general philosophy of sexuality. Despite certain differences in various cultures throughout the world and social history regarding all matters of sexuality, many converging principles of mankind are also there to take notice. In this light, in this work, the dimension of criminality in sexuality is taken into consideration. Rape seems to be the most common type of violent sexual crime. The topic of sexual offences （milder crimes） in the legal framework is further developed and debated, with references to figures of authority. Sexual harassment seems to be the mildest form or degree of offence on a scale depicting the spectrum of sexual crimes. As a matter of fact, its mere definition emerged only in contemporary times, even though its presence had been a fact of social life, throughout the ages. In this paper, while a general survey is preferred, peculiarities due to Turkey as a separate country with its own cultural history, are also alluded to inappropriate places, along the course of debates.
文摘This paper introduces the idea that if theories of history generate different taxonomies of history they too are incommensurable. I argue this is unavoidable for Kuhn given what he says about incommensurability and 1 investigate the consequences in relation to reflexivity, justification, and paradox for Kuhn＇s account of science. I want to do this on two levels, firstly looking at different possibilities for characterising individual paradigms. I will look at some examples from ancient and early modem astronomy as here it is clearest that paradigms can be characterised in different ways and that this has important consequences. I will argue in particular that Kuhn＇s characterisation of the paradigm for astronomy which emerges from antiquity （geocentrism） is favourable to his general account of the history of science, but that there is a very plausible and extremely damaging alternative. I argue that these differing characterisations generate differing, incommensurable taxonomies of the history of astronomy, with attendant ＂local holism,＂ untranslatability of key terms and issues of theory choice. If so, Kuhn then has problems with generating an adequate decision making protocol for choosing between the two paradigm characterisations. That is problematic in itself, but I also argue this problem is systemic and affects the evidence needed for Kuhn to justify his general account of the history of science. I also want to investigate the implications of differing taxonomies of the history of science at a more abstract level. Kuhn＇s general theory of the history of science generates a taxonomy of the history of science, as do other theories such as those of Popper and of gradualism. If so, the incommensurability involved here, again with attendant ＂local holism,＂ untranslatability of key terms and issues of theory choice, leads to issues of paradox and justification for Kuhn＇s general account of the history of science. With this broader understanding of taxonomic issues, some important Kuhn statements about scientific theories become self-referential, again generating problems of paradox and justification.
基金Projects(51878487,41672266)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China。
文摘The addition of basement beneath existing building changes the underpinning pile from fully embedded to partially embedded,and thus influences the mechanical properties of pile.In the past,scholars paid attention to the change in the bearing capacity of pile but neglected the difference of dynamic characteristics before and after construction,and potential changes in stress history of remaining soil are also ignored.In this work,a calculation model is built to investigate the influence of excavation on dynamic impedance of underpinning pile considering the effect of stress history.The soil is simulated by the dynamic Winkler foundation,which is characterized by springs and dashpots.Properties of remaining soil after excavation are updated to consider the effect of stress history through modifying the initial shear modulus and related parameters.The dynamic impedance of pile after excavation is obtained based on the transfer matrix method.The parameter study is carried out to evaluate the dynamic impedance with various excavation depths,considering or ignoring stress history effect,and various element lengths.The results show that shallow soil plays an important role to dynamic impedance,and overestimated dynamic impedance is obtained if not considering the stress history effect.
文摘AFuller makes the morality be divided into two groups of morality in the book ＂The Morality of Law＂ . One group is the desiderative morality and compulsory morality, and other group is innernal and external morality of law. The desiderative morality is the good morality with life, excellent morality and the morality which can make human＇ s power be fully realized. The author makes the interactive relationship between innernal morality and external morality be explained that there is experience contact about innernal and external morality of law. The explanation about this kind of experience relationship conforms with the position of the sociology of law which is definited by Fuller in law. In addition, seen from the practical experience and historical experience of human, this kind of explanation not only conforms with the demand of human practice but also conforms with the reality at the same time. There is also some significance which can be reference for us to discuss how to conduct the law practice.
文摘The main subject of this paper is the theory of financial statement valuations observed in its historical development. More notably, regarding the subject, the research is concerned with some theoretical concepts developed by the Italian doctrine in a very specific age, namely, between the 19th and the 20th century, which in fact, devoid of any accounting regulation. This paper analyzes in particular the shift from the exchange value rule to the historical cost method and tries to explain the reasons of such a development. In the second half of the 19th century, some of the best Italian scholars, who were faced with the need to properly develop the problem of accounting valuations, thought that it was appropriate to rely on concepts that belonged to similar sciences, such as economics and real estate appraisal, by blindly borrowing the theory of value from the former and the theory of valuations from the latter. During that age, everything hinged around the concept of exchange value. At the dawn of the 20th century, the Italian accounting doctrine began to wonder about a subject that was crucial to the financial statement theory： the informative purposes underlying the financial statements. At the same time, the first principle took shape, which might be called as the ＂finalistic principle of value＂. It is still the basis of the theory of financial accounting measurements, for which different evaluative criteria must be applied to different informative purposes. Thus, an alternative criterion to that of the exchange value makes its appearance on the scene of the accounting valuations, notably the historical cost. The introduction of the historical cost criteria and above all the relinquishment of the combination of the ＂economic cost＂ in favor of that of the ＂manufacturing cost＂ allow the Italian accounting to get rid of the theories of economics and real estate appraisal, thus, becoming independent regarding the financial statement valuations.
