Food Waste(FW)is a pressing environmental concern that affects every country globally.About one-third of the food that is produced ends up as waste,contributing to the carbon footprint.Hence,the FW must be properly tr...Food Waste(FW)is a pressing environmental concern that affects every country globally.About one-third of the food that is produced ends up as waste,contributing to the carbon footprint.Hence,the FW must be properly treated to reduce environmental pollution.This study evaluates a few available Food Waste Treatment(FWT)technologies,such as anaerobic digestion,composting,landfill,and incineration,which are widely used.A Bipolar Picture Fuzzy Set(BPFS)is proposed to deal with the ambiguity and uncertainty that arise when converting a real-world problem to a mathematical model.A novel Criteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation-Stable Preference Ordering Towards Ideal Solution(CRITIC-SPOTIS)approach is developed to objectively analyze FWT selection based on thirteen criteria covering the industry’s technical,environmental,and entrepreneurial aspects.The CRITIC method is used for the objective analysis of the importance of each criterion in FWT selection.The SPOTIS method is adopted to rank the alternative hassle-free,following the criteria.The proposed model offers a rank reversal-free model,i.e.,the rank of the alternatives remains unaffected even after the addition or removal of an alternative.In addition,comparative and sensitivity analyses are performed to ensure the reliability and robustness of the proposed model and to validate the proposed result.展开更多
This paper researched a promising biological treatment of methyl violet waste water by methods of activated sludge.Effects of temperature and pH were studied on this process.Kinetic equation ...This paper researched a promising biological treatment of methyl violet waste water by methods of activated sludge.Effects of temperature and pH were studied on this process.Kinetic equation of the substrate biodegradation was investigated in the experimental range.It was studied and simulated that flow within the bubble region of this bioreactor according to the κ ε two fluid equation.Simulation results agree well with experimental data.展开更多
The present study dealt with relationships between the degradation and humification process that the organic matter underwent during bacteria-mineral technology. An inverse correlation was found between the protein, l...The present study dealt with relationships between the degradation and humification process that the organic matter underwent during bacteria-mineral technology. An inverse correlation was found between the protein, lipid, and some of the humification indices considered, suggesting that the humification theory is actually humic substances produced from simple-structured natural organic substrates. Weight-average molecular weight （Mw）, number-average molecular weight （Mn）, and the ratio Mw/Mn of dissolved organic matters at different stages of the process were measured by gel permeation chromatography. The results showed that Mn and Mw increased with reaction time from 352 to 17,191, and from 78,707 to 104,564, respectively. The ratio of Mn/Mw decreased from 223.3 to 6.1. This reflected the growth of the polymerization degree of dissolvable organic matters in the process; furthermore, it indicated the formation of complex molecules （humic substances） from more simple molecules. Bacteria-mineral water （BMW） （the effluent of the process） treatments can exert hormone-like activity for enhanced seed germination of wheat and rice and greatly improved chlorophyll synthesis in wheat and rice leaves, Major polyamines （plant regulators） putrescine, spermidine, and spermine, were found in BMW by a high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） method, which may explain the hormone-like activity of BMW.展开更多
As an oil-decomposable mixture of two bacteria strains(Bacillus sp. and Pseudomonas sp.), Y3 was isolated after 50 d domestication under the condition that oil was used as the limited carbon source. The decomposing ra...As an oil-decomposable mixture of two bacteria strains(Bacillus sp. and Pseudomonas sp.), Y3 was isolated after 50 d domestication under the condition that oil was used as the limited carbon source. The decomposing rate by Y3 was higher than that by each separate individual strain, indicating a synergistic effect of the two bacteria. Under the conditions that T=25—40℃,pH=6—8, HRT(Hydraulic retention time)=36 h and the oil concentration at 0.1%, Y3 yielded the highest decomposing rate of 95.7 %. Y3 was also applied in an organic waste treatment machine and a certain rate of activated bacteria was put into the stuffing. A series of tests including humidity, pH, temperature, C/N rate and oil percentage of the stuffing were carried out to check the efficacy of oil-decomposition. Results showed that the oil content of the stuffing with inoculums was only half of that of the control. Furthermore, the bacteria were also beneficial to maintain the stability of the machine operating. Therefore, the bacteria mixture as well as the machines in this study could be very useful for waste treatment.展开更多
Ameliorating waste treatment by technological improvements affects the economic and the ecological-environment benefits of intensive pig production. The objective of the research was to develop and test a method to de...Ameliorating waste treatment by technological improvements affects the economic and the ecological-environment benefits of intensive pig production. The objective of the research was to develop and test a method to determine the technical optimization to ameliorate waste treatment methods and gain insight into the relationship between technological options and the economic and ecological effects. We developed an integrated bio-economic model which incorporates the farming production and waste disposal systems to simulate the impact of technological improvements in pig manure treatment on economic and environmental benefits for the case of a pilot farm in Beijing, China. Based on different waste treatment technology options, three scenarios are applied for the simulation analysis of the model. The simulation results reveal that the economic-environmental benefits of the livestock farm could be improved by reducing the cropland manure application and increasing the composting production with the current technologies. Nevertheless, the technical efficiency, the waste treatment capacity and the economic benefits could be further improved by the introduction of new technologies. It implies that technological and economic support policies should be implemented comprehensively on waste disposal and resource utilization to promote sustainable development in intensive livestock production in China.展开更多
Lift cycle assessment(LCA)methodology was applied to evaluating and comparing two waste acid disposal processes in zinc smelting.The results indicate that environmental impacts of gas−liquid vulcanization technologies...Lift cycle assessment(LCA)methodology was applied to evaluating and comparing two waste acid disposal processes in zinc smelting.The results indicate that environmental impacts of gas−liquid vulcanization technologies are human toxicity,abiotic depletion potential,and global warming risk,which are mainly caused in neutralizing−evaporating−crystallization unit and electrodialysis unit.As for traditional lime neutralization method,vulcanization unit is the main factor.In this regard,the total environmental impact of traditional lime neutralization method is much higher than that of gas−liquid vulcanization technologies.Furthermore,the sensitive analysis shows that electricity and sodium sulfide(60%)are sensitive factors in two waste acid disposal technologies.In addition,the total cost of disposing a functional unit waste acid in traditional lime neutralization process is nearly 27 times that of the gas−liquid vulcanization waste acid disposal technologies.展开更多
CO_(2)mineralization as a promising CO_(2)mitigation strategy can employ industrial alkaline solid wastes to achieve net emission reduction of atmospheric CO_(2).The red mud is a strong alkalinity waste residue produc...CO_(2)mineralization as a promising CO_(2)mitigation strategy can employ industrial alkaline solid wastes to achieve net emission reduction of atmospheric CO_(2).The red mud is a strong alkalinity waste residue produced from the aluminum industry by the Bayer process which has the potential for the industrial CO_(2)large scale treatment.However,limited by complex components of red mud and harsh operating conditions,it is challenging to directly mineralize CO_(2)using red mud to recover carbon and sodium resources and to produce mineralized products simultaneously with high economic value efficiently.Herein,we propose a novel electrochemical CO_(2)mineralization strategy for red mud treatment driven by hydrogen-cycled membrane electrolysis,realizing mineralization of CO_(2)efficiently and recovery of carbon and sodium resources with economic value.The system utilizes H_(2)as the redox-active proton carrier to drive the cathode and anode to generate OH^(-) and H^(+) at low voltage,respectively.The H^(+) plays as a neutralizer for the alkalinity of red mud and the OH^(-) is used to mineralize CO_(2)into generate highpurity NaHCO_(3)product.We verify that the system can effectively recover carbon and sodium resources in red mud treatment process,which shows that the average electrolysis efficiency is 95.3%with highpurity(99.4%)NaHCO_(3)product obtained.The low electrolysis voltage of 0.453 V is achieved at10 mA·cm^(-2) in this system indicates a potential low energy consumption industrial process.Further,we successfully demonstrate that this process has the ability of direct efficient mineralization of flue gas CO_(2)(15%volume)without extra capturing,being a novel potential strategy for carbon neutralization.展开更多
This paper adopts a medium pressure mercury lamp as light source and ZnO powder as catalyst to investigate the effect of radioactive wave length, component of phenol ZnO suspension and st...This paper adopts a medium pressure mercury lamp as light source and ZnO powder as catalyst to investigate the effect of radioactive wave length, component of phenol ZnO suspension and stirring method on phenol decomposition rate. The optimized conditions for the phenol decomposition are: (1) Radioactive wave length: 360～420 nm; (2)Phenol concentration in the suspension is less than 200 mg/l; (3)ZnO concentration is 3～8 g/l; (4)pH value is 5～7; (5)Reaction temperature is 25℃～40℃; (6)Agitation at atmosphere. Phenol can decompose in two ways: (1)Reacting with photogenerated cavity; (2)Reacting with ·OH radical.展开更多
A new and effective strategy was proposed for preparing new organic-inorganic composite biosorbent with spherical silica as supporting core and chitosan（CS）-based hybrid layer as shell based on sol-gel reaction and ...A new and effective strategy was proposed for preparing new organic-inorganic composite biosorbent with spherical silica as supporting core and chitosan（CS）-based hybrid layer as shell based on sol-gel reaction and simple treatment with sodium hydroxide（NaOH）. The coating layer was covalently bound on the supporting silica through polysaccharide incorporated sol-gel process starting from CS and inorganic precursor γ-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysiloxane（GPTMS）. GPTMS had epoxide groups and cross-linked amine groups of CS to avoid its acidic solubilization. The composite biosorbent had coarse surface due to the wet phase-inversion by treating in NaOH solution. The prepared biosorbent could be used in treating electric plating wastewater.展开更多
Investigations on the recycling plasma pyrolysis technique are presented in 25 kW was employed for the experiments. of oyster shells and bone waste treatment using the this paper. A arc based plasma torch operated at ...Investigations on the recycling plasma pyrolysis technique are presented in 25 kW was employed for the experiments. of oyster shells and bone waste treatment using the this paper. A arc based plasma torch operated at Fresh oyster shells were recycled using the plasma torch to convert them to a useful product such as CaO. Bone waste was treated to remove the infectious organic part and to vitrify the inorganic part. The time required for treatment in both cases was significantly short. Significant reduction in the weight of the samples was observed in both cases.展开更多
The Activated Sludge Process(ASP) exhibits highly nonlinear properties. The design of an automatic control system that is robust against disturbance of inlet wastewater flow rate and has short process settling times i...The Activated Sludge Process(ASP) exhibits highly nonlinear properties. The design of an automatic control system that is robust against disturbance of inlet wastewater flow rate and has short process settling times is a challenging matter. The proposed control method is an I-P modi fied controller automatic control system with state variable feedback and control canonical form simulation diagram for the process. A more stable response is achieved with this type of modern control. Settling times of 0.48 days are achieved for the concentration of microorganisms,(reference value step increase of 50 mg·L-1) and 0.01 days for the concentration of oxygen(reference value step increase of 0.1 mg·L-1). Fluctuations of concentrations of oxygen and microorganisms after an inlet disturbance of5 × 103m3·d-1are small. Changes in the reference values of oxygen and microorganisms(increases by 10%, 20% and 30%) show satisfactory response of the system in all cases. Changes in the value of inlet wastewater flow rate disturbance(increases by 10%, 25%, 50% and 100%) are stabilized by the control system in short time. Maximum percent overshoot is also taken in consideration in all cases and the largest value is 25% which is acceptable. The proposed method with I-P controller is better for disturbance rejection and process settling times compared to the same method using PI controller. This method can substitute optimal control systems in ASP.展开更多
An environmental and economic assessment of the development of a plasma-chemical reactor equipped with plasma torches for the environmentally friendly treatment of waste streams by plasma is outlined with a view to th...An environmental and economic assessment of the development of a plasma-chemical reactor equipped with plasma torches for the environmentally friendly treatment of waste streams by plasma is outlined with a view to the chemical and energetic valorization of the sustainability in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia（KSA）. This is especially applicable in the pilgrimage season in the city of Makkah, which is a major challenge since the amount of waste was estimated at about 750 thousand tons through Arabic Year 1435 H（2015）, and is growing at a rate of 3%–5% annually. According to statistics, the value of waste in Saudi Arabia ranges between 8 and 9 billion EUR. The Plasma-Treatment Project（PTP） encompasses the direct plasma treatment of all types of waste（from source and landfill）, as well as an environmental vision and economic evaluation of the use of the gas produced for fuel and electricity production in KSA, especially in the pilgrimage season in the holy city Makkah. The electrical power required for the plasmatreatment process is estimated at 5000 kW（2000 kW used for the operation of the system and 3000 kW sold）, taking into account the fact that：（1） the processing capacity of solid waste is 100 tons per day（2） and the sale of electricity amounts to 23.8 MW at 0.18 EUR per kWh.（3） The profit from the sale of electricity per year is estimated at 3.27 million EUR and the estimated profit of solid-waste treatment amounts to 6 million EUR per year and（4） the gross profit per ton of solid waste totals 8 million EUR per year. The present article introduces the first stage of the PTP, in Makkah in the pilgrimage season, which consists of five stages：（1） study and treatment of waste streams,（2） slaughterhouse waste treatment,（3） treatment of refuse-derived fuel,（4）treatment of car tires and（5） treatment of slag（the fifth stage associated with each stage from the four previous stages）.展开更多
Accumulating operational experience in both aerobic and anaerobic mechanical biological waste treatment （MBT） makes it increasingly obvious that controlled water management would substantially reduce the cost of MBT...Accumulating operational experience in both aerobic and anaerobic mechanical biological waste treatment （MBT） makes it increasingly obvious that controlled water management would substantially reduce the cost of MBT and also enhance resource recovery of the organic and inorganic fraction. The MBT plant at Gescher, Germany, is used as an example in order to determine the quantity and composition of process water and leachates from intensive and subsequent rotting, pressing water from anaerobic digestion and scrubber water from acid exhaust air treatment, and hence prepare an MBT water balance. The potential of, requirements for and limits to internal process water reuse as well as the possibilities of resource recovery from scrubber water are also examined. Finally, an assimilated process water management concept with the purpose of an extensive reduction of wastewater quantity and freshwater demand is presented.展开更多
Daily meat consumption produces a lot of bone waste, and dumped bone waste without treatment would result in environmental hazards. Conventional treatment methods of waste bones have some disadvantages. Herein, an inv...Daily meat consumption produces a lot of bone waste, and dumped bone waste without treatment would result in environmental hazards. Conventional treatment methods of waste bones have some disadvantages. Herein, an investigation of bone waste treated using thermal plasma technology is presented. A high-temperature plasma torch operated at 25.2 kW was used to treat bone waste for seven minutes. The bone waste was finally changed into vitric matter and lost 2/3 of its weight after the treatment. The process was highly efficient, economical, convenient, and fuel-free. This method could be used as an alternative for disposal of bone waste, small infectious animals, hazardous hospital waste, etc.展开更多
Wastewaters from the chemical industry are usually of high-strength and may contain minor inhibitory and recalcitrant organics that are at times not readily identifiable. This paper describes the experience of a biolo...Wastewaters from the chemical industry are usually of high-strength and may contain minor inhibitory and recalcitrant organics that are at times not readily identifiable. This paper describes the experience of a biological waste water treatment plant （WWTP） processing a COD concentration of 43000 mg·L^-1 wastewater from an oxochemical manufacturing plant. Stage improvements of the plant process by dilution of the inhibitory influent using other chemical wastewater streams resulting in a synergistic process effect, and removal of inhibitory organics by phase separation via acidification, effectively achieved process optimization producing a high quality effluent. In particular, the COD removal efficiency of granular sludge based anaerobic reactors increased from 56% to 90%. The final effluent COD decreased from 250mg·L^-1 to 50mg·L^-1, consistently meeting the COD concentration of 100 mg·L^-1 regulatory discharge limit. The success of the process enhancements supports the hypothesis that long-chain quaternary carboxylic acids act as substrate inhibitors in the biological process.展开更多
During the COVID-19 outbreak,the use of single-use medical supplies increased significantly.It is essential to select suitable sites for establishing medical waste treatment stations.It is a big challenge to solve the...During the COVID-19 outbreak,the use of single-use medical supplies increased significantly.It is essential to select suitable sites for establishing medical waste treatment stations.It is a big challenge to solve the medical waste treatment station selection problem due to some conflicting factors.This paper proposes a multi-attribute decision-making(MADM)method based on the partitioned Maclaurin symmetric mean(PMSM)operator.For the medical waste treatment station selection problem,the factors or attributes(these two terms can be interchanged.)in the same clusters are closely related,and the attributes in different clusters have no relationships.The partitioned Maclaurin symmetric mean function(PMSMF)can handle these complex attribute relationships.Hence,we extend the PMSM operator to process the linguistic q-rung orthopair fuzzy numbers(Lq-ROFNs)and propose the linguistic q-rung orthopair fuzzy partitioned Maclaurin symmetric mean(Lq-ROFPMSM)operator and its weighted form(Lq-ROFWPMSM).To reduce the negative impact of unreasonable data on the final output results,we propose the linguistic q-rung orthopair fuzzy partitioned dual Maclaurin symmetric mean(Lq-ROFPDMSM)operator and its weighted form(Lq-ROFWPDMSM).We also discuss the characteristics and typical examples of the above operators.A novel MADM method uses the Lq-ROFWPMSM operator and the Lq-ROFWPDMSM operator to solve the medical waste treatment station selection problem.Finally,the usability and superiority of the proposed method are verified by comparing it with previous methods.展开更多
The paper described the coking plant and Lurgi gasifier plant waste water types and characteristics , comparing the COD and ammonia-N level in different source of waste water in the plant.The currently maturity coking...The paper described the coking plant and Lurgi gasifier plant waste water types and characteristics , comparing the COD and ammonia-N level in different source of waste water in the plant.The currently maturity coking plant waste water treatment method was statement in the paper and analyzed the pros and cons of each method.The primary cost analysis of each type of waste water treatment was also completed in the paper.According to these analyses , recommendation was prepared for coking plant and Lurgi gasifier plant waste water treatment.展开更多
The electrochemical oxidation of chlorimuron-ethyl on metry. The electrochemical behaviour of the electrode in a sodium Ti/SnO2-Sb2O5/PbO2 electrode was studied by cyclic voltamsulfate solution and in the mixture solu...The electrochemical oxidation of chlorimuron-ethyl on metry. The electrochemical behaviour of the electrode in a sodium Ti/SnO2-Sb2O5/PbO2 electrode was studied by cyclic voltamsulfate solution and in the mixture solution of sodium sulfate and chlorimuron-ethyl was studied. The experimental results of cyclic voltammetry show that the acidic medium was suitable for the efficient electrochemical oxidation of chlorimuron-ethyl. Some electro-generated reagent was formed in the electrolysis process and chlorimuron-ethyl could be oxidized by the electro-generated reagent. A Ti/SnO2-Sb2O5/PbO2 electrode was used as the anode and the electrolysis experiment was carried out under the optimized conditions. The electrolysis process was monitored by UV-Vis spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography（HPLC）, and the chemical oxygen demand（COD） was determined by the potassium dichromate method. The mechanism of chlorimuron-ethyl to be oxided was studied primarily by the cyclic voltammetry and UV-Vis spectrometry. The results of electrolysis experiment demonstrate the possibility of the electrode to be used as an anode for the electrochemical treatment of chlorimuron-ethyl contained in waste water.展开更多
The accumulation of generated chemical wastes posed a serious problem for the UP College of Pharmacy. The faculty from the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry devised a scheme for the identification and segregation...The accumulation of generated chemical wastes posed a serious problem for the UP College of Pharmacy. The faculty from the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry devised a scheme for the identification and segregation of the chemical wastes and created a system for proper disposal of future chemical wastes. There were a total of 1,142 of accumulated chemical waste bottles, 804 of which were subjected to identification and segregation procedures. The wastes were preliminarily tested for its solubility/miscibility in water and acidity or basicity. The identification was done by qualitative tests for cyanide, sulfide, halogenated, non-halogenated, oxidizing, nitro, and heavy metal compounds. The final segregation was based on the presence of the most hazardous component or on pH and water-miscibility. The Department then developed and implemented a scheme for the proper disposal of the chemical wastes generated in laboratory experiments done in the College. Laboratory experiments were also modified to use less toxic and less amounts of chemicals.展开更多
文摘Food Waste(FW)is a pressing environmental concern that affects every country globally.About one-third of the food that is produced ends up as waste,contributing to the carbon footprint.Hence,the FW must be properly treated to reduce environmental pollution.This study evaluates a few available Food Waste Treatment(FWT)technologies,such as anaerobic digestion,composting,landfill,and incineration,which are widely used.A Bipolar Picture Fuzzy Set(BPFS)is proposed to deal with the ambiguity and uncertainty that arise when converting a real-world problem to a mathematical model.A novel Criteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation-Stable Preference Ordering Towards Ideal Solution(CRITIC-SPOTIS)approach is developed to objectively analyze FWT selection based on thirteen criteria covering the industry’s technical,environmental,and entrepreneurial aspects.The CRITIC method is used for the objective analysis of the importance of each criterion in FWT selection.The SPOTIS method is adopted to rank the alternative hassle-free,following the criteria.The proposed model offers a rank reversal-free model,i.e.,the rank of the alternatives remains unaffected even after the addition or removal of an alternative.In addition,comparative and sensitivity analyses are performed to ensure the reliability and robustness of the proposed model and to validate the proposed result.
文摘This paper researched a promising biological treatment of methyl violet waste water by methods of activated sludge.Effects of temperature and pH were studied on this process.Kinetic equation of the substrate biodegradation was investigated in the experimental range.It was studied and simulated that flow within the bubble region of this bioreactor according to the κ ε two fluid equation.Simulation results agree well with experimental data.
文摘The present study dealt with relationships between the degradation and humification process that the organic matter underwent during bacteria-mineral technology. An inverse correlation was found between the protein, lipid, and some of the humification indices considered, suggesting that the humification theory is actually humic substances produced from simple-structured natural organic substrates. Weight-average molecular weight （Mw）, number-average molecular weight （Mn）, and the ratio Mw/Mn of dissolved organic matters at different stages of the process were measured by gel permeation chromatography. The results showed that Mn and Mw increased with reaction time from 352 to 17,191, and from 78,707 to 104,564, respectively. The ratio of Mn/Mw decreased from 223.3 to 6.1. This reflected the growth of the polymerization degree of dissolvable organic matters in the process; furthermore, it indicated the formation of complex molecules （humic substances） from more simple molecules. Bacteria-mineral water （BMW） （the effluent of the process） treatments can exert hormone-like activity for enhanced seed germination of wheat and rice and greatly improved chlorophyll synthesis in wheat and rice leaves, Major polyamines （plant regulators） putrescine, spermidine, and spermine, were found in BMW by a high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） method, which may explain the hormone-like activity of BMW.
文摘As an oil-decomposable mixture of two bacteria strains(Bacillus sp. and Pseudomonas sp.), Y3 was isolated after 50 d domestication under the condition that oil was used as the limited carbon source. The decomposing rate by Y3 was higher than that by each separate individual strain, indicating a synergistic effect of the two bacteria. Under the conditions that T=25—40℃,pH=6—8, HRT(Hydraulic retention time)=36 h and the oil concentration at 0.1%, Y3 yielded the highest decomposing rate of 95.7 %. Y3 was also applied in an organic waste treatment machine and a certain rate of activated bacteria was put into the stuffing. A series of tests including humidity, pH, temperature, C/N rate and oil percentage of the stuffing were carried out to check the efficacy of oil-decomposition. Results showed that the oil content of the stuffing with inoculums was only half of that of the control. Furthermore, the bacteria were also beneficial to maintain the stability of the machine operating. Therefore, the bacteria mixture as well as the machines in this study could be very useful for waste treatment.
基金supported by the International Cooperation Project of Ministry of Science and Technology of China(MOST:2009DFA32710,BMBF(FKZ):0330847F)the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province,China(Y13G030168)
文摘Ameliorating waste treatment by technological improvements affects the economic and the ecological-environment benefits of intensive pig production. The objective of the research was to develop and test a method to determine the technical optimization to ameliorate waste treatment methods and gain insight into the relationship between technological options and the economic and ecological effects. We developed an integrated bio-economic model which incorporates the farming production and waste disposal systems to simulate the impact of technological improvements in pig manure treatment on economic and environmental benefits for the case of a pilot farm in Beijing, China. Based on different waste treatment technology options, three scenarios are applied for the simulation analysis of the model. The simulation results reveal that the economic-environmental benefits of the livestock farm could be improved by reducing the cropland manure application and increasing the composting production with the current technologies. Nevertheless, the technical efficiency, the waste treatment capacity and the economic benefits could be further improved by the introduction of new technologies. It implies that technological and economic support policies should be implemented comprehensively on waste disposal and resource utilization to promote sustainable development in intensive livestock production in China.
基金the National Key R&D Program of China(Nos.2018YFC1903304,2019YFC1907405)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51904354).
文摘Lift cycle assessment(LCA)methodology was applied to evaluating and comparing two waste acid disposal processes in zinc smelting.The results indicate that environmental impacts of gas−liquid vulcanization technologies are human toxicity,abiotic depletion potential,and global warming risk,which are mainly caused in neutralizing−evaporating−crystallization unit and electrodialysis unit.As for traditional lime neutralization method,vulcanization unit is the main factor.In this regard,the total environmental impact of traditional lime neutralization method is much higher than that of gas−liquid vulcanization technologies.Furthermore,the sensitive analysis shows that electricity and sodium sulfide(60%)are sensitive factors in two waste acid disposal technologies.In addition,the total cost of disposing a functional unit waste acid in traditional lime neutralization process is nearly 27 times that of the gas−liquid vulcanization waste acid disposal technologies.
基金funded by the Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province(2020YFH0012)。
文摘CO_(2)mineralization as a promising CO_(2)mitigation strategy can employ industrial alkaline solid wastes to achieve net emission reduction of atmospheric CO_(2).The red mud is a strong alkalinity waste residue produced from the aluminum industry by the Bayer process which has the potential for the industrial CO_(2)large scale treatment.However,limited by complex components of red mud and harsh operating conditions,it is challenging to directly mineralize CO_(2)using red mud to recover carbon and sodium resources and to produce mineralized products simultaneously with high economic value efficiently.Herein,we propose a novel electrochemical CO_(2)mineralization strategy for red mud treatment driven by hydrogen-cycled membrane electrolysis,realizing mineralization of CO_(2)efficiently and recovery of carbon and sodium resources with economic value.The system utilizes H_(2)as the redox-active proton carrier to drive the cathode and anode to generate OH^(-) and H^(+) at low voltage,respectively.The H^(+) plays as a neutralizer for the alkalinity of red mud and the OH^(-) is used to mineralize CO_(2)into generate highpurity NaHCO_(3)product.We verify that the system can effectively recover carbon and sodium resources in red mud treatment process,which shows that the average electrolysis efficiency is 95.3%with highpurity(99.4%)NaHCO_(3)product obtained.The low electrolysis voltage of 0.453 V is achieved at10 mA·cm^(-2) in this system indicates a potential low energy consumption industrial process.Further,we successfully demonstrate that this process has the ability of direct efficient mineralization of flue gas CO_(2)(15%volume)without extra capturing,being a novel potential strategy for carbon neutralization.
文摘This paper adopts a medium pressure mercury lamp as light source and ZnO powder as catalyst to investigate the effect of radioactive wave length, component of phenol ZnO suspension and stirring method on phenol decomposition rate. The optimized conditions for the phenol decomposition are: (1) Radioactive wave length: 360～420 nm; (2)Phenol concentration in the suspension is less than 200 mg/l; (3)ZnO concentration is 3～8 g/l; (4)pH value is 5～7; (5)Reaction temperature is 25℃～40℃; (6)Agitation at atmosphere. Phenol can decompose in two ways: (1)Reacting with photogenerated cavity; (2)Reacting with ·OH radical.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.20775039 and 20602009)the Natural Science Founda-tion of Shandong Province of China(No.ZR2009BM031 and Q2008B05)+1 种基金the Public Welfare Project of Marine Science Research of China(Nos.200705011 and 200805039)the Science Research Fund of the First Institute of Oceanograph of China
文摘A new and effective strategy was proposed for preparing new organic-inorganic composite biosorbent with spherical silica as supporting core and chitosan（CS）-based hybrid layer as shell based on sol-gel reaction and simple treatment with sodium hydroxide（NaOH）. The coating layer was covalently bound on the supporting silica through polysaccharide incorporated sol-gel process starting from CS and inorganic precursor γ-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysiloxane（GPTMS）. GPTMS had epoxide groups and cross-linked amine groups of CS to avoid its acidic solubilization. The composite biosorbent had coarse surface due to the wet phase-inversion by treating in NaOH solution. The prepared biosorbent could be used in treating electric plating wastewater.
文摘Investigations on the recycling plasma pyrolysis technique are presented in 25 kW was employed for the experiments. of oyster shells and bone waste treatment using the this paper. A arc based plasma torch operated at Fresh oyster shells were recycled using the plasma torch to convert them to a useful product such as CaO. Bone waste was treated to remove the infectious organic part and to vitrify the inorganic part. The time required for treatment in both cases was significantly short. Significant reduction in the weight of the samples was observed in both cases.
文摘The Activated Sludge Process(ASP) exhibits highly nonlinear properties. The design of an automatic control system that is robust against disturbance of inlet wastewater flow rate and has short process settling times is a challenging matter. The proposed control method is an I-P modi fied controller automatic control system with state variable feedback and control canonical form simulation diagram for the process. A more stable response is achieved with this type of modern control. Settling times of 0.48 days are achieved for the concentration of microorganisms,(reference value step increase of 50 mg·L-1) and 0.01 days for the concentration of oxygen(reference value step increase of 0.1 mg·L-1). Fluctuations of concentrations of oxygen and microorganisms after an inlet disturbance of5 × 103m3·d-1are small. Changes in the reference values of oxygen and microorganisms(increases by 10%, 20% and 30%) show satisfactory response of the system in all cases. Changes in the value of inlet wastewater flow rate disturbance(increases by 10%, 25%, 50% and 100%) are stabilized by the control system in short time. Maximum percent overshoot is also taken in consideration in all cases and the largest value is 25% which is acceptable. The proposed method with I-P controller is better for disturbance rejection and process settling times compared to the same method using PI controller. This method can substitute optimal control systems in ASP.
文摘An environmental and economic assessment of the development of a plasma-chemical reactor equipped with plasma torches for the environmentally friendly treatment of waste streams by plasma is outlined with a view to the chemical and energetic valorization of the sustainability in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia（KSA）. This is especially applicable in the pilgrimage season in the city of Makkah, which is a major challenge since the amount of waste was estimated at about 750 thousand tons through Arabic Year 1435 H（2015）, and is growing at a rate of 3%–5% annually. According to statistics, the value of waste in Saudi Arabia ranges between 8 and 9 billion EUR. The Plasma-Treatment Project（PTP） encompasses the direct plasma treatment of all types of waste（from source and landfill）, as well as an environmental vision and economic evaluation of the use of the gas produced for fuel and electricity production in KSA, especially in the pilgrimage season in the holy city Makkah. The electrical power required for the plasmatreatment process is estimated at 5000 kW（2000 kW used for the operation of the system and 3000 kW sold）, taking into account the fact that：（1） the processing capacity of solid waste is 100 tons per day（2） and the sale of electricity amounts to 23.8 MW at 0.18 EUR per kWh.（3） The profit from the sale of electricity per year is estimated at 3.27 million EUR and the estimated profit of solid-waste treatment amounts to 6 million EUR per year and（4） the gross profit per ton of solid waste totals 8 million EUR per year. The present article introduces the first stage of the PTP, in Makkah in the pilgrimage season, which consists of five stages：（1） study and treatment of waste streams,（2） slaughterhouse waste treatment,（3） treatment of refuse-derived fuel,（4）treatment of car tires and（5） treatment of slag（the fifth stage associated with each stage from the four previous stages）.
文摘Accumulating operational experience in both aerobic and anaerobic mechanical biological waste treatment （MBT） makes it increasingly obvious that controlled water management would substantially reduce the cost of MBT and also enhance resource recovery of the organic and inorganic fraction. The MBT plant at Gescher, Germany, is used as an example in order to determine the quantity and composition of process water and leachates from intensive and subsequent rotting, pressing water from anaerobic digestion and scrubber water from acid exhaust air treatment, and hence prepare an MBT water balance. The potential of, requirements for and limits to internal process water reuse as well as the possibilities of resource recovery from scrubber water are also examined. Finally, an assimilated process water management concept with the purpose of an extensive reduction of wastewater quantity and freshwater demand is presented.
基金supported by the Regional Research Center for Environmental Technology of Thermal Plasma (ETTP) at Inha University designated by Ministry of Commerce,Industry and Energy (MOCIE) of South Korea (2006)
文摘Daily meat consumption produces a lot of bone waste, and dumped bone waste without treatment would result in environmental hazards. Conventional treatment methods of waste bones have some disadvantages. Herein, an investigation of bone waste treated using thermal plasma technology is presented. A high-temperature plasma torch operated at 25.2 kW was used to treat bone waste for seven minutes. The bone waste was finally changed into vitric matter and lost 2/3 of its weight after the treatment. The process was highly efficient, economical, convenient, and fuel-free. This method could be used as an alternative for disposal of bone waste, small infectious animals, hazardous hospital waste, etc.
文摘Wastewaters from the chemical industry are usually of high-strength and may contain minor inhibitory and recalcitrant organics that are at times not readily identifiable. This paper describes the experience of a biological waste water treatment plant （WWTP） processing a COD concentration of 43000 mg·L^-1 wastewater from an oxochemical manufacturing plant. Stage improvements of the plant process by dilution of the inhibitory influent using other chemical wastewater streams resulting in a synergistic process effect, and removal of inhibitory organics by phase separation via acidification, effectively achieved process optimization producing a high quality effluent. In particular, the COD removal efficiency of granular sludge based anaerobic reactors increased from 56% to 90%. The final effluent COD decreased from 250mg·L^-1 to 50mg·L^-1, consistently meeting the COD concentration of 100 mg·L^-1 regulatory discharge limit. The success of the process enhancements supports the hypothesis that long-chain quaternary carboxylic acids act as substrate inhibitors in the biological process.
基金This research work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.U1805263.
文摘During the COVID-19 outbreak,the use of single-use medical supplies increased significantly.It is essential to select suitable sites for establishing medical waste treatment stations.It is a big challenge to solve the medical waste treatment station selection problem due to some conflicting factors.This paper proposes a multi-attribute decision-making(MADM)method based on the partitioned Maclaurin symmetric mean(PMSM)operator.For the medical waste treatment station selection problem,the factors or attributes(these two terms can be interchanged.)in the same clusters are closely related,and the attributes in different clusters have no relationships.The partitioned Maclaurin symmetric mean function(PMSMF)can handle these complex attribute relationships.Hence,we extend the PMSM operator to process the linguistic q-rung orthopair fuzzy numbers(Lq-ROFNs)and propose the linguistic q-rung orthopair fuzzy partitioned Maclaurin symmetric mean(Lq-ROFPMSM)operator and its weighted form(Lq-ROFWPMSM).To reduce the negative impact of unreasonable data on the final output results,we propose the linguistic q-rung orthopair fuzzy partitioned dual Maclaurin symmetric mean(Lq-ROFPDMSM)operator and its weighted form(Lq-ROFWPDMSM).We also discuss the characteristics and typical examples of the above operators.A novel MADM method uses the Lq-ROFWPMSM operator and the Lq-ROFWPDMSM operator to solve the medical waste treatment station selection problem.Finally,the usability and superiority of the proposed method are verified by comparing it with previous methods.
文摘The paper described the coking plant and Lurgi gasifier plant waste water types and characteristics , comparing the COD and ammonia-N level in different source of waste water in the plant.The currently maturity coking plant waste water treatment method was statement in the paper and analyzed the pros and cons of each method.The primary cost analysis of each type of waste water treatment was also completed in the paper.According to these analyses , recommendation was prepared for coking plant and Lurgi gasifier plant waste water treatment.
基金Supported by the Science and Technology Foundation of the Education Department of Liaoning Province,China (No.2009A557)
文摘The electrochemical oxidation of chlorimuron-ethyl on metry. The electrochemical behaviour of the electrode in a sodium Ti/SnO2-Sb2O5/PbO2 electrode was studied by cyclic voltamsulfate solution and in the mixture solution of sodium sulfate and chlorimuron-ethyl was studied. The experimental results of cyclic voltammetry show that the acidic medium was suitable for the efficient electrochemical oxidation of chlorimuron-ethyl. Some electro-generated reagent was formed in the electrolysis process and chlorimuron-ethyl could be oxidized by the electro-generated reagent. A Ti/SnO2-Sb2O5/PbO2 electrode was used as the anode and the electrolysis experiment was carried out under the optimized conditions. The electrolysis process was monitored by UV-Vis spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography（HPLC）, and the chemical oxygen demand（COD） was determined by the potassium dichromate method. The mechanism of chlorimuron-ethyl to be oxided was studied primarily by the cyclic voltammetry and UV-Vis spectrometry. The results of electrolysis experiment demonstrate the possibility of the electrode to be used as an anode for the electrochemical treatment of chlorimuron-ethyl contained in waste water.
文摘The accumulation of generated chemical wastes posed a serious problem for the UP College of Pharmacy. The faculty from the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry devised a scheme for the identification and segregation of the chemical wastes and created a system for proper disposal of future chemical wastes. There were a total of 1,142 of accumulated chemical waste bottles, 804 of which were subjected to identification and segregation procedures. The wastes were preliminarily tested for its solubility/miscibility in water and acidity or basicity. The identification was done by qualitative tests for cyanide, sulfide, halogenated, non-halogenated, oxidizing, nitro, and heavy metal compounds. The final segregation was based on the presence of the most hazardous component or on pH and water-miscibility. The Department then developed and implemented a scheme for the proper disposal of the chemical wastes generated in laboratory experiments done in the College. Laboratory experiments were also modified to use less toxic and less amounts of chemicals.
