The early Silurian Chongqing Lagerstätte(middle Telychian)yields exceptionally preserved articulated jawless and jawed fishes.Here,we describe a new eugaleaspiform(Galeaspida,jawless stem-Gnathostomata),Miaojiaas...The early Silurian Chongqing Lagerstätte(middle Telychian)yields exceptionally preserved articulated jawless and jawed fishes.Here,we describe a new eugaleaspiform(Galeaspida,jawless stem-Gnathostomata),Miaojiaaspis dichotomus gen.et sp.nov.,from the Chongqing Lagerstätte in Xiushan,Chongqing,China.The new form resembles Tujiaaspis vividus in the short medial dorsal canal,and the presence of the branching ends of the lateral transverse canal.They differ in that T.vividus has highly developed subordinate branches of the sensory canals that form a reticulate sensory canal system,and the median dorsal opening is more elongated.Our phylogenetic analysis recovers M.dichotomus and T.vividus as a monophyletic clade(Tujiaaspidae fam.nov.),which is supported by two synapomorphies:the short medial dorsal canal,and the branching ends of the lateral transverse canal.Tujiaaspidae forms a trichotomy with Shuyuidae and a clade comprising Anjiaspis,Sinogaleaspidae,Yongdongaspidae,and the‘eugaleaspid cluster’.The sensory canal patterns in galeaspids are compared to show the transformation sequence of the sensory canal system in Eugaleaspiformes.展开更多
Aquaculture production efficiency may increase by using feed additives. This study investigated the effects of different dietary additives [w/w: 2% small peptides, 0.01% probiotics( Bacillus licheniformis) and 0.2% pr...Aquaculture production efficiency may increase by using feed additives. This study investigated the effects of different dietary additives [w/w: 2% small peptides, 0.01% probiotics( Bacillus licheniformis) and 0.2% prebiotics(inulin)] on growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, and oxidative stress in juvenile Epinephelus coioides reared in artificial seawater of two salt concentrations(13.5 vs. 28.5). Weight gain rate was significantly higher in fish fed the diet supplemented with small peptides, B. licheniformis, inulin, or synbiotics than that in fish fed the basal diet; the greatest weight gain rate was found in fish fed the small peptide treatment [56.0% higher than basal diet]. Higher feed efficiency was detected in fish fed the diet supplemented with small peptides than that of fish in the other dietary treatments. Total protease activity in the stomach and intestines was highest in fish fed the small peptide-treated diet, whereas lipase activity was highest in those fed synbiotics(combination of Bacillus licheniformis and inulin) than that in fish fed the other treatments. Antioxidant enzyme(total superoxide dismutase and catalase) activities and hepatic malondialdehyde content were higher in fish receiving the dietary supplements and maintained in artificial seawater containing 13.5 salinity compared with those in the control(28.5). Hepatic catalase activity in grouper fed the diets with small peptides or synbiotics decreased significantly compared with that in control fish. Overall, the three types of additives improved growth rate of juvenile grouper and digestive enzymes activities to varying degrees but did not effectively improve antioxidant capacity under low-salinity stress conditions.展开更多
The Chaenocephalus aceratus were sampled in summers between 1979 and 1990. Their otoliths show pattern of daily microincrements as otoliths of similar species--Pseudochaenichthys georgianus and fishes both temperate a...The Chaenocephalus aceratus were sampled in summers between 1979 and 1990. Their otoliths show pattern of daily microincrements as otoliths of similar species--Pseudochaenichthys georgianus and fishes both temperate and tropical waters. Changes of the microincrements growth pattern and otolith shape are described in relation to larval, hatching and metamorphosis stages have similar patterns for Ps. georgianus and Charnpsocephalus gunnari, reflecting similar habitats in their early life. Width of larvae-postlarvae daily increments are： （1.0-1.6）×10-3 SSI, （1.8-2.8）×10-3 SG1 and （1.5-2.4）×10-3 ANI. They were search and chosen automatically from density profiles of otolith tissues. Tissues were prepared by new saving time and materials way--one time up to 40 ones per microscopic glass. Age of fish estimated from microincrements was alike to that inferred from the body length distribution, otoliths mass （age （years） = 140.82 OM （g） ＋ 0.8546） and otolith shape changes--large in length and surface on medial plane. Those parameters create age groups of close neighbours. They have different environments. C. aceratus due to its adaptation to cold water, attain rapidly large body according to a growth equation： Lt= 75.1 ×10-3 （1-e-0.26（t-0.51）. Among large fishes there were only females.展开更多
The assessment of population structure and abundance of fish assemblages associated with artificial reefs(ARs) is an important aspect of AR management.In the present study,we used a DiveOperated Stereo Video(stereo-DO...The assessment of population structure and abundance of fish assemblages associated with artificial reefs(ARs) is an important aspect of AR management.In the present study,we used a DiveOperated Stereo Video(stereo-DOV) technique to assess the population structure and abundance of Sebastes schlegeli associated with two metallic,and three wooden,vessel reefs in Haizhou Bay during 2012 and2013.The study used video systems to obtain length measurements and estimates of abundance.The size composition of S.schlegeli differed among reefs and individuals around vessel reefs were all adults,with total lengths(TL) of >20 cm.Juvenile fish were encountered by divers in a rocky area near the island away from the vessel reefs.The largest individual S.schlegeli(with the highest TL) among five reefs were found around a metallic vessel reef in both 2012 and 2013.TL of S.schlegeli from all reefs increased by an average of 3.2 cm(P<0.05) from 2012 to 2013,with an estimated mean weight increase of 250.4 g(P<0.05).The video survey also indicated a decrease in the biomass of schools near two metallic vessels between the years.Stereo-video technology was found to be suitable for rockfish surveys around the reefs.展开更多
Genetic diversity of three cultured populations of jade perch （Scortum bacoo） are studied using amplified fragment length polymorphism （AFLP） markers, which is Guangzhou（GZ） population, Foshan （FS） population ...Genetic diversity of three cultured populations of jade perch （Scortum bacoo） are studied using amplified fragment length polymorphism （AFLP） markers, which is Guangzhou（GZ） population, Foshan （FS） population and Qingdao（QD） population. Nine primer combinations were used and 385 fragments were detected. Among the 385 fragments, 80 bands （20.78%） were polymorphic. And it can be speculated that the genetic diversity of the three cultured populations of jade perch was very poor according to the gene genetic diversity among populations （Ht）, the gene genetic diversity within populations （Hs） and Shannon-Weiner index （I）. From gene differentiation （Gst）, genetic distance （D）, genetic similarity （5）, and UPGMA analysis, it is found that the relationship among the three populations is very closed, and the difference in genetic diversity among the three populations is not significant. Further clustering relationships of the jade perch cultured populations also are correlated to historical-breeding observations and genetic relationships. The GZ population clustered together with the QD population first, then with FS population.展开更多
Histogenesis of the immune system and specific activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD) were studied in rock bream Oplegnathus fasciatus from fertilization to 50 days after hatching(DAH).The pronephric tubule primordium ...Histogenesis of the immune system and specific activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD) were studied in rock bream Oplegnathus fasciatus from fertilization to 50 days after hatching(DAH).The pronephric tubule primordium developed in the embryo,14 h 30 min post fertilization.The spleen anlage was observed between the swim bladder and the intestine at 5 DAH,and the thymus was formed as a paired structure under the pharyngeal epithelium above the gill arch at 10 DAH.The order of the immune organs becoming lymphoid was the pronephric kidney(10 DAH),thymus(15 DAH) and spleen(21 DAH).As the embryo developed,the specific activity of SOD gradually increased until hatching,but subsequently SOD activity continuously decreased to a minimum at 14 DAH.After the spleen became lymphoid,the specific activity of SOD was relatively stable.It is suggested that the immaturity of the lymphoid organs and low specific activity of SOD was the cause of the high mortality of fingerlings 12 to 16 DAH.展开更多
Here described are the nemacheilid fossils from the Pliocene Lower Member of Qiangtang Formation in the Kunlun Pass Basin,northeastern Tibetan Plateau,at a locality 4769 m above the sea level (a.s.l.).The materials co...Here described are the nemacheilid fossils from the Pliocene Lower Member of Qiangtang Formation in the Kunlun Pass Basin,northeastern Tibetan Plateau,at a locality 4769 m above the sea level (a.s.l.).The materials consist of numerous disarticulated and incomplete bones.The fish remains are assigned to the Nemacheilidae based on the fused compound centrum of the 2nd and 3rd vertebrae with developed bifurcate lateral processes of the 2nd vertebra.The fossils also include the maxilla,the dentary,the anguloarticular,the quadrate,the hyomandibular,the opercle,the basihyal,the urohyal,the anterior ceratohyal,the posterior ceratohyal,the interhyal and the supracleithrum.These bones are very similar to their counterparts in some species of a Recent nemacheilid genus,Triplophysa (Nemacheilidae,Cypriniformes),which is widely distributed on the Tibetan Plateau.The nemacheilid fossils are much more abundant than the remains of schizothoracines embedded in the same horizon at the same locality.This would imply that the number of individuals of Triplophysa was much higher than that of schizothoracines when they were alive in the area.In Recent ichthyofauna of the Tibetan Plateau,Triplophysa prevails over schizothoracines in the number of individuals in the high elevations and small water bodies.Based on the fossil dominance of Triplophysa over schizothoracines and their taphonomical conditions,it appears that the water system at the Kunlun Pass area during the Pliocene might not be extensive lakes or large rivers with broad valleys.There might have been a few mountainous,relatively torrential rivers with many small,shallow streams connecting the water systems from the north and south of the East Kunlun Mountain.The environment of the Kunlun Pass Basin area during the Pliocene must be very harsh,and the altitude of the area might already have been higher than we previously suggested.The uplift of the area must be less than 1000 m since the Pliocene.展开更多
Graphene possesses unique physical and chemical properties, which have inspired a wide range of potential biomedical applications. However, little is known about the adverse effects of graphene on the human body and e...Graphene possesses unique physical and chemical properties, which have inspired a wide range of potential biomedical applications. However, little is known about the adverse effects of graphene on the human body and ecological environment. The purpose of our work is to make assessment on the toxicity of graphene oxide (GO) against human cell line (human bone marrow neuroblastoma cell line and human epithelial carcinoma cell line) and zebrafish (Danio rerio) by comparing the toxic effects of GO with its sister, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs). The results show that GO has a moderate toxicity to organisms since it can induce minor (about 20%) cell growth inhibition and slight hatching delay of zebrafish embryos at a dosage of 50 mg/L, but did not result in significant increase of apoptosis in embryo, while MWNTs exhibit acute toxicity leading to a strong inhibition of cell proliferation and serious morphological defects in developing embryos even at relatively low concentration of 25 mg/L. The distinctive toxicity of GO and MWNTs should be ascribed to the different models of interaction between nanomaterials and organisms, which arises from the different geometric structures of nanomaterials. Collectively, our work suggests that GO does actual toxicity to organisms posing potential environmental risks and the result is also shedding light on the geometrical structure-dependent toxicity of graphitic nanomaterials.展开更多
文摘The early Silurian Chongqing Lagerstätte(middle Telychian)yields exceptionally preserved articulated jawless and jawed fishes.Here,we describe a new eugaleaspiform(Galeaspida,jawless stem-Gnathostomata),Miaojiaaspis dichotomus gen.et sp.nov.,from the Chongqing Lagerstätte in Xiushan,Chongqing,China.The new form resembles Tujiaaspis vividus in the short medial dorsal canal,and the presence of the branching ends of the lateral transverse canal.They differ in that T.vividus has highly developed subordinate branches of the sensory canals that form a reticulate sensory canal system,and the median dorsal opening is more elongated.Our phylogenetic analysis recovers M.dichotomus and T.vividus as a monophyletic clade(Tujiaaspidae fam.nov.),which is supported by two synapomorphies:the short medial dorsal canal,and the branching ends of the lateral transverse canal.Tujiaaspidae forms a trichotomy with Shuyuidae and a clade comprising Anjiaspis,Sinogaleaspidae,Yongdongaspidae,and the‘eugaleaspid cluster’.The sensory canal patterns in galeaspids are compared to show the transformation sequence of the sensory canal system in Eugaleaspiformes.
基金Supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(No.2011BAD13B09)the Project of a Special Fund for Public Welfare Industrial(Agriculture)Research of China(No.200903001-5)
文摘Aquaculture production efficiency may increase by using feed additives. This study investigated the effects of different dietary additives [w/w: 2% small peptides, 0.01% probiotics( Bacillus licheniformis) and 0.2% prebiotics(inulin)] on growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, and oxidative stress in juvenile Epinephelus coioides reared in artificial seawater of two salt concentrations(13.5 vs. 28.5). Weight gain rate was significantly higher in fish fed the diet supplemented with small peptides, B. licheniformis, inulin, or synbiotics than that in fish fed the basal diet; the greatest weight gain rate was found in fish fed the small peptide treatment [56.0% higher than basal diet]. Higher feed efficiency was detected in fish fed the diet supplemented with small peptides than that of fish in the other dietary treatments. Total protease activity in the stomach and intestines was highest in fish fed the small peptide-treated diet, whereas lipase activity was highest in those fed synbiotics(combination of Bacillus licheniformis and inulin) than that in fish fed the other treatments. Antioxidant enzyme(total superoxide dismutase and catalase) activities and hepatic malondialdehyde content were higher in fish receiving the dietary supplements and maintained in artificial seawater containing 13.5 salinity compared with those in the control(28.5). Hepatic catalase activity in grouper fed the diets with small peptides or synbiotics decreased significantly compared with that in control fish. Overall, the three types of additives improved growth rate of juvenile grouper and digestive enzymes activities to varying degrees but did not effectively improve antioxidant capacity under low-salinity stress conditions.
文摘The Chaenocephalus aceratus were sampled in summers between 1979 and 1990. Their otoliths show pattern of daily microincrements as otoliths of similar species--Pseudochaenichthys georgianus and fishes both temperate and tropical waters. Changes of the microincrements growth pattern and otolith shape are described in relation to larval, hatching and metamorphosis stages have similar patterns for Ps. georgianus and Charnpsocephalus gunnari, reflecting similar habitats in their early life. Width of larvae-postlarvae daily increments are： （1.0-1.6）×10-3 SSI, （1.8-2.8）×10-3 SG1 and （1.5-2.4）×10-3 ANI. They were search and chosen automatically from density profiles of otolith tissues. Tissues were prepared by new saving time and materials way--one time up to 40 ones per microscopic glass. Age of fish estimated from microincrements was alike to that inferred from the body length distribution, otoliths mass （age （years） = 140.82 OM （g） ＋ 0.8546） and otolith shape changes--large in length and surface on medial plane. Those parameters create age groups of close neighbours. They have different environments. C. aceratus due to its adaptation to cold water, attain rapidly large body according to a growth equation： Lt= 75.1 ×10-3 （1-e-0.26（t-0.51）. Among large fishes there were only females.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)-Shandong Joint Fund for Marine Science Research Centers(No.U1406403)the National Key Technology Research and Development Program of China(No.2011BAD13B02)+1 种基金the National Marine Public Welfare Research Project(No.201205023)the Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science and Engineering,State Oceanic Administration(No.MESE-2013-05)
文摘The assessment of population structure and abundance of fish assemblages associated with artificial reefs(ARs) is an important aspect of AR management.In the present study,we used a DiveOperated Stereo Video(stereo-DOV) technique to assess the population structure and abundance of Sebastes schlegeli associated with two metallic,and three wooden,vessel reefs in Haizhou Bay during 2012 and2013.The study used video systems to obtain length measurements and estimates of abundance.The size composition of S.schlegeli differed among reefs and individuals around vessel reefs were all adults,with total lengths(TL) of >20 cm.Juvenile fish were encountered by divers in a rocky area near the island away from the vessel reefs.The largest individual S.schlegeli(with the highest TL) among five reefs were found around a metallic vessel reef in both 2012 and 2013.TL of S.schlegeli from all reefs increased by an average of 3.2 cm(P<0.05) from 2012 to 2013,with an estimated mean weight increase of 250.4 g(P<0.05).The video survey also indicated a decrease in the biomass of schools near two metallic vessels between the years.Stereo-video technology was found to be suitable for rockfish surveys around the reefs.
文摘Genetic diversity of three cultured populations of jade perch （Scortum bacoo） are studied using amplified fragment length polymorphism （AFLP） markers, which is Guangzhou（GZ） population, Foshan （FS） population and Qingdao（QD） population. Nine primer combinations were used and 385 fragments were detected. Among the 385 fragments, 80 bands （20.78%） were polymorphic. And it can be speculated that the genetic diversity of the three cultured populations of jade perch was very poor according to the gene genetic diversity among populations （Ht）, the gene genetic diversity within populations （Hs） and Shannon-Weiner index （I）. From gene differentiation （Gst）, genetic distance （D）, genetic similarity （5）, and UPGMA analysis, it is found that the relationship among the three populations is very closed, and the difference in genetic diversity among the three populations is not significant. Further clustering relationships of the jade perch cultured populations also are correlated to historical-breeding observations and genetic relationships. The GZ population clustered together with the QD population first, then with FS population.
基金Supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(863 Program)(No.2012AA10A413-1)
文摘Histogenesis of the immune system and specific activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD) were studied in rock bream Oplegnathus fasciatus from fertilization to 50 days after hatching(DAH).The pronephric tubule primordium developed in the embryo,14 h 30 min post fertilization.The spleen anlage was observed between the swim bladder and the intestine at 5 DAH,and the thymus was formed as a paired structure under the pharyngeal epithelium above the gill arch at 10 DAH.The order of the immune organs becoming lymphoid was the pronephric kidney(10 DAH),thymus(15 DAH) and spleen(21 DAH).As the embryo developed,the specific activity of SOD gradually increased until hatching,but subsequently SOD activity continuously decreased to a minimum at 14 DAH.After the spleen became lymphoid,the specific activity of SOD was relatively stable.It is suggested that the immaturity of the lymphoid organs and low specific activity of SOD was the cause of the high mortality of fingerlings 12 to 16 DAH.
基金supported by the Knowledge Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. KZCX2-YW-Q09)National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2012CB821900)+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40802010)Key Laboratory of Evolu-tionary Systematics of Vertebrates,IVPP,CAS (Grant No. 2011LESV005)
文摘Here described are the nemacheilid fossils from the Pliocene Lower Member of Qiangtang Formation in the Kunlun Pass Basin,northeastern Tibetan Plateau,at a locality 4769 m above the sea level (a.s.l.).The materials consist of numerous disarticulated and incomplete bones.The fish remains are assigned to the Nemacheilidae based on the fused compound centrum of the 2nd and 3rd vertebrae with developed bifurcate lateral processes of the 2nd vertebra.The fossils also include the maxilla,the dentary,the anguloarticular,the quadrate,the hyomandibular,the opercle,the basihyal,the urohyal,the anterior ceratohyal,the posterior ceratohyal,the interhyal and the supracleithrum.These bones are very similar to their counterparts in some species of a Recent nemacheilid genus,Triplophysa (Nemacheilidae,Cypriniformes),which is widely distributed on the Tibetan Plateau.The nemacheilid fossils are much more abundant than the remains of schizothoracines embedded in the same horizon at the same locality.This would imply that the number of individuals of Triplophysa was much higher than that of schizothoracines when they were alive in the area.In Recent ichthyofauna of the Tibetan Plateau,Triplophysa prevails over schizothoracines in the number of individuals in the high elevations and small water bodies.Based on the fossil dominance of Triplophysa over schizothoracines and their taphonomical conditions,it appears that the water system at the Kunlun Pass area during the Pliocene might not be extensive lakes or large rivers with broad valleys.There might have been a few mountainous,relatively torrential rivers with many small,shallow streams connecting the water systems from the north and south of the East Kunlun Mountain.The environment of the Kunlun Pass Basin area during the Pliocene must be very harsh,and the altitude of the area might already have been higher than we previously suggested.The uplift of the area must be less than 1000 m since the Pliocene.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21035005)the Doctoral Program Foundation of Institutions of Higher Education of China (20115301120002)the Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan Province of China (2011FB007)
文摘Graphene possesses unique physical and chemical properties, which have inspired a wide range of potential biomedical applications. However, little is known about the adverse effects of graphene on the human body and ecological environment. The purpose of our work is to make assessment on the toxicity of graphene oxide (GO) against human cell line (human bone marrow neuroblastoma cell line and human epithelial carcinoma cell line) and zebrafish (Danio rerio) by comparing the toxic effects of GO with its sister, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs). The results show that GO has a moderate toxicity to organisms since it can induce minor (about 20%) cell growth inhibition and slight hatching delay of zebrafish embryos at a dosage of 50 mg/L, but did not result in significant increase of apoptosis in embryo, while MWNTs exhibit acute toxicity leading to a strong inhibition of cell proliferation and serious morphological defects in developing embryos even at relatively low concentration of 25 mg/L. The distinctive toxicity of GO and MWNTs should be ascribed to the different models of interaction between nanomaterials and organisms, which arises from the different geometric structures of nanomaterials. Collectively, our work suggests that GO does actual toxicity to organisms posing potential environmental risks and the result is also shedding light on the geometrical structure-dependent toxicity of graphitic nanomaterials.
