As-forged WSTi6421 titanium alloy billet afterβannealing was investigated.Abnormally coarse grains larger than adjacent grains could be observed in the microstructures,forming abnormal grain structures with uneven si...As-forged WSTi6421 titanium alloy billet afterβannealing was investigated.Abnormally coarse grains larger than adjacent grains could be observed in the microstructures,forming abnormal grain structures with uneven size distribution.Through electron backscattered diffraction(EBSD),the forged microstructure at various locations of as-forged WSTi6421 titanium alloy billet was analyzed,revealing that the strength of theβphase cubic texture generated by forging significantly influences the grain size afterβannealing.Heat treatment experiments were conducted within the temperature range from T_(β)−50°C to T_(β)+10°C to observe the macro-and micro-morphologies.Results show that the cubic texture ofβphase caused by forging impacts the texture of the secondaryαphase,which subsequently influences theβphase formed during the post-βannealing process.Moreover,the pinning effect of the residual primaryαphase plays a crucial role in the growth ofβgrains during theβannealing process.EBSD analysis results suggest that the strength ofβphase with cubic texture formed during forging process impacts the orientation distribution differences ofβgrains afterβannealing.Additionally,the development of grains with large orientations within the cubic texture shows a certain degree of selectivity duringβannealing,which is affected by various factors,including the pinning effect of the primaryαphase,the strength of the matrix cubic texture,and the orientation relationship betweenβgrain and matrix.Comprehensively,the stronger the texture in a certain region,the less likely the large misoriented grains suffering secondary growth,thereby aggregating the difference in microstructure and grain orientation distribution across different regions afterβannealing.展开更多
The effect of hot band annealing processes—batch annealing and continuous annealing—on the texture evolution and ridging performance of ferritic stainless steel was investigated.The surface and central layers of the...The effect of hot band annealing processes—batch annealing and continuous annealing—on the texture evolution and ridging performance of ferritic stainless steel was investigated.The surface and central layers of the hot band exhibited strong shear and plane deformation textures,respectively.After batch annealing,the texture intensity of the hot-rolled sheet texture significantly decreased,and a weak recrystallization texture appeared,while fully recrystallized grains occurred after continuous annealing.A complete recrystallized{111}texture was obtained after recrystallization annealing.The sheet subjected to continuous annealing exhibited the highest intensity of{111}texture,which was accompanied by a dispersed grain orientation distribution,resulting in the lowest ridging height.展开更多
The technology of through-silicon via(TSV)is extensively employed for achieving dense 3D integration.TSV facilitates the electrical interconnection of various layers of integrated circuits in a vertical orientation,th...The technology of through-silicon via(TSV)is extensively employed for achieving dense 3D integration.TSV facilitates the electrical interconnection of various layers of integrated circuits in a vertical orientation,thereby allowing for the creation of sophisticated and space-efficient systems that incorporate diverse functionalities.This work reports TSV fabrication with dual annealing-CMP processes to explore the influence of annealing and CMP processes on the evolution of TSV-Cu microstructures and protrusions.The results show that the dual CMP process can effectively reduce protrusion at high temperatures.The Cu protrusion height increased as both the annealing temperature and duration increased,which was consistent with the high-temperature annealing results,whereas a random phenomenon occurred under 250℃ annealing.A phase field model related to the TSV grain size was established to quantitatively explore the grain morphology distribution and thermal-mechanical behavior.The results show that the strain in copper is nonuniform and that the degree of plastic deformation for each grain is closely related to its distribution.The quantity of grains within the TSV is the most important factor for protrusion.As the average grain size increases,the prominence of copper grain protrusions within TSV intensifies,and the anisotropy of the Cu grains becomes more pronounced.The thermal-mechanical behavior strongly depends on the grain orientation near the top of the TSV,which can cause TSV protrusion irregularities.This work may provide more opportunities to design high-performance TSV preparation methods from the viewpoint of the dual CMP process.展开更多
Ultra fine-grained pure metals and their alloys have high strength and low ductility.In this study,cryorolling under different strains followed by low-temperature short-time annealing was used to fabricate pure nickel...Ultra fine-grained pure metals and their alloys have high strength and low ductility.In this study,cryorolling under different strains followed by low-temperature short-time annealing was used to fabricate pure nickel sheets combining high strength with good ductility.The results show that,for different cryorolling strains,the uniform elongation was greatly increased without sacrificing the strength after annealing.A yield strength of 607 MPa and a uniform elongation of 11.7%were obtained after annealing at a small cryorolling strain(ε=0.22),while annealing at a large cryorolling strain(ε=1.6)resulted in a yield strength of 990 MPa and a uniform elongation of 6.4%.X-ray diffraction(XRD),transmission electron microscopy(TEM),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and electron backscattered diffraction(EBSD)were used to characterize the microstructure of the specimens and showed that the high strength could be attributed to strain hardening during cryorolling,with an additional contribution from grain refinement and the formation of dislocation walls.The high ductility could be attributed to annealing twins and micro-shear bands during stretching,which improved the strain hardening capacity.The results show that the synergistic effect of strength and ductility can be regulated through low-temperature short-time annealing with different cryorolling strains,which provides a new reference for the design of future thermo-mechanical processes.展开更多
We discussed the decrease in residual stress,precipitation evolution,and mechanical properties of GH4151 alloy in different annealing temperatures,which were studied by the scanning electron microscope(SEM),high-resol...We discussed the decrease in residual stress,precipitation evolution,and mechanical properties of GH4151 alloy in different annealing temperatures,which were studied by the scanning electron microscope(SEM),high-resolution transmission electron microscopy(HRTEM),and electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD).The findings reveal that annealing processing has a significant impact on diminishing residual stresses.As the annealing temperature rose from 950 to 1150℃,the majority of the residual stresses were relieved from 60.1 MPa down to 10.9 MPa.Moreover,the stress relaxation mechanism transitioned from being mainly controlled by dislocation slip to a combination of dislocation slip and grain boundary migration.Meanwhile,the annealing treatment promotes the decomposition of the Laves,accompanied by the precipitation ofμ-(Mo_(6)Co_(7))starting at 950℃ and reaching a maximum value at 1050℃.The tensile strength and plasticity of the annealing alloy at 1150℃ reached the maximum(1394 MPa,56.1%)which was 131%,200%fold than those of the as-cast alloy(1060 MPa,26.6%),but the oxidation process in the alloy was accelerated at 1150℃.The enhancement in durability and flexibility is primarily due to the dissolution of the brittle phase,along with the shape and dispersal of theγ′phase.展开更多
Relationship between the hole concentration at room temperature and the Mg doping concentration in p-GaN grown by MOCVD after sufficient annealing was studied in this paper.Different annealing conditions were applied ...Relationship between the hole concentration at room temperature and the Mg doping concentration in p-GaN grown by MOCVD after sufficient annealing was studied in this paper.Different annealing conditions were applied to obtain sufficient activation for p-GaN samples with different Mg doping ranges.Hole concentration,resistivity and mobility were characterized by room-temperature Hall measurements.The Mg doping concentration and the residual impurities such as H,C,O and Si were measured by secondary ion mass spectroscopy,confirming negligible compensations by the impurities.The hole concentration,resistivity and mobility data are presented as a function of Mg concentration,and are compared with literature data.The appropriate curve relating the Mg doping concentration to the hole concentration is derived using a charge neutrality equation and the ionized-acceptor-density[N-(A)^(-)](cm^(−3))dependent ionization energy of Mg acceptor was determined asE_(A)^(Mg)=184−2.66×10^(−5)×[N_(A)^(-)]1/3 meV.展开更多
In this study, aluminum-doped zinc oxide(AZO) thin films were deposited onto a low-temperature polyethylene terephthalate(PET) substrate using DC magnetron sputtering. Deposition parameters included power range of 100...In this study, aluminum-doped zinc oxide(AZO) thin films were deposited onto a low-temperature polyethylene terephthalate(PET) substrate using DC magnetron sputtering. Deposition parameters included power range of 100-300 W, a working pressure of 15 mTorr, and a substrate temperature of 50 ℃. Post-deposition, flash lamp annealing(FLA) was employed as a rapid thermal processing method with a pulse duration of 1.7 ms and energy density of 7 J·cm-2, aimed at enhancing the film's quality while preserving the temperature-sensitive PET substrate. FLA offers advantages over conventional annealing,including shorter processing times and improved material properties. The structural, optical, and electrical characteristics of the AZO films were assessed using X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and Hall effect measurements. The results demonstrated that properties of AZO films varied with deposition and annealing conditions. Films deposited at 200 W and subjected to FLA exhibited superior crystallinity, with average visible light transmittance exceeding 80% and resistivity as low as 0.38 Ω·cm representing 95%improvement in transmittance. Electrical analysis revealed that carrier concentration, mobility, and resistivity were influenced by both sputtering and annealing parameters. These findings underscore the effectiveness of FLA in optimizing AZO thin film properties, highlighting potential in optoelectronics applications.展开更多
A numerical model based on measured fictive temperature distributions is explored to evaluate the residual stress fields of CO_(2)laser-annealed mitigated fused silica damage sites.The proposed model extracts the resi...A numerical model based on measured fictive temperature distributions is explored to evaluate the residual stress fields of CO_(2)laser-annealed mitigated fused silica damage sites.The proposed model extracts the residual strain from the differences in thermoelastic contraction of fused silica with different fictive temperatures from the initial frozen-in temperatures to ambient temperature.The residual stress fields of mitigated damage sites for the CO_(2)laser-annealed case are obtained by a finite element analysis of equilibrium equations and constitutive equations.The simulated results indicate that the proposed model can accurately evaluate the residual stress fields of laser-annealed mitigated damage sites with a complex thermal history.The calculated maximum hoop stress is in good agreement with the reported experimental result.The estimated optical retardance profiles from the calculated radial and hoop stress fields are consistent with the photoelastic measurements.These results provide sufficient evidence to demonstrate the suitability of the proposed model for describing the residual stresses of mitigated fused silica damage sites after CO_(2)laser annealing.展开更多
A nitrogen-polarity(N-polarity)GaN-based high electron mobility transistor(HEMT)shows great potential for high-fre-quency solid-state power amplifier applications because its two-dimensional electron gas(2DEG)density ...A nitrogen-polarity(N-polarity)GaN-based high electron mobility transistor(HEMT)shows great potential for high-fre-quency solid-state power amplifier applications because its two-dimensional electron gas(2DEG)density and mobility are mini-mally affected by device scaling.However,the Schottky barrier height(SBH)of N-polarity GaN is low.This leads to a large gate leakage in N-polarity GaN-based HEMTs.In this work,we investigate the effect of annealing on the electrical characteristics of N-polarity GaN-based Schottky barrier diodes(SBDs)with Ni/Au electrodes.Our results show that the annealing time and tem-perature have a large influence on the electrical properties of N-polarity GaN SBDs.Compared to the N-polarity SBD without annealing,the SBH and rectification ratio at±5 V of the SBD are increased from 0.51 eV and 30 to 0.77 eV and 7700,respec-tively,and the ideal factor of the SBD is decreased from 1.66 to 1.54 after an optimized annealing process.Our analysis results suggest that the improvement of the electrical properties of SBDs after annealing is mainly due to the reduction of the inter-face state density between Schottky contact metals and N-polarity GaN and the increase of barrier height for the electron emis-sion from the trap state at low reverse bias.展开更多
The basal texture of traditional magnesium alloy AZ31 is easy to form and exhibits poor plasticity at room temperature.To address these problems,a multi-micro-alloyed high-plasticity Mg-1.8Zn-0.8Gd-0.1Ca-0.2Mn(wt%)all...The basal texture of traditional magnesium alloy AZ31 is easy to form and exhibits poor plasticity at room temperature.To address these problems,a multi-micro-alloyed high-plasticity Mg-1.8Zn-0.8Gd-0.1Ca-0.2Mn(wt%)alloy was developed using the unique role of rare earth and Ca solute atoms.In addition,the influence of the annealing process on the grain size,second phase,texture,and mechanical properties of the warm-rolled sheet at room temperature was analyzed with the goal of developing high-plasticity mag-nesium alloy sheets and obtaining optimal thermal-mechanical treatment parameters.The results show that the annealing temperature has a significant effect on the microstructure and properties due to the low alloying content:there are small amounts of larger-sized block and long string phases along the rolling direction(RD),as well as several spherical and rodlike particle phases inside the grains.With increas-ing annealing temperature,the grain size decreases and then increases,and the morphology,number,and size of the second phase also change correspondingly.The particle phase within the grains vanishes at 450℃,and the grain size increases sharply.In the full recrystal-lization stage at 300-350℃,the optimum strength-plasticity comprehensive mechanical properties are presented,with yield strengths of 182.1 and 176.9 MPa,tensile strengths of 271.1 and 275.8 MPa in the RD and transverse direction(TD),and elongation values of 27.4%and 32.3%,respectively.Moreover,there are still some larger-sized phases in the alloy that influence its mechanical properties,which offers room for improvement.展开更多
In this study,the Mg-3Zn-0.5Zr-χNd(χ=0,0.6)alloys were subjected to final rolling treatment with large deformation of 50%.The impact of annealing temperatures on the microstructure and mechanical properties was inve...In this study,the Mg-3Zn-0.5Zr-χNd(χ=0,0.6)alloys were subjected to final rolling treatment with large deformation of 50%.The impact of annealing temperatures on the microstructure and mechanical properties was investigated.The rolled Mg-3Zn-0.5Zr-0.6Nd alloy exhibited an ultimate tensile strength of 386 MPa,a yield strength of 361 MPa,and an elongation of 7.1%.Annealing at different temperatures resulted in reduced strength and obviously increased elongation for both alloys.Optimal mechanical properties for the Mg-3Zn-0.5Zr-0.6Nd alloy were achieved after annealing at 200℃,with an ultimate tensile strength of 287 MPa,a yield strength of 235 MPa,and an elongation of 26.1%.The numerous deformed microstructures,twins,and precipitated phases in the rolled alloy could impede the deformation at room temperature and increase the work hardening rate.After annealing,a decrease in the work hardening effect and an increase in the dynamic recovery effect were obtained due to the formation of fine equiaxed grains,and the increased volume fraction of precipitated phases,which significantly improved the elongation of the alloy.Additionally,the addition of Nd element could enhance the annealing recrystallization rate,reduce the Schmid factor difference between basal and prismatic slip systems,facilitate multi-system slip initiation and improve the alloy plasticity.展开更多
Multifunctional therapeutics have emerged as a solution to the constraints imposed by drugs with singular or insufficient therapeutic effects.The primary challenge is to integrate diverse pharmacophores within a singl...Multifunctional therapeutics have emerged as a solution to the constraints imposed by drugs with singular or insufficient therapeutic effects.The primary challenge is to integrate diverse pharmacophores within a single-molecule framework.To address this,we introduced DeepSA,a novel edit-based generative framework that utilizes deep simulated annealing for the modification of articaine,a wellknown local anesthetic.DeepSA integrates deep neural networks into metaheuristics,effectively constraining molecular space during compound generation.This framework employs a sophisticated objective function that accounts for scaffold preservation,anti-inflammatory properties,and covalent constraints.Through a sequence of local editing to navigate the molecular space,DeepSA successfully identified AT-17,a derivative exhibiting potent analgesic properties and significant anti-inflammatory activity in various animal models.Mechanistic insights into AT-17 revealed its dual mode of action:selective inhibition of NaV1.7 and 1.8 channels,contributing to its prolonged local anesthetic effects,and suppression of inflammatory mediators via modulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway.These findings not only highlight the efficacy of AT-17 as a multifunctional drug candidate but also highlight the potential of DeepSA in facilitating AI-enhanced drug discovery,particularly within stringent chemical constraints.展开更多
In this study we are reporting annealing induced optical properties of bismuth ferrite (BiFeO3) thin films deposited on glass substrate via spin coating at 5000 rpm. The structural, optical and surface morphology of B...In this study we are reporting annealing induced optical properties of bismuth ferrite (BiFeO3) thin films deposited on glass substrate via spin coating at 5000 rpm. The structural, optical and surface morphology of BiFeO3 (BFO) thin films have been studied via X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), Optical absorption (UV-Vis) and Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. XRD spectra confirm annealing induced phase formation of BiFeO3 possessing a rhombohedral R3c structure. The films are dense and without cracks, although the presence of porosity in BFO/glass was observed. Moreover, optical absorption spectra indicate annealing induced effect on the energy band structure in comparison to pristine BiFeO3. It is observed that annealing effect shows an intense shift in the UV-Vis spectra as diffuse absorption together with the variation in the optical band gap. The evaluated optical band gap values are approximately equal to the bulk band gap value of BiFeO3.展开更多
Magnetostrictive Fe-Ga alloys have been demonstrated potentialities for numerous applications,whereas,suffering a tradeoff between large magnetostrictive strain and high sensitivity.Herein,bulk polycrystalline Fe81Ga1...Magnetostrictive Fe-Ga alloys have been demonstrated potentialities for numerous applications,whereas,suffering a tradeoff between large magnetostrictive strain and high sensitivity.Herein,bulk polycrystalline Fe81Ga19 alloys were prepared by laser-beam powder bed fusion(LPBF)and then annealed in magnetic field for manipulating the comprehensive magnetostrictive properties.Results indicate that<001>oriented grains are developed in the LPBF-prepared Fe81Ga19 alloys due to high temperature gradient.After magnetic field annealing(MFA),the magnetic domains within the alloys gradually transformed into well-arranged stripe domains,especially,flat and smooth 90°domains were established in the alloys annealed at 2600 Oe.As a result,the induced<001>orientation grains and 90°domains contributed to an improved effective magnetic anisotropy constant(57.053 kJ/m^(3)),leading to an enhanced magnetostrictive strain of 92 ppm.Moreover,the MFA-treated alloys also displayed enhanced magnetostrictive sensitivity(0.097 ppm/Oe)owing to the smooth domain structures and low dislocation densities,demonstrating a fruitful strain-sensitivity synergy.In addition,good magnetostrictive dynamic response and enhanced compressive yield strength were also observed for the prepared alloys.This work demonstrates that LPBF and MFA might be an attractive strategy to resolve the tradeoff between strain and sensitivity,providing a basis for the preparation of high-performance magnetostrictive materials.展开更多
To provide a much more resilient transport scheme for tractor and trailer transportation systems,this paper explores the generation method of tractor and trailer transport schemes considering the influence of disrupte...To provide a much more resilient transport scheme for tractor and trailer transportation systems,this paper explores the generation method of tractor and trailer transport schemes considering the influence of disrupted events.Three states of tractors including towing loaded trailers,towing empty trailers,and idle driving are taken into account.Based on the disruption management theory,a scheduling model is constructed to minimize the total deviation cost including transportation time,transportation path,and number of used vehicles under the three states of tractors.A heuristics based on the contract net and simulated annealing algorithm is designed to solve the proposed model.Through comparative analysis of examples with different numbers of newly added transportation tasks and different types of road networks,the performance of the contract net algorithm in terms of deviations in idle driving paths,empty trailer paths,loaded trailer paths,time,number of used vehicles,and total deviation cost are analyzed.The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the model and algorithm,highlighting the superiority of the disruption management model and the contract net annealing algorithm.The study provides a reference for handling unexpected events in the tractor and trailer transportation industry.展开更多
Al−3.51Mg−0.42Mn−0.76Sc−0.40Zr(wt.%)alloy was prepared by selective laser melting(SLM)method.The mechanical properties and microstructure of the alloy after annealing at 300℃or 325℃for 6 h were studied.The tensile s...Al−3.51Mg−0.42Mn−0.76Sc−0.40Zr(wt.%)alloy was prepared by selective laser melting(SLM)method.The mechanical properties and microstructure of the alloy after annealing at 300℃or 325℃for 6 h were studied.The tensile strength,yield strength and elongation of the SLM alloy were 339 MPa,213 MPa and 24%,respectively.After annealing at 300℃for 6 h,the tensile and yield strength of the alloy were increased to 518 MPa and 505 MPa,respectively,and the elongation decreased to 13%.After annealing at 325℃for 6 h,the yield strength of the alloy was reduced to 483 MPa.The grain size of the alloy after annealing at 300℃and 325℃did not grow significantly,but the segregation of Mg element was significantly reduced.Nanoscale Al3(Sc,Zr)phase was precipitated from the alloy matrix,and its average size increased with the increase of annealing temperature.Therefore,the strength improvement of the annealed SLM aluminum alloy was mainly attributed to the precipitation strengthening of Al3(Sc,Zr),and the strengthening mechanism was mainly dislocation cutting mechanism.When the annealing temperature was too high,the coarsening of Al3(Sc,Zr)particles caused the strength to decrease.展开更多
Multilayered Ti-Al based intermetallic sheets were fabricated by sintering alternately layered titanium and aluminum foils.The microstructure and phase formation of the obtained sheets under different sintering condit...Multilayered Ti-Al based intermetallic sheets were fabricated by sintering alternately layered titanium and aluminum foils.The microstructure and phase formation of the obtained sheets under different sintering conditions were evaluated by various techniques.The results reveal that when the sintering temperature is above the melting point of aluminum,the self-propagating high-temperature synthesis reaction occurs between Ti and Al,and forms various phases of Ti-based solid solutions including α-Ti Ti3Al,TiAl,TiAl2 and α-Ti including TiAl3,etc.When the sintering time increased,Ti-based solid solution,TiAl2 and TiAl3 disappeared gradually,and the sheet containing Ti3Al and TiAl phases in a multilayered structure formed finally.A lot of voids were also observed in the sintered structures,which were caused by the melting Al,Kirkendall effect and the difference of molar volumes between reactants and products.The voids were eliminated and a dense sample was obtained by the following hot press.展开更多
Pure metal Fe films with thickness of about 100nm were deposited on Si （100） substrates by DC magnetron sputtering. Annealing was subsequently performed in a vacuum furnace in the temperature range of 600-1000℃ for...Pure metal Fe films with thickness of about 100nm were deposited on Si （100） substrates by DC magnetron sputtering. Annealing was subsequently performed in a vacuum furnace in the temperature range of 600-1000℃ for 2h. The samples were characterized by means of Rutherford backscattering （RBS） with 3MeV carbon ions. The RBS data were fitted with SIMNRA 6.0, and the results show the atomic interdiffusion in Fe/Si systems. The microstructures and crystal structures were characterized by scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffrac- tion. The effects of annealing on atomic interdiffusion, silicide formation, and microstructures in Fe/Si systems were analyzed.展开更多
Microstructures and element distributions of the as-cast, hot-rolled and cold-rolled Cu-Mg-Te-Y alloys were studied. Effects of rolling process and annealing temperature on the properties of the Cu-Mg-Te-Y alloys were...Microstructures and element distributions of the as-cast, hot-rolled and cold-rolled Cu-Mg-Te-Y alloys were studied. Effects of rolling process and annealing temperature on the properties of the Cu-Mg-Te-Y alloys were correspondingly investigated. The results indicate that the Mg element is homogeneously distributed in the matrix and the fragmentized Cu2Te phase is dispersed in the matrix after hot rolling. Then, the Cu2Te phase is further stretched to strip shape after the cold rolling process. The microstructures of the cold-rolled alloy keep unchanged for the sample annealed below 390 ℃ for 1 h. However, after annealing at 550 ℃ for 1 h, the copper alloy with fibrous microstructures formed during the cold rolling process recrystallizes, leading to an obvious drop of hardening effect and an increase of electrical conductivity. The Cu-Mg-Te-Y alloy with better comprehensive properties is obtained by annealing at 360-390 ℃.展开更多
For an n-variable logic function,the power dissipation and area of the REED-MULLER （RM） circuit corresponding to each polarity are different. Based on the propagation algorithm of signal probability,the decompositio...For an n-variable logic function,the power dissipation and area of the REED-MULLER （RM） circuit corresponding to each polarity are different. Based on the propagation algorithm of signal probability,the decomposition algorithm of a multi-input XOR/AND gate,and the multiple segment algorithm of polarity conversion,this paper successfully applies the whole annealing genetic algorithm （WAGA） to find the best polarity of an RM circuit. Through testing eight large-scale circuits from the Microelectronics Center North Carolina （MCNC） Benchmark, the SYNOPSYS synthesis results show that the RM circuits corresponding to the best polarity found using the proposed algorithm attain average power,area,and max delay savings of 77.2% ,62.4% ,and 9.2% respectively,compared with those under polarity 0.展开更多
基金Key Research and Development Plan of Shaanxi Province(2023-YBGY-493)。
文摘As-forged WSTi6421 titanium alloy billet afterβannealing was investigated.Abnormally coarse grains larger than adjacent grains could be observed in the microstructures,forming abnormal grain structures with uneven size distribution.Through electron backscattered diffraction(EBSD),the forged microstructure at various locations of as-forged WSTi6421 titanium alloy billet was analyzed,revealing that the strength of theβphase cubic texture generated by forging significantly influences the grain size afterβannealing.Heat treatment experiments were conducted within the temperature range from T_(β)−50°C to T_(β)+10°C to observe the macro-and micro-morphologies.Results show that the cubic texture ofβphase caused by forging impacts the texture of the secondaryαphase,which subsequently influences theβphase formed during the post-βannealing process.Moreover,the pinning effect of the residual primaryαphase plays a crucial role in the growth ofβgrains during theβannealing process.EBSD analysis results suggest that the strength ofβphase with cubic texture formed during forging process impacts the orientation distribution differences ofβgrains afterβannealing.Additionally,the development of grains with large orientations within the cubic texture shows a certain degree of selectivity duringβannealing,which is affected by various factors,including the pinning effect of the primaryαphase,the strength of the matrix cubic texture,and the orientation relationship betweenβgrain and matrix.Comprehensively,the stronger the texture in a certain region,the less likely the large misoriented grains suffering secondary growth,thereby aggregating the difference in microstructure and grain orientation distribution across different regions afterβannealing.
文摘The effect of hot band annealing processes—batch annealing and continuous annealing—on the texture evolution and ridging performance of ferritic stainless steel was investigated.The surface and central layers of the hot band exhibited strong shear and plane deformation textures,respectively.After batch annealing,the texture intensity of the hot-rolled sheet texture significantly decreased,and a weak recrystallization texture appeared,while fully recrystallized grains occurred after continuous annealing.A complete recrystallized{111}texture was obtained after recrystallization annealing.The sheet subjected to continuous annealing exhibited the highest intensity of{111}texture,which was accompanied by a dispersed grain orientation distribution,resulting in the lowest ridging height.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2022YFB3207100)the Hubei Provincial Strategic Scientist Training Plan(No.2022EJD009)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2042023kf1041).
文摘The technology of through-silicon via(TSV)is extensively employed for achieving dense 3D integration.TSV facilitates the electrical interconnection of various layers of integrated circuits in a vertical orientation,thereby allowing for the creation of sophisticated and space-efficient systems that incorporate diverse functionalities.This work reports TSV fabrication with dual annealing-CMP processes to explore the influence of annealing and CMP processes on the evolution of TSV-Cu microstructures and protrusions.The results show that the dual CMP process can effectively reduce protrusion at high temperatures.The Cu protrusion height increased as both the annealing temperature and duration increased,which was consistent with the high-temperature annealing results,whereas a random phenomenon occurred under 250℃ annealing.A phase field model related to the TSV grain size was established to quantitatively explore the grain morphology distribution and thermal-mechanical behavior.The results show that the strain in copper is nonuniform and that the degree of plastic deformation for each grain is closely related to its distribution.The quantity of grains within the TSV is the most important factor for protrusion.As the average grain size increases,the prominence of copper grain protrusions within TSV intensifies,and the anisotropy of the Cu grains becomes more pronounced.The thermal-mechanical behavior strongly depends on the grain orientation near the top of the TSV,which can cause TSV protrusion irregularities.This work may provide more opportunities to design high-performance TSV preparation methods from the viewpoint of the dual CMP process.
基金the financial support from the High-Tech Industry Technology Innovation Leading Plan of Hunan Province,China(2020GK2032)the Innovation Driven Program of Central South University(CSU)(2019CX006)the Research Fund of the Key Laboratory of High Performance Complex Manufacturing at CSU。
文摘Ultra fine-grained pure metals and their alloys have high strength and low ductility.In this study,cryorolling under different strains followed by low-temperature short-time annealing was used to fabricate pure nickel sheets combining high strength with good ductility.The results show that,for different cryorolling strains,the uniform elongation was greatly increased without sacrificing the strength after annealing.A yield strength of 607 MPa and a uniform elongation of 11.7%were obtained after annealing at a small cryorolling strain(ε=0.22),while annealing at a large cryorolling strain(ε=1.6)resulted in a yield strength of 990 MPa and a uniform elongation of 6.4%.X-ray diffraction(XRD),transmission electron microscopy(TEM),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and electron backscattered diffraction(EBSD)were used to characterize the microstructure of the specimens and showed that the high strength could be attributed to strain hardening during cryorolling,with an additional contribution from grain refinement and the formation of dislocation walls.The high ductility could be attributed to annealing twins and micro-shear bands during stretching,which improved the strain hardening capacity.The results show that the synergistic effect of strength and ductility can be regulated through low-temperature short-time annealing with different cryorolling strains,which provides a new reference for the design of future thermo-mechanical processes.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project of China(No.J2019-VI-0006-0120)the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2021YFB3700402)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52074092 and 52274330).
文摘We discussed the decrease in residual stress,precipitation evolution,and mechanical properties of GH4151 alloy in different annealing temperatures,which were studied by the scanning electron microscope(SEM),high-resolution transmission electron microscopy(HRTEM),and electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD).The findings reveal that annealing processing has a significant impact on diminishing residual stresses.As the annealing temperature rose from 950 to 1150℃,the majority of the residual stresses were relieved from 60.1 MPa down to 10.9 MPa.Moreover,the stress relaxation mechanism transitioned from being mainly controlled by dislocation slip to a combination of dislocation slip and grain boundary migration.Meanwhile,the annealing treatment promotes the decomposition of the Laves,accompanied by the precipitation ofμ-(Mo_(6)Co_(7))starting at 950℃ and reaching a maximum value at 1050℃.The tensile strength and plasticity of the annealing alloy at 1150℃ reached the maximum(1394 MPa,56.1%)which was 131%,200%fold than those of the as-cast alloy(1060 MPa,26.6%),but the oxidation process in the alloy was accelerated at 1150℃.The enhancement in durability and flexibility is primarily due to the dissolution of the brittle phase,along with the shape and dispersal of theγ′phase.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62150710548,61834008,U21A20493)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFB2802801)+2 种基金the Key Research and Development Program of Jiangsu Province(BE2021008-1)the Suzhou Key Laboratory of New-type Laser Display Technology(SZS2022007)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20232042).
文摘Relationship between the hole concentration at room temperature and the Mg doping concentration in p-GaN grown by MOCVD after sufficient annealing was studied in this paper.Different annealing conditions were applied to obtain sufficient activation for p-GaN samples with different Mg doping ranges.Hole concentration,resistivity and mobility were characterized by room-temperature Hall measurements.The Mg doping concentration and the residual impurities such as H,C,O and Si were measured by secondary ion mass spectroscopy,confirming negligible compensations by the impurities.The hole concentration,resistivity and mobility data are presented as a function of Mg concentration,and are compared with literature data.The appropriate curve relating the Mg doping concentration to the hole concentration is derived using a charge neutrality equation and the ionized-acceptor-density[N-(A)^(-)](cm^(−3))dependent ionization energy of Mg acceptor was determined asE_(A)^(Mg)=184−2.66×10^(−5)×[N_(A)^(-)]1/3 meV.
基金supported by the MOTIE (Ministry of Trade,Industry,and Energy)in Korea,under the Fostering Global Talents for Innovative Growth Program (P0017308)supervised by the Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology (KIAT)+1 种基金supported by the MSIT (Ministry of Science and ICT),Korea,under the ITRC (Information Technology Research Center)support program (IITP-2024-2020-0-01655)supervised by the IITP (Institute of Information and Communications Technology Planning and Evaluation).
文摘In this study, aluminum-doped zinc oxide(AZO) thin films were deposited onto a low-temperature polyethylene terephthalate(PET) substrate using DC magnetron sputtering. Deposition parameters included power range of 100-300 W, a working pressure of 15 mTorr, and a substrate temperature of 50 ℃. Post-deposition, flash lamp annealing(FLA) was employed as a rapid thermal processing method with a pulse duration of 1.7 ms and energy density of 7 J·cm-2, aimed at enhancing the film's quality while preserving the temperature-sensitive PET substrate. FLA offers advantages over conventional annealing,including shorter processing times and improved material properties. The structural, optical, and electrical characteristics of the AZO films were assessed using X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and Hall effect measurements. The results demonstrated that properties of AZO films varied with deposition and annealing conditions. Films deposited at 200 W and subjected to FLA exhibited superior crystallinity, with average visible light transmittance exceeding 80% and resistivity as low as 0.38 Ω·cm representing 95%improvement in transmittance. Electrical analysis revealed that carrier concentration, mobility, and resistivity were influenced by both sputtering and annealing parameters. These findings underscore the effectiveness of FLA in optimizing AZO thin film properties, highlighting potential in optoelectronics applications.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.62275235).
文摘A numerical model based on measured fictive temperature distributions is explored to evaluate the residual stress fields of CO_(2)laser-annealed mitigated fused silica damage sites.The proposed model extracts the residual strain from the differences in thermoelastic contraction of fused silica with different fictive temperatures from the initial frozen-in temperatures to ambient temperature.The residual stress fields of mitigated damage sites for the CO_(2)laser-annealed case are obtained by a finite element analysis of equilibrium equations and constitutive equations.The simulated results indicate that the proposed model can accurately evaluate the residual stress fields of laser-annealed mitigated damage sites with a complex thermal history.The calculated maximum hoop stress is in good agreement with the reported experimental result.The estimated optical retardance profiles from the calculated radial and hoop stress fields are consistent with the photoelastic measurements.These results provide sufficient evidence to demonstrate the suitability of the proposed model for describing the residual stresses of mitigated fused silica damage sites after CO_(2)laser annealing.
基金This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Nos.2022YFB3605205,2021YFB3601000,and 2021YFB3601002)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U22A20134,62074069,62104078,and 62104079)the Science and Technology Developing Project of Jilin Province(Nos.20220201065GX,20230101053JC,and 20220101119JC).
文摘A nitrogen-polarity(N-polarity)GaN-based high electron mobility transistor(HEMT)shows great potential for high-fre-quency solid-state power amplifier applications because its two-dimensional electron gas(2DEG)density and mobility are mini-mally affected by device scaling.However,the Schottky barrier height(SBH)of N-polarity GaN is low.This leads to a large gate leakage in N-polarity GaN-based HEMTs.In this work,we investigate the effect of annealing on the electrical characteristics of N-polarity GaN-based Schottky barrier diodes(SBDs)with Ni/Au electrodes.Our results show that the annealing time and tem-perature have a large influence on the electrical properties of N-polarity GaN SBDs.Compared to the N-polarity SBD without annealing,the SBH and rectification ratio at±5 V of the SBD are increased from 0.51 eV and 30 to 0.77 eV and 7700,respec-tively,and the ideal factor of the SBD is decreased from 1.66 to 1.54 after an optimized annealing process.Our analysis results suggest that the improvement of the electrical properties of SBDs after annealing is mainly due to the reduction of the inter-face state density between Schottky contact metals and N-polarity GaN and the increase of barrier height for the electron emis-sion from the trap state at low reverse bias.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52271107 and 52205392)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(No.ZR2021ME241)the Bintech-IMR R&D Program(No.GYY-JSBU-2022-012).
文摘The basal texture of traditional magnesium alloy AZ31 is easy to form and exhibits poor plasticity at room temperature.To address these problems,a multi-micro-alloyed high-plasticity Mg-1.8Zn-0.8Gd-0.1Ca-0.2Mn(wt%)alloy was developed using the unique role of rare earth and Ca solute atoms.In addition,the influence of the annealing process on the grain size,second phase,texture,and mechanical properties of the warm-rolled sheet at room temperature was analyzed with the goal of developing high-plasticity mag-nesium alloy sheets and obtaining optimal thermal-mechanical treatment parameters.The results show that the annealing temperature has a significant effect on the microstructure and properties due to the low alloying content:there are small amounts of larger-sized block and long string phases along the rolling direction(RD),as well as several spherical and rodlike particle phases inside the grains.With increas-ing annealing temperature,the grain size decreases and then increases,and the morphology,number,and size of the second phase also change correspondingly.The particle phase within the grains vanishes at 450℃,and the grain size increases sharply.In the full recrystal-lization stage at 300-350℃,the optimum strength-plasticity comprehensive mechanical properties are presented,with yield strengths of 182.1 and 176.9 MPa,tensile strengths of 271.1 and 275.8 MPa in the RD and transverse direction(TD),and elongation values of 27.4%and 32.3%,respectively.Moreover,there are still some larger-sized phases in the alloy that influence its mechanical properties,which offers room for improvement.
基金Project(202203021221088)supported by the Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province,ChinaProject(20230010)supported by the Fund Program for the Scientific Activities of Selected Returned Overseas Professionals in Shanxi Province,China+5 种基金Project(202201050201012)supported by the Shanxi Provincial Science and Technology Major Special Project Plan of Taking the Lead in Unveiling the List,ChinaProject(2023-063)supported by the Research Project Supported by Shanxi Scholarship Council of ChinaProjects(51771129,52271109)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2021YFB3703300)supported by the National Key Research and Development Program for Young Scientists,ChinaProject(YDZJSX2021B019)supported by the Special Fund Project for Guiding Local Science and Technology Development by the Central Government,ChinaProject(SKL-YSJ202103)supported by the Open Foundation of State Key Laboratory of High-end Compressor and System Technology,China。
文摘In this study,the Mg-3Zn-0.5Zr-χNd(χ=0,0.6)alloys were subjected to final rolling treatment with large deformation of 50%.The impact of annealing temperatures on the microstructure and mechanical properties was investigated.The rolled Mg-3Zn-0.5Zr-0.6Nd alloy exhibited an ultimate tensile strength of 386 MPa,a yield strength of 361 MPa,and an elongation of 7.1%.Annealing at different temperatures resulted in reduced strength and obviously increased elongation for both alloys.Optimal mechanical properties for the Mg-3Zn-0.5Zr-0.6Nd alloy were achieved after annealing at 200℃,with an ultimate tensile strength of 287 MPa,a yield strength of 235 MPa,and an elongation of 26.1%.The numerous deformed microstructures,twins,and precipitated phases in the rolled alloy could impede the deformation at room temperature and increase the work hardening rate.After annealing,a decrease in the work hardening effect and an increase in the dynamic recovery effect were obtained due to the formation of fine equiaxed grains,and the increased volume fraction of precipitated phases,which significantly improved the elongation of the alloy.Additionally,the addition of Nd element could enhance the annealing recrystallization rate,reduce the Schmid factor difference between basal and prismatic slip systems,facilitate multi-system slip initiation and improve the alloy plasticity.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82273784,China)the Research and Develop Program,West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University(RD-03-202004,China)+3 种基金the 1.3.5 Project for Disciplines of Excellence,West China Hospital,Sichuan University(ZYYC 21002,ZYGD23025,China)the Clinical Research Innovation Project,West China Hospital,Sichuan University(2019 HXCX006,China)the Science and Technology Major Project of Tibetan Autonomous Region of China(XZ202201ZD0001G,China)the Sichuan Science and Technology Program(2023 ZYD0168,China).
文摘Multifunctional therapeutics have emerged as a solution to the constraints imposed by drugs with singular or insufficient therapeutic effects.The primary challenge is to integrate diverse pharmacophores within a single-molecule framework.To address this,we introduced DeepSA,a novel edit-based generative framework that utilizes deep simulated annealing for the modification of articaine,a wellknown local anesthetic.DeepSA integrates deep neural networks into metaheuristics,effectively constraining molecular space during compound generation.This framework employs a sophisticated objective function that accounts for scaffold preservation,anti-inflammatory properties,and covalent constraints.Through a sequence of local editing to navigate the molecular space,DeepSA successfully identified AT-17,a derivative exhibiting potent analgesic properties and significant anti-inflammatory activity in various animal models.Mechanistic insights into AT-17 revealed its dual mode of action:selective inhibition of NaV1.7 and 1.8 channels,contributing to its prolonged local anesthetic effects,and suppression of inflammatory mediators via modulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway.These findings not only highlight the efficacy of AT-17 as a multifunctional drug candidate but also highlight the potential of DeepSA in facilitating AI-enhanced drug discovery,particularly within stringent chemical constraints.
文摘In this study we are reporting annealing induced optical properties of bismuth ferrite (BiFeO3) thin films deposited on glass substrate via spin coating at 5000 rpm. The structural, optical and surface morphology of BiFeO3 (BFO) thin films have been studied via X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), Optical absorption (UV-Vis) and Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. XRD spectra confirm annealing induced phase formation of BiFeO3 possessing a rhombohedral R3c structure. The films are dense and without cracks, although the presence of porosity in BFO/glass was observed. Moreover, optical absorption spectra indicate annealing induced effect on the energy band structure in comparison to pristine BiFeO3. It is observed that annealing effect shows an intense shift in the UV-Vis spectra as diffuse absorption together with the variation in the optical band gap. The evaluated optical band gap values are approximately equal to the bulk band gap value of BiFeO3.
基金supported by the following funds:The Natural Science Foundation of China(52275395,51935014,82072084)The Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province(2023RC3046)+5 种基金Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST(2020QNRC002)National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFB4605800)Central South University Innovation-Driven Research Programme(2023CXQD023)JiangXi Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(20224ACB204013)The Project of State Key Laboratory of Precision Manufacturing for Extreme Service Performance,Central South UniversityThe Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Central South University(1053320230182).
文摘Magnetostrictive Fe-Ga alloys have been demonstrated potentialities for numerous applications,whereas,suffering a tradeoff between large magnetostrictive strain and high sensitivity.Herein,bulk polycrystalline Fe81Ga19 alloys were prepared by laser-beam powder bed fusion(LPBF)and then annealed in magnetic field for manipulating the comprehensive magnetostrictive properties.Results indicate that<001>oriented grains are developed in the LPBF-prepared Fe81Ga19 alloys due to high temperature gradient.After magnetic field annealing(MFA),the magnetic domains within the alloys gradually transformed into well-arranged stripe domains,especially,flat and smooth 90°domains were established in the alloys annealed at 2600 Oe.As a result,the induced<001>orientation grains and 90°domains contributed to an improved effective magnetic anisotropy constant(57.053 kJ/m^(3)),leading to an enhanced magnetostrictive strain of 92 ppm.Moreover,the MFA-treated alloys also displayed enhanced magnetostrictive sensitivity(0.097 ppm/Oe)owing to the smooth domain structures and low dislocation densities,demonstrating a fruitful strain-sensitivity synergy.In addition,good magnetostrictive dynamic response and enhanced compressive yield strength were also observed for the prepared alloys.This work demonstrates that LPBF and MFA might be an attractive strategy to resolve the tradeoff between strain and sensitivity,providing a basis for the preparation of high-performance magnetostrictive materials.
基金support provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52362055)the Science and Technology Plan Project of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region(Grant No.2021AC19334)Guangxi Science and Technology Major Program(Grant No.AA23062053).
文摘To provide a much more resilient transport scheme for tractor and trailer transportation systems,this paper explores the generation method of tractor and trailer transport schemes considering the influence of disrupted events.Three states of tractors including towing loaded trailers,towing empty trailers,and idle driving are taken into account.Based on the disruption management theory,a scheduling model is constructed to minimize the total deviation cost including transportation time,transportation path,and number of used vehicles under the three states of tractors.A heuristics based on the contract net and simulated annealing algorithm is designed to solve the proposed model.Through comparative analysis of examples with different numbers of newly added transportation tasks and different types of road networks,the performance of the contract net algorithm in terms of deviations in idle driving paths,empty trailer paths,loaded trailer paths,time,number of used vehicles,and total deviation cost are analyzed.The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the model and algorithm,highlighting the superiority of the disruption management model and the contract net annealing algorithm.The study provides a reference for handling unexpected events in the tractor and trailer transportation industry.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2018YFB2001801)State’s Key Project of Research and Development Plan(No.2021YFC1910505)the Key Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province,China(No.2020B010186002)。
文摘Al−3.51Mg−0.42Mn−0.76Sc−0.40Zr(wt.%)alloy was prepared by selective laser melting(SLM)method.The mechanical properties and microstructure of the alloy after annealing at 300℃or 325℃for 6 h were studied.The tensile strength,yield strength and elongation of the SLM alloy were 339 MPa,213 MPa and 24%,respectively.After annealing at 300℃for 6 h,the tensile and yield strength of the alloy were increased to 518 MPa and 505 MPa,respectively,and the elongation decreased to 13%.After annealing at 325℃for 6 h,the yield strength of the alloy was reduced to 483 MPa.The grain size of the alloy after annealing at 300℃and 325℃did not grow significantly,but the segregation of Mg element was significantly reduced.Nanoscale Al3(Sc,Zr)phase was precipitated from the alloy matrix,and its average size increased with the increase of annealing temperature.Therefore,the strength improvement of the annealed SLM aluminum alloy was mainly attributed to the precipitation strengthening of Al3(Sc,Zr),and the strengthening mechanism was mainly dislocation cutting mechanism.When the annealing temperature was too high,the coarsening of Al3(Sc,Zr)particles caused the strength to decrease.
基金Project (2010DFA51650) supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China
文摘Multilayered Ti-Al based intermetallic sheets were fabricated by sintering alternately layered titanium and aluminum foils.The microstructure and phase formation of the obtained sheets under different sintering conditions were evaluated by various techniques.The results reveal that when the sintering temperature is above the melting point of aluminum,the self-propagating high-temperature synthesis reaction occurs between Ti and Al,and forms various phases of Ti-based solid solutions including α-Ti Ti3Al,TiAl,TiAl2 and α-Ti including TiAl3,etc.When the sintering time increased,Ti-based solid solution,TiAl2 and TiAl3 disappeared gradually,and the sheet containing Ti3Al and TiAl phases in a multilayered structure formed finally.A lot of voids were also observed in the sintered structures,which were caused by the melting Al,Kirkendall effect and the difference of molar volumes between reactants and products.The voids were eliminated and a dense sample was obtained by the following hot press.
文摘Pure metal Fe films with thickness of about 100nm were deposited on Si （100） substrates by DC magnetron sputtering. Annealing was subsequently performed in a vacuum furnace in the temperature range of 600-1000℃ for 2h. The samples were characterized by means of Rutherford backscattering （RBS） with 3MeV carbon ions. The RBS data were fitted with SIMNRA 6.0, and the results show the atomic interdiffusion in Fe/Si systems. The microstructures and crystal structures were characterized by scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffrac- tion. The effects of annealing on atomic interdiffusion, silicide formation, and microstructures in Fe/Si systems were analyzed.
基金Project (50875031) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject (DUT122D205) supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China
文摘Microstructures and element distributions of the as-cast, hot-rolled and cold-rolled Cu-Mg-Te-Y alloys were studied. Effects of rolling process and annealing temperature on the properties of the Cu-Mg-Te-Y alloys were correspondingly investigated. The results indicate that the Mg element is homogeneously distributed in the matrix and the fragmentized Cu2Te phase is dispersed in the matrix after hot rolling. Then, the Cu2Te phase is further stretched to strip shape after the cold rolling process. The microstructures of the cold-rolled alloy keep unchanged for the sample annealed below 390 ℃ for 1 h. However, after annealing at 550 ℃ for 1 h, the copper alloy with fibrous microstructures formed during the cold rolling process recrystallizes, leading to an obvious drop of hardening effect and an increase of electrical conductivity. The Cu-Mg-Te-Y alloy with better comprehensive properties is obtained by annealing at 360-390 ℃.
文摘For an n-variable logic function,the power dissipation and area of the REED-MULLER （RM） circuit corresponding to each polarity are different. Based on the propagation algorithm of signal probability,the decomposition algorithm of a multi-input XOR/AND gate,and the multiple segment algorithm of polarity conversion,this paper successfully applies the whole annealing genetic algorithm （WAGA） to find the best polarity of an RM circuit. Through testing eight large-scale circuits from the Microelectronics Center North Carolina （MCNC） Benchmark, the SYNOPSYS synthesis results show that the RM circuits corresponding to the best polarity found using the proposed algorithm attain average power,area,and max delay savings of 77.2% ,62.4% ,and 9.2% respectively,compared with those under polarity 0.
