Convertible hydrogel supercapacitors have emerged as promising energy storage devices in switches,diodes,and transistors.However,inherent weaknesses in ionic conductivity,mechanical properties,and water retention of h...Convertible hydrogel supercapacitors have emerged as promising energy storage devices in switches,diodes,and transistors.However,inherent weaknesses in ionic conductivity,mechanical properties,and water retention of hydrogel electrolytes seriously hinder their development.Inspired by the hardness conversion of sea cucumber skin,a conductivity and mechanics dual-tunable salt gel electrolyte is successfully designed.The salt gel presents a reversible switching of conductors-insulators and a mechanical regulation between softness and hardness via the dissolution-crystallization transition of sodium acetate trihydrate(SAT).Meanwhile,the salt gels spontaneously grow a layer of“armor”through saturated phase-change salt crystals effectively reducing water evaporation of hydrogel electrolytes.Furthermore,this phase-change soft-rigid conversion strategy will expand the capabilities of gel-based flexible supercapacitors(area capacitance:258.6 mF cm^(-2)),and the capacitance retention rate could still reach 86.9%after 3000 cycles at high temperatures.Moreover,the salt gel supercapacitor is potentially used in over-heat alarm systems.It is anticipated that the strategy of conductivity and mechanics of dual-tunable salt gel would provide a new perspective on the development of energy storage devices,wearable electronics,and flexible robots.展开更多
Gas chimneys,salt domes,and faults are vital to the movement of hydrocarbons within geological systems.Accurate identification of these geological features is crucial to modeling hydrocarbon resources.This study explo...Gas chimneys,salt domes,and faults are vital to the movement of hydrocarbons within geological systems.Accurate identification of these geological features is crucial to modeling hydrocarbon resources.This study explores the processes that have shaped the eastern Persian Gulf,focusing on salt diapir characteristics,origin,and fluid migration.Plate collisions between the Indian,Eurasian,and Arabian Plates have considerably impacted salt tectonics,developing key features such as the Hormuz salt,Qatar-South Fars Arch,and Zagros and Oman orogenic structures.Salt-related features were discerned through two-dimensional seismic data and drilling records,salt movement sequences were reconstructed,and fluid expulsion patterns were delineated using attribute preferences.The results of this study revealed that fractured substrates influenced by regional tectonic forces contribute to the creation of salt diapirs,which serve as conduits for guided fluid transport.Moreover,these results showed that gravity-driven downbuilding mainly controls salt flow,while the circular arrangement of salt structures results from regional stress and interactions between different salt sources.Distinct stress-induced basement incisions compounded by the hindrance of initial salt movement by the Qatar Arch further contribute to the complex salt structure geometry.Crucially,the uplift of the Qatar Arch and stresses from the Oman and Zagros orogenies profoundly affect the salt structure geometry and depositional patterns across diverse regions,resulting in circular salt structures and gas chimneys.This study offers valuable perspectives for oil and gas exploration and provides a comprehensive understanding of the regional dynamics governing salt tectonics and hydrocarbon ascent in the eastern Persian Gulf.展开更多
The theory of“Salt-processing enhancing drug into kidney meridian”was firstly put forward by Chen Jiamu,a medical doctor of Xin’an,in“Enlightening Primer of Materia Medica”.This theory integrates the theory of th...The theory of“Salt-processing enhancing drug into kidney meridian”was firstly put forward by Chen Jiamu,a medical doctor of Xin’an,in“Enlightening Primer of Materia Medica”.This theory integrates the theory of the five elements of Chinese medicine that the five flavors enter into the five viscera,and forms the theory of the role of the auxiliary materials of Chinese medicine concoctions.This theory is an important guiding significance for the clinical use of raw and cooked Chinese medicine tablets.At present,there are more studies on the theory of“Salt-processing enhancing drug into kidney meridian”in the literature,mainly focusing on the chemical composition,efficacy changes and the concoction mechanism of salt products of traditional Chinese medicines before and after salt preparation.There are relatively few review papers on the theory of“Salt-processing enhancing drug into kidney meridian”from the perspectives of auxiliary salt and attribution of meridians.In this paper,through reviewing relevant ancient books and literature,and on the basis of the previous review articles,this paper centers on the auxiliary salt,and conducts in-depth excavation and elaboration in terms of its sources,types,and the historical evolution of the salt production method.From the perspective of categorization,focusing on the core theory of“Kidney stores essence,governing reproduction,bone and generating marrow,water and brain”,we summarize the changes in efficacy before and after the salt preparation of kidney tonic traditional Chinese medicines,the changes in external and internal constituents as well as the scientific connotation of the concocting mechanism behind the effect-constituent changes.The scientific connotation of the concoction theory of“Salt-processing enhancing drug into kidney meridian”was initially elucidated,providing a new reference model for the study of the theory of Chinese medicine concoction attribution.展开更多
China has unique salt lake resources, and they are distributed in the east of Eurasian salt lake subzone of the Northern Hemisphere Salt Lake Zone, mainly concentrated in the regions with modern mean annual precipitat...China has unique salt lake resources, and they are distributed in the east of Eurasian salt lake subzone of the Northern Hemisphere Salt Lake Zone, mainly concentrated in the regions with modern mean annual precipitation lower than 500 mm. This paper preliminarily reviews the progress made in salt lake research in China for the past 60 years. In the research of Paleoclimate and paleoenvironment from salt lake sediments, a series of salts have been proposed to be indicators of paleoclimate, and have been well accepted by scholars. The chloride-sulfate depositional regions of the west Qaidam and the east Tarim have been revealed to be the drought center of China since the Quaternary, and more than 6 spreading stages of arid climate （salt forming） have been identified. Five pan-lake periods with highstands have been proved to exist during the late Quaternary on the Tibetan Plateau. In mineral resource prospecting and theories of the forming of salt deposits： the atlas （1：2500000） of hydrochemical zoning of salt lakes on the Tibetan Plateau has been compiled for the first time, revealing the zonal distribution and transition from carbonate type to chloride type from south to north and presenting corresponding mineral assemblages for different type of salt lakes; several large continental salt deposits have been discovered and the theory of continental potash deposition has been developed, including the salt deposition in deep basins surrounded by high mountains, the mineral deposition from multistage evolution through chains of moderate or shallow lakes with multilevels, the origin of potassium rich brines in gravel layers, and the forming of potassium deposits through the inheriting from ancient salt deposits, thus establishing the framework of ＂Continental Potash Deposition Theory＂; several new types of Mg-borate deposits have been discovered, including the ulexite and pinnoite bed in Da Qaidam Lake, Qinghai, the pinnoite and kurnakovite bed in Chagcam Caka, Tibet, the kurnakovite bed in Lake Nyer, and the corresponding model of borate deposition from the cooling and dissolution of boron rich brines was proposed based on principles of geology, physics and chemistry. The anti-floatation-cold crystallization method developed independently has improved the capacity of KCI production to 3 million tons per year for the Qarham, serving the famous brand of potash fertilizer products. One 1.2 million ton K-sulfate production line, the biggest in the world, has been built in Lop Nor, and K-sulfate of about 1.6 million tons was produced in 2015. Supported by the new technology, i.e. brine preparation in winter-cooling-solarization-isolation-lithium deposition from salt gradient solar pond＂ the highest lithium production base at Zabuye Lake （4421 m）, Tibet, has been established, which is the first lithium production base in China that reaches the year production of 5000 tons of lithium carbonate. The concept of Salt lake agriculture （Salt land agriculture） has been established based on the mass growth of Dunaliella and other bacillus-algae and the occurrence of various halophytes in saltmarsh and salt saline-alkali lands, finding a new way to increase arable lands and develop related green industry in salt rich environments. Finally this paper presents some new thoughts for the further research and development on salt science, and the further progress in salt science and technology will facilitate the maturing of the interdisciplinary science ＂Salinology＂.展开更多
Rice is a crucial food crop globally.Soil salt stress has adverse effects on the physiology and biochemistry of rice,leading to ionic toxicity and disrupted metabolism.Research aimed at improving salt tolerance and un...Rice is a crucial food crop globally.Soil salt stress has adverse effects on the physiology and biochemistry of rice,leading to ionic toxicity and disrupted metabolism.Research aimed at improving salt tolerance and understanding its underlying mechanisms in rice is becoming increasingly important.Phytohormones are crucial in managing rice’s reaction to salt stress by controlling its physiological and biochemical functions.Some phytohormones can improve salt tolerance in rice by affecting gene programming,protein expression,and salt stress signaling,thereby helping rice adapt to salt-stressed environments.This review highlights recent advancements in understanding how various phytohormones-such as abscisic acid(ABA),auxin(IAA),cytokinins(CKs),jasmonates(JA),gibberellins(GAs),melatonin(MT),salicylic acid(SA),ethylene(ETHY)and brassinosteroids(BRs)-help mitigate the detrimental effects of salt stress in rice.Additionally,we explore the current challenges and future research directions for utilizing exogenous phytohormone regulators to boost rice’s resistance to salt stress.展开更多
The manuscript explores the complex interplay between groundnut genotypes,salt tolerance and hormonal influence,shedding light on the dynamic responses of three specific groundnut genotypes,KDG-128,TG-37 A and GG-20,t...The manuscript explores the complex interplay between groundnut genotypes,salt tolerance and hormonal influence,shedding light on the dynamic responses of three specific groundnut genotypes,KDG-128,TG-37 A and GG-20,to salt treatments and gibberellic acid(GA3).The study encompasses germination,plant growth,total protein content and oil content as key parameters.Through comprehensive analysis,it identifies TG-37 A and KDG-128 as salt-tolerant genotypes,and GG-20 as salt-susceptible genotypes,which highlighting the potential for targeted breeding efforts to develop more resilient groundnut varieties.Moreover,the quantification of protein and oil content under different treatments provides vital data for optimizing nutritional profiles in groundnut cultivars.Principal Component Analysis(PCA) underscores the significance of the first principal component(PC1)in explaining the majority of variance,capturing primary trends and differences in plant length.Analysis of Variance(ANOVA) and hierarchical analysis confirm the presence of statistically significant differences in protein and oil content among the genotypes.Pearson's correlation coefficient matrix analysis reveals strong positive correlations between plant length and protein content,plant length and oil content,and a moderately positive correlation between protein content and oil content.These findings provide valuable insights into groundnut physiology,salt tolerance,and nutritional composition,with implications for future research in sustainable agriculture and crop improvement.展开更多
[Objectives]This study was conducted to enhance the salt tolerance of current rice varieties at the seedling stage and fulfill the urgent requirement for salt-tolerant rice varieties in coastal tidal flats.[Methods]Fo...[Objectives]This study was conducted to enhance the salt tolerance of current rice varieties at the seedling stage and fulfill the urgent requirement for salt-tolerant rice varieties in coastal tidal flats.[Methods]Four high-generation stable rice lines with diverse salt tolerance were employed as test materials,and four NaCl concentration gradients were established for seed soaking treatment.[Results]The seedling survival rate of line 151465 underwent significant alterations after soaking with four different salt concentrations,and the survival rate was the highest after treatment with 1.8%NaCl for 1 d,reaching 65.2%.The average survival rate of other three lines with different salt tolerance reached 62%after soaking with 1.8%NaCl for 1 d,which was significantly higher than those of the 2.2%NaCl and 0%NaCl treatments.[Conclusions]This study provides a basis for reducing the effect of abiotic stress on rice growth and development and improving the utilization rate of saline-alkali land.展开更多
Salt stress is one of the most harmful environmental stresses in recent times and represents a significant threat to food security. Soil salinization is caused by spontaneous natural processes of mineral dissolution a...Salt stress is one of the most harmful environmental stresses in recent times and represents a significant threat to food security. Soil salinization is caused by spontaneous natural processes of mineral dissolution and human activities such as inappropriate irrigation practices. Natural geological progressions like weathering of rocks, arid climate, and higher evaporation, as well as anthropogenic activities, including the use of brackish water for irrigation, and poor tillage operations, are the foremost causes of soil salinization. Typical characteristics of saline soils are salt stress, high pH, and lack of organic carbon, as well as low availability of nutrients. Disruption of precipitation patterns as well as high average annual temperatures due to climate change additionally negatively affects the process of soil salinization. Productivity and ability to support crop growth are reduced on saline soil. Salinity-induced stress reduces plant growth by modulating the antioxidative system and nutrient orchestration. The aim of this work is to show that the mentioned problems can be alleviated in several ways such as the addition of biochar, exogenous application of several elicitors, seed priming, etc. Research has shown that the addition of biochar can significantly improve the recovery of saline soil. The addition of biochar has no significant effect on soil pH, while the cation exchange capacity of the soil increased by 17%, and the electrical conductivity of the saturated paste extract decreased by 13.2% (depends on the initial salinity and the type of biochar raw material). Moreover, biochar enriched with silicon increases the resistance of bananas to salt stress. In addition, exogenous application of several elicitors helps plants to alleviate stress by inducing stress-related physicochemical and molecular changes (selenium, sulfur, silicon, salicylic acid). Finally, seed priming showed positive effects on metabolomics, proteomics and growth of plants subjected to abiotic stress. Priming usually involves immersing the seed in a solution for a period of time to induce physiological and metabolic progression prior to germination.展开更多
Great potential of underground gas/energy storage in salt caverns seems to be a promising solution to support renewable energy.In the underground storage method,the operating cycle unfortunately may reach up to daily ...Great potential of underground gas/energy storage in salt caverns seems to be a promising solution to support renewable energy.In the underground storage method,the operating cycle unfortunately may reach up to daily or even hourly,which generates complicated pressures on the salt cavern.Furthermore,the mechanical behavior of rock salt may change and present distinct failure characteristics under different stress states,which affects the performance of salt cavern during the time period of full service.To reproduce a similar loading condition on the cavern surrounding rock mass,the cyclic triaxial loading/unloading tests are performed on the rock salt to explore the mechanical transition behavior and failure characteristics under different confinement.Experimental results show that the rock salt samples pre-sent a diffused shear failure band with significant bulges at certain locations in low confining pressure conditions(e.g.5 MPa,10 MPa and 15 MPa),which is closely related to crystal misorientation and grain boundary sliding.Under the elevated confinement(e.g.20 MPa,30 MPa and 40 MPa),the dilation band dominates the failure mechanism,where the large-size halite crystals are crushed to be smaller size and new pores are developing.The failure transition mechanism revealed in the paper provides additional insight into the mechanical performance of salt caverns influenced by complicated stress states.展开更多
Interfacial solar evaporation holds immense potential for brine desalination with low carbon footprints and high energy utilization.Hydrogels,as a tunable material platform from the molecular level to the macroscopic ...Interfacial solar evaporation holds immense potential for brine desalination with low carbon footprints and high energy utilization.Hydrogels,as a tunable material platform from the molecular level to the macroscopic scale,have been considered the most promising candidate for solar evaporation.However,the simultaneous achievement of high evaporation efficiency and satisfactory tolerance to salt ions in brine remains a challenging scientific bottleneck,restricting the widespread application.Herein,we report ionization engineering,which endows polymer chains of hydrogels with electronegativity for impeding salt ions and activating water molecules,fundamentally overcoming the hydrogel salt-impeded challenge and dramatically expediting water evaporating in brine.The sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate-modified carbon black is chosen as the solar absorbers.The hydrogel reaches a ground-breaking evaporation rate of 2.9 kg m−2 h−1 in 20 wt%brine with 95.6%efficiency under one sun irradiation,surpassing most of the reported literature.More notably,such a hydrogel-based evaporator enables extracting clean water from oversaturated salt solutions and maintains durability under different high-strength deformation or a 15-day continuous operation.Meantime,on the basis of the cation selectivity induced by the electronegativity,we first propose an all-day system that evaporates during the day and generates salinity-gradient electricity using waste-evaporated brine at night,anticipating pioneer a new opportunity for all-day resource-generating systems in fields of freshwater and electricity.展开更多
A nonlinear dynamic simulation model based on coordinated control of speed and flow rate for the molten salt reactor and combined cycle systems is proposed here to ensure the coordination and stability between the mol...A nonlinear dynamic simulation model based on coordinated control of speed and flow rate for the molten salt reactor and combined cycle systems is proposed here to ensure the coordination and stability between the molten salt reactor and power system.This model considers the impact of thermal properties of fluid variation on accuracy and has been validated with Simulink.This study reveals the capability of the control system to compensate for anomalous situations and maintain shaft stability in the event of perturbations occurring in high-temperature molten salt tank outlet parameters.Meanwhile,the control system’s impact on the system’s dynamic characteristics under molten salt disturbance is also analyzed.The results reveal that after the disturbance occurs,the controlled system benefits from the action of the control,and the overshoot and disturbance amplitude are positively correlated,while the system power and frequency eventually return to the initial values.This simulation model provides a basis for utilizing molten salt reactors for power generation and maintaining grid stability.展开更多
Interfacial solar-driven evaporation technology shows great potential in the field of industrial seawater desalination, and the development ofefficient and low-cost evaporation materials is key to achieving large-scale ...Interfacial solar-driven evaporation technology shows great potential in the field of industrial seawater desalination, and the development ofefficient and low-cost evaporation materials is key to achieving large-scale applications. Hydrogels are considered to be promising candidates;however, conventional hydrogel-based interfacial solar evaporators have difficulty in simultaneously meeting multiple requirements, including ahigh evaporation rate, salt resistance, and good mechanical properties. In this study, a Janus sponge-like hydrogel solar evaporator (CPAS) withexcellent comprehensive performance was successfully constructed. The introduction of biomass agar (AG) into the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)hydrogel backbone reduced the enthalpy of water evaporation, optimized the pore structure, and improved the mechanical properties. Meanwhile, by introducing hydrophobic fumed nano-silica aerogel (SA) and a synergistic foaming-crosslinking process, the hydrogel spontaneouslyformed a Janus structure with a hydrophobic surface and hydrophilic bottom properties. Based on the reduction of the evaporation enthalpy andthe modulation of the pore structure, the CPAS evaporation rate reached 3.56 kg m^(-2) h^(-1) under one sun illumination. Most importantly, owingto the hydrophobic top surface and 3D-interconnected porous channels, the evaporator could work stably in high concentrations of salt-water(25 wt% NaCl), showing strong salt resistance. Efficient water evaporation, excellent salt resistance, scalable preparation processes, and low-costraw materials make CPAS extremely promising for practical applications.展开更多
Salt stress severely affects plant growth and yield.The transcription factor NAC plays a variety of important roles in plant abiotic stress,but we know relatively little about the specific molecular mechanisms of NAC ...Salt stress severely affects plant growth and yield.The transcription factor NAC plays a variety of important roles in plant abiotic stress,but we know relatively little about the specific molecular mechanisms of NAC in antioxidant defense.Here,our genetic studies reveal the positive regulation of salt tolerance in maize by the transcription factor ZmNAC84.Under salt stress,overexpression of ZmNAC84 in maize increased the expression of ZmCAT1,enhanced CAT activity,and consequently reduced H_(2)O_(2) accumulation,thereby improving salt stress tolerance in maize.Whereas RNA interference-mediated knockdown of ZmNAC84 produced the opposite effect.Subsequently,we found that ZmNAC84 directly binds to and regulates the expression of the ZmCAT1 promoter,and the hybridized material also demonstrated that ZmCAT1 is a downstream target gene of ZmNAC84.In addition,phenotypic and biochemical analyses indicated that ZmCAT1 positively regulated salt tolerance by regulating H_(2)O_(2) accumulation under salt stress.Taken together,these results reveal the function of ZmNAC84 in regulating ZmCAT1-mediated antioxidant defense in response to salt stress in plants.展开更多
Chinese cabbage(Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis) has a long cultivation history and is one of the vegetable crops with the largest cultivation area in China. However, salt stress severely damages photosynthesis and horm...Chinese cabbage(Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis) has a long cultivation history and is one of the vegetable crops with the largest cultivation area in China. However, salt stress severely damages photosynthesis and hormone metabolism, nutritional balances, and results in ion toxicity in plants. To better understand the mechanisms of salt-induced growth inhibition in Chinese cabbage, RNA-seq and physiological index determination were conducted to explore the impacts of salt stress on carbon cycle metabolism and photosynthesis in Chinese cabbage. Here, we found that the number of thylakoids and grana lamellae and the content of starch granules and chlorophyll in the leaves of Chinese cabbage under salt stress showed a time-dependent response, first increasing and then decreasing. Chinese cabbage increased the transcript levels of genes related to the photosynthetic apparatus and carbon metabolism under salt stress, probably in an attempt to alleviate damage to the photosynthetic system and enhance CO_(2) fixation and energy metabolism. The transcription of genes related to starch and sucrose synthesis and degradation were also enhanced;this might have been an attempt to maintain intracellular osmotic pressure by increasing soluble sugar concentrations. Soluble sugars could also be used as potential reactive oxygen species(ROS) scavengers, in concert with peroxidase(POD)enzymes, to eliminate ROS that accumulate during metabolic processes. Our study characterizes the synergistic response network of carbon metabolism and photosynthesis under salt stress.展开更多
Unfavorable environmental cues severely affect crop productivity resulting in significant economic losses to farmers. In plants, multiple regulatory genes, such as the WRKY transcription factor (TF) family, modulate t...Unfavorable environmental cues severely affect crop productivity resulting in significant economic losses to farmers. In plants, multiple regulatory genes, such as the WRKY transcription factor (TF) family, modulate the expression of defense genes. However, the role of the pineapple WRKY genes is poorly understood. Here, we studied the pineapple WRKY gene, AcWRKY28, by generating AcWRKY28 over-expressing transgenic pineapple plants. Overexpression of AcWRKY28 enhanced the salt stress resistance in transgenic pineapple lines. Comparative transcriptome analysis of transgenic and wild-type pineapple plants showed that “plant-pathogen interaction” pathway genes, including 9calcium-dependent protein kinases (CPKs), were up-regulated in AcWRKY28 over-expressing plants. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation and yeast one-hybrid assays revealed AcCPK12, AcCPK3, AcCPK8, AcCPK1, and AcCPK15 as direct targets of AcWRKY28. Consistently, the study of AcCPK12 over-expressing Arabidopsis lines showed that AcCPK12 enhances salt, drought, and disease resistance. This study shows that AcWRKY28 plays a crucial role in promoting salt stress resistance by activating the expression of AcCPK genes.展开更多
Calcium salt is an important contributing factor for calcium-based biomineralization.To study the effect of calcium salt on soil biomineralization using crude soybean urease,the calcium salts,including the calcium chl...Calcium salt is an important contributing factor for calcium-based biomineralization.To study the effect of calcium salt on soil biomineralization using crude soybean urease,the calcium salts,including the calcium chloride (CaCl_(2)),calcium acetate ((CH_(3)COO)_(2)Ca) and calcium nitrate (Ca(NO_(3))_(2)),were used to prepare the biotreatment solution to carry out the biomineralization tests in this paper.Two series of biomineralization tests in solution and sand column,respectively,were conducted.Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were performed to determine the microscopic characteristics of the precipitated calcium carbonate (CaCO_(3)) crystals.The experimental results indicate that the biomineralization effect is the best for the CaCl2 case,followed by (CH_(3)COO)_(2)Ca,and worst for Ca(NO_(3))_(2) under the test conditions of this study (i.e.1 mol/L of calcium salt-urea).The mechanism for the effect of the calcium salt on the biomineralization of crude soybean urease mainly involves: (1) inhibition of urease activity,and (2) influence on the crystal size and morphology of CaCO_(3).Besides Ca^(2+) ,the anions in solution can inhibit the activity of crude soybean urease,and NO_(3)− has a stronger inhibitory effect on the urease activity compared with both CH_(3)COO^(−) and Cl^(−) .The co-inhibition of Ca^(2+) and NO_(3)− on the activity of urease is the key reason for the worst biomineralization of the Ca(NO_(3))_(2) case in this study.The difference in biomineralization between the CaCl_(2) and (CH_(3)COO)_(2) Ca cases is strongly correlated with the crystal morphology of the precipitated CaCO_(3).展开更多
Soil salinity is a big environmental issue affecting crop production.Although seed nanopriming has been widely used to improve seed germination and seedling growth under salinity,our knowledge about the underlying mec...Soil salinity is a big environmental issue affecting crop production.Although seed nanopriming has been widely used to improve seed germination and seedling growth under salinity,our knowledge about the underlying mechanisms is still insufficient.Herein,we newly synthesized selenium-doped carbon dots nanoparticles coated with poly acrylic acid(poly acrylic acid coated selenium doped carbon dots,PAA@Se-CDs)and used it to prime seeds of rapeseeds.The TEM(transmission electron microscope)size and zeta potential of PAA@Se-CDs are 3.8±0.2 nm and-30 mV,respectively.After 8 h priming,the PAA@Se-CDs nanoparticles were detected in the seed compartments(seed coat,cotyledon,and radicle),while no such signals were detected in the NNP(no nanoparticle control)group(SeO_2 was used as the NNP).Nanopriming with PAA@Se-CDs nanoparticles increased rapeseeds germination(20%)and seedling fresh weight(161%)under saline conditions compared to NNP control.PAA@Se-CDs nanopriming significantly enhanced endo-β-mannanase activities(255%increase,21.55μmol h^(-1)g^(-1)vs.6.06μmol h^(-1)g^(-1),at DAS 1(DAS,days after sowing)),total soluble sugar(33.63 mg g^(-1)FW(fresh weight)vs.20.23 mg g^(-1)FW)and protein contents(1.96μg g^(-1)FW vs.1.0μg g^(-1)FW)to support the growth of germinating seedlings of rapeseeds under salt stress,in comparison with NNP co ntrol.The respiration rate and ATP content were increased by 76%and 607%,respectively.The oxidative damage of salinity due to the overaccumulation of reactive oxygen species(ROS)was alleviated by PAA@Se-CDs nanopriming by increasing the antioxidant enzyme activities(SOD(superoxide dismutase),POD(peroxidase),and CAT(catalase)).Another mechanism behind PAA@Se-CDs nanopriming improving rapeseeds salt tolerance at seedling stage was reducing sodium(Na^(+))accumulation and improving potassium(K^(+))retention,hence increasing the K^(+)/Na^(+)ratio under saline conditions.Overall,our results not only showed that seed nanopriming with PAA@Se-CDs could be a good approach to improve salt tolerance,but also add more knowledge to the mechanism behind nanopriming-improved plant salt tolerance at germination and early seedling growth stage.展开更多
This study investigated the effects of salt(3%and 6%,m/m)and rice flour(10%and 20%,m/m)addition in sour meat,a traditional Chinese fermented meat.It was found that salt has greater effect than rice flour addition in s...This study investigated the effects of salt(3%and 6%,m/m)and rice flour(10%and 20%,m/m)addition in sour meat,a traditional Chinese fermented meat.It was found that salt has greater effect than rice flour addition in spontaneous fermentation.Low-salt groups had lower pH and higher titratable total acid.In the low-salt groups,the dominant genera were Lactobacillus and Lactococcus,whereas Staphylococcus,Weissella,and Tetragenococcus were dominant in the high-salt groups.Higher total free amino acids and essential amino acids,organic acids,hexanoic acid ethyl ester and octanoic acid ethyl ester were found in the low-salt groups.The RDA analysis revealed that Lactococcus was closely related to product quality,with the S3F10(3%salt and 10%rice f lour)group outperforming the others in the sensory evaluation.Therefore,3%salt and 10%rice flour were considered more appropriate for the production of healthy and tasty fermented sour meats.展开更多
Grapes,one of the oldest tree species globally,are rich in vitamins.However,environmental conditions such as low temperature and soil salinization significantly affect grape yield and quality.The glutamate receptor(GLR...Grapes,one of the oldest tree species globally,are rich in vitamins.However,environmental conditions such as low temperature and soil salinization significantly affect grape yield and quality.The glutamate receptor(GLR)family,comprising highly conserved ligand-gated ion channels,regulates plant growth and development in response to stress.In this study,11 members of the VvGLR gene family in grapes were identified using whole-genome sequence analysis.Bioinformatic methods were employed to analyze the basic physical and chemical properties,phylogenetic trees,conserved domains,motifs,expression patterns,and evolutionary relationships.Phylogenetic and collinear analyses revealed that the VvGLRs were divided into three subgroups,showing the high conservation of the grape GLR family.These members exhibited 2 glutamate receptor binding regions(GABAb and GluR)and 3-4 transmembrane regions(M1,M2,M3,and M4).Real-time quantitative PCR analysis demonstrated the sensitivity of all VvGLRs to low temperature and salt stress.Subsequent localization studies in Nicotiana tabacum verified that VvGLR3.1 and VvGLR3.2 proteins were located on the cell membrane and cell nucleus.Additionally,yeast transformation experiments confirmed the functionality of VvGLR3.1 and VvGLR3.2 in response to low temperature and salt stress.Thesefindings highlight the significant role of the GLR family,a highly conserved group of ion channels,in enhancing grape stress resistance.This study offers new insights into the grape GLR gene family,providing fundamental knowledge for further functional analysis and breeding of stress-resistant grapevines.展开更多
Salt stress is a typical abiotic stress in plants that causes slow growth,stunting,and reduced yield and fruit quality.Fertilization is necessary to ensure proper crop growth.However,the effect of fertilization on sal...Salt stress is a typical abiotic stress in plants that causes slow growth,stunting,and reduced yield and fruit quality.Fertilization is necessary to ensure proper crop growth.However,the effect of fertilization on salt tolerance in grapevine is unclear.In this study,we investigated the effect of nitrogen fertilizer(0.01 and 0.1 mol L^(-1)NH_(4)NO_(3))application on the salt(200 mmol L^(-1)NaCl)tolerance of grapevine based on physiological indices,and transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses.The results revealed that 0.01 mol L^(-1)NH_(4)NO_(3) supplementation significantly reduced the accumulation of superoxide anion(O_(2)^(-)·),enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD)and peroxidase(POD),and improved the levels of ascorbic acid(AsA)and glutathione(GSH)in grape leaves compared to salt treatment alone.Specifically,joint transcriptome and metabolome analyses showed that the differentially expressed genes(DEGs)and differentially accumulated metabolites(DAMs)were significantly enriched in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway(ko00941)and the flavone and flavonol biosynthesis pathway(ko00944).In particular,the relative content of quercetin(C00389)was markedly regulated by salt and nitrogen.Further analysis revealed that exogenous foliar application of quercetin improved the SOD and POD activities,increased the AsA and GSH contents,and reduced the H_(2)O_(2) and O_(2)^(-)·contents.Meanwhile,10 hub DEGs,which had high Pearson correlations(R^(2)>0.9)with quercetin,were repressed by nitrogen.In conclusion,all the results indicated that moderate nitrogen and quercetin application under salt stress enhanced the antioxidant system defense response,thus providing a new perspective for improving salt tolerance in grapes.展开更多
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52303144)Department of Science and Technology of Jilin Province(Nos YDZJ202301ZYTS295 and 20230508188RC)。
文摘Convertible hydrogel supercapacitors have emerged as promising energy storage devices in switches,diodes,and transistors.However,inherent weaknesses in ionic conductivity,mechanical properties,and water retention of hydrogel electrolytes seriously hinder their development.Inspired by the hardness conversion of sea cucumber skin,a conductivity and mechanics dual-tunable salt gel electrolyte is successfully designed.The salt gel presents a reversible switching of conductors-insulators and a mechanical regulation between softness and hardness via the dissolution-crystallization transition of sodium acetate trihydrate(SAT).Meanwhile,the salt gels spontaneously grow a layer of“armor”through saturated phase-change salt crystals effectively reducing water evaporation of hydrogel electrolytes.Furthermore,this phase-change soft-rigid conversion strategy will expand the capabilities of gel-based flexible supercapacitors(area capacitance:258.6 mF cm^(-2)),and the capacitance retention rate could still reach 86.9%after 3000 cycles at high temperatures.Moreover,the salt gel supercapacitor is potentially used in over-heat alarm systems.It is anticipated that the strategy of conductivity and mechanics of dual-tunable salt gel would provide a new perspective on the development of energy storage devices,wearable electronics,and flexible robots.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.92055211,42249801)the China-ASEAN Maritime Cooperation Fund Project(No.12120100500017001)。
文摘Gas chimneys,salt domes,and faults are vital to the movement of hydrocarbons within geological systems.Accurate identification of these geological features is crucial to modeling hydrocarbon resources.This study explores the processes that have shaped the eastern Persian Gulf,focusing on salt diapir characteristics,origin,and fluid migration.Plate collisions between the Indian,Eurasian,and Arabian Plates have considerably impacted salt tectonics,developing key features such as the Hormuz salt,Qatar-South Fars Arch,and Zagros and Oman orogenic structures.Salt-related features were discerned through two-dimensional seismic data and drilling records,salt movement sequences were reconstructed,and fluid expulsion patterns were delineated using attribute preferences.The results of this study revealed that fractured substrates influenced by regional tectonic forces contribute to the creation of salt diapirs,which serve as conduits for guided fluid transport.Moreover,these results showed that gravity-driven downbuilding mainly controls salt flow,while the circular arrangement of salt structures results from regional stress and interactions between different salt sources.Distinct stress-induced basement incisions compounded by the hindrance of initial salt movement by the Qatar Arch further contribute to the complex salt structure geometry.Crucially,the uplift of the Qatar Arch and stresses from the Oman and Zagros orogenies profoundly affect the salt structure geometry and depositional patterns across diverse regions,resulting in circular salt structures and gas chimneys.This study offers valuable perspectives for oil and gas exploration and provides a comprehensive understanding of the regional dynamics governing salt tectonics and hydrocarbon ascent in the eastern Persian Gulf.
基金supported by The Youth Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82204623)Key scientific research projects in universities in Anhui Province(No.2022AH050471)+1 种基金Young Science and Technology Talents Cultivation Program of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine(No.2021qnyc04)Scientific Research Team Program of Anhui Colleges and Universities(No.2022AH010036).
文摘The theory of“Salt-processing enhancing drug into kidney meridian”was firstly put forward by Chen Jiamu,a medical doctor of Xin’an,in“Enlightening Primer of Materia Medica”.This theory integrates the theory of the five elements of Chinese medicine that the five flavors enter into the five viscera,and forms the theory of the role of the auxiliary materials of Chinese medicine concoctions.This theory is an important guiding significance for the clinical use of raw and cooked Chinese medicine tablets.At present,there are more studies on the theory of“Salt-processing enhancing drug into kidney meridian”in the literature,mainly focusing on the chemical composition,efficacy changes and the concoction mechanism of salt products of traditional Chinese medicines before and after salt preparation.There are relatively few review papers on the theory of“Salt-processing enhancing drug into kidney meridian”from the perspectives of auxiliary salt and attribution of meridians.In this paper,through reviewing relevant ancient books and literature,and on the basis of the previous review articles,this paper centers on the auxiliary salt,and conducts in-depth excavation and elaboration in terms of its sources,types,and the historical evolution of the salt production method.From the perspective of categorization,focusing on the core theory of“Kidney stores essence,governing reproduction,bone and generating marrow,water and brain”,we summarize the changes in efficacy before and after the salt preparation of kidney tonic traditional Chinese medicines,the changes in external and internal constituents as well as the scientific connotation of the concocting mechanism behind the effect-constituent changes.The scientific connotation of the concoction theory of“Salt-processing enhancing drug into kidney meridian”was initially elucidated,providing a new reference model for the study of the theory of Chinese medicine concoction attribution.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China and joint foundation(grants DD20160054 and 21422036)projects of China Geological Survey(grants U1407207)
文摘China has unique salt lake resources, and they are distributed in the east of Eurasian salt lake subzone of the Northern Hemisphere Salt Lake Zone, mainly concentrated in the regions with modern mean annual precipitation lower than 500 mm. This paper preliminarily reviews the progress made in salt lake research in China for the past 60 years. In the research of Paleoclimate and paleoenvironment from salt lake sediments, a series of salts have been proposed to be indicators of paleoclimate, and have been well accepted by scholars. The chloride-sulfate depositional regions of the west Qaidam and the east Tarim have been revealed to be the drought center of China since the Quaternary, and more than 6 spreading stages of arid climate （salt forming） have been identified. Five pan-lake periods with highstands have been proved to exist during the late Quaternary on the Tibetan Plateau. In mineral resource prospecting and theories of the forming of salt deposits： the atlas （1：2500000） of hydrochemical zoning of salt lakes on the Tibetan Plateau has been compiled for the first time, revealing the zonal distribution and transition from carbonate type to chloride type from south to north and presenting corresponding mineral assemblages for different type of salt lakes; several large continental salt deposits have been discovered and the theory of continental potash deposition has been developed, including the salt deposition in deep basins surrounded by high mountains, the mineral deposition from multistage evolution through chains of moderate or shallow lakes with multilevels, the origin of potassium rich brines in gravel layers, and the forming of potassium deposits through the inheriting from ancient salt deposits, thus establishing the framework of ＂Continental Potash Deposition Theory＂; several new types of Mg-borate deposits have been discovered, including the ulexite and pinnoite bed in Da Qaidam Lake, Qinghai, the pinnoite and kurnakovite bed in Chagcam Caka, Tibet, the kurnakovite bed in Lake Nyer, and the corresponding model of borate deposition from the cooling and dissolution of boron rich brines was proposed based on principles of geology, physics and chemistry. The anti-floatation-cold crystallization method developed independently has improved the capacity of KCI production to 3 million tons per year for the Qarham, serving the famous brand of potash fertilizer products. One 1.2 million ton K-sulfate production line, the biggest in the world, has been built in Lop Nor, and K-sulfate of about 1.6 million tons was produced in 2015. Supported by the new technology, i.e. brine preparation in winter-cooling-solarization-isolation-lithium deposition from salt gradient solar pond＂ the highest lithium production base at Zabuye Lake （4421 m）, Tibet, has been established, which is the first lithium production base in China that reaches the year production of 5000 tons of lithium carbonate. The concept of Salt lake agriculture （Salt land agriculture） has been established based on the mass growth of Dunaliella and other bacillus-algae and the occurrence of various halophytes in saltmarsh and salt saline-alkali lands, finding a new way to increase arable lands and develop related green industry in salt rich environments. Finally this paper presents some new thoughts for the further research and development on salt science, and the further progress in salt science and technology will facilitate the maturing of the interdisciplinary science ＂Salinology＂.
基金supported by the Basic Research Fund of Weifang Institute of Science and Technology under Grant No.KJRC2023047.
文摘Rice is a crucial food crop globally.Soil salt stress has adverse effects on the physiology and biochemistry of rice,leading to ionic toxicity and disrupted metabolism.Research aimed at improving salt tolerance and understanding its underlying mechanisms in rice is becoming increasingly important.Phytohormones are crucial in managing rice’s reaction to salt stress by controlling its physiological and biochemical functions.Some phytohormones can improve salt tolerance in rice by affecting gene programming,protein expression,and salt stress signaling,thereby helping rice adapt to salt-stressed environments.This review highlights recent advancements in understanding how various phytohormones-such as abscisic acid(ABA),auxin(IAA),cytokinins(CKs),jasmonates(JA),gibberellins(GAs),melatonin(MT),salicylic acid(SA),ethylene(ETHY)and brassinosteroids(BRs)-help mitigate the detrimental effects of salt stress in rice.Additionally,we explore the current challenges and future research directions for utilizing exogenous phytohormone regulators to boost rice’s resistance to salt stress.
基金Bhakta Kavi Narsinh Mehta University for providing support through the SCORE(Scheme for Concurrent Research Enhancement-2023),Department of Life Sciences,Junagadh.
文摘The manuscript explores the complex interplay between groundnut genotypes,salt tolerance and hormonal influence,shedding light on the dynamic responses of three specific groundnut genotypes,KDG-128,TG-37 A and GG-20,to salt treatments and gibberellic acid(GA3).The study encompasses germination,plant growth,total protein content and oil content as key parameters.Through comprehensive analysis,it identifies TG-37 A and KDG-128 as salt-tolerant genotypes,and GG-20 as salt-susceptible genotypes,which highlighting the potential for targeted breeding efforts to develop more resilient groundnut varieties.Moreover,the quantification of protein and oil content under different treatments provides vital data for optimizing nutritional profiles in groundnut cultivars.Principal Component Analysis(PCA) underscores the significance of the first principal component(PC1)in explaining the majority of variance,capturing primary trends and differences in plant length.Analysis of Variance(ANOVA) and hierarchical analysis confirm the presence of statistically significant differences in protein and oil content among the genotypes.Pearson's correlation coefficient matrix analysis reveals strong positive correlations between plant length and protein content,plant length and oil content,and a moderately positive correlation between protein content and oil content.These findings provide valuable insights into groundnut physiology,salt tolerance,and nutritional composition,with implications for future research in sustainable agriculture and crop improvement.
基金Supported by Saline-alkali Land Control and Soil Fertility Improvement Technology"Jiebangguashuai"Project of Jiangsu Coastal Development Group Co.,Ltd.(2022YHTDJB02).
文摘[Objectives]This study was conducted to enhance the salt tolerance of current rice varieties at the seedling stage and fulfill the urgent requirement for salt-tolerant rice varieties in coastal tidal flats.[Methods]Four high-generation stable rice lines with diverse salt tolerance were employed as test materials,and four NaCl concentration gradients were established for seed soaking treatment.[Results]The seedling survival rate of line 151465 underwent significant alterations after soaking with four different salt concentrations,and the survival rate was the highest after treatment with 1.8%NaCl for 1 d,reaching 65.2%.The average survival rate of other three lines with different salt tolerance reached 62%after soaking with 1.8%NaCl for 1 d,which was significantly higher than those of the 2.2%NaCl and 0%NaCl treatments.[Conclusions]This study provides a basis for reducing the effect of abiotic stress on rice growth and development and improving the utilization rate of saline-alkali land.
文摘Salt stress is one of the most harmful environmental stresses in recent times and represents a significant threat to food security. Soil salinization is caused by spontaneous natural processes of mineral dissolution and human activities such as inappropriate irrigation practices. Natural geological progressions like weathering of rocks, arid climate, and higher evaporation, as well as anthropogenic activities, including the use of brackish water for irrigation, and poor tillage operations, are the foremost causes of soil salinization. Typical characteristics of saline soils are salt stress, high pH, and lack of organic carbon, as well as low availability of nutrients. Disruption of precipitation patterns as well as high average annual temperatures due to climate change additionally negatively affects the process of soil salinization. Productivity and ability to support crop growth are reduced on saline soil. Salinity-induced stress reduces plant growth by modulating the antioxidative system and nutrient orchestration. The aim of this work is to show that the mentioned problems can be alleviated in several ways such as the addition of biochar, exogenous application of several elicitors, seed priming, etc. Research has shown that the addition of biochar can significantly improve the recovery of saline soil. The addition of biochar has no significant effect on soil pH, while the cation exchange capacity of the soil increased by 17%, and the electrical conductivity of the saturated paste extract decreased by 13.2% (depends on the initial salinity and the type of biochar raw material). Moreover, biochar enriched with silicon increases the resistance of bananas to salt stress. In addition, exogenous application of several elicitors helps plants to alleviate stress by inducing stress-related physicochemical and molecular changes (selenium, sulfur, silicon, salicylic acid). Finally, seed priming showed positive effects on metabolomics, proteomics and growth of plants subjected to abiotic stress. Priming usually involves immersing the seed in a solution for a period of time to induce physiological and metabolic progression prior to germination.
基金This research was financially supported by the Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province Project,China(Grant Nos.2022YFSY0007,2021YFH0010)the National Scientific Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U20A20266).
文摘Great potential of underground gas/energy storage in salt caverns seems to be a promising solution to support renewable energy.In the underground storage method,the operating cycle unfortunately may reach up to daily or even hourly,which generates complicated pressures on the salt cavern.Furthermore,the mechanical behavior of rock salt may change and present distinct failure characteristics under different stress states,which affects the performance of salt cavern during the time period of full service.To reproduce a similar loading condition on the cavern surrounding rock mass,the cyclic triaxial loading/unloading tests are performed on the rock salt to explore the mechanical transition behavior and failure characteristics under different confinement.Experimental results show that the rock salt samples pre-sent a diffused shear failure band with significant bulges at certain locations in low confining pressure conditions(e.g.5 MPa,10 MPa and 15 MPa),which is closely related to crystal misorientation and grain boundary sliding.Under the elevated confinement(e.g.20 MPa,30 MPa and 40 MPa),the dilation band dominates the failure mechanism,where the large-size halite crystals are crushed to be smaller size and new pores are developing.The failure transition mechanism revealed in the paper provides additional insight into the mechanical performance of salt caverns influenced by complicated stress states.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52076028).
文摘Interfacial solar evaporation holds immense potential for brine desalination with low carbon footprints and high energy utilization.Hydrogels,as a tunable material platform from the molecular level to the macroscopic scale,have been considered the most promising candidate for solar evaporation.However,the simultaneous achievement of high evaporation efficiency and satisfactory tolerance to salt ions in brine remains a challenging scientific bottleneck,restricting the widespread application.Herein,we report ionization engineering,which endows polymer chains of hydrogels with electronegativity for impeding salt ions and activating water molecules,fundamentally overcoming the hydrogel salt-impeded challenge and dramatically expediting water evaporating in brine.The sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate-modified carbon black is chosen as the solar absorbers.The hydrogel reaches a ground-breaking evaporation rate of 2.9 kg m−2 h−1 in 20 wt%brine with 95.6%efficiency under one sun irradiation,surpassing most of the reported literature.More notably,such a hydrogel-based evaporator enables extracting clean water from oversaturated salt solutions and maintains durability under different high-strength deformation or a 15-day continuous operation.Meantime,on the basis of the cation selectivity induced by the electronegativity,we first propose an all-day system that evaporates during the day and generates salinity-gradient electricity using waste-evaporated brine at night,anticipating pioneer a new opportunity for all-day resource-generating systems in fields of freshwater and electricity.
基金This work was supported by the Chinese TMSR Strategic Pioneer Science and Technology Project(No.XDA02010300).
文摘A nonlinear dynamic simulation model based on coordinated control of speed and flow rate for the molten salt reactor and combined cycle systems is proposed here to ensure the coordination and stability between the molten salt reactor and power system.This model considers the impact of thermal properties of fluid variation on accuracy and has been validated with Simulink.This study reveals the capability of the control system to compensate for anomalous situations and maintain shaft stability in the event of perturbations occurring in high-temperature molten salt tank outlet parameters.Meanwhile,the control system’s impact on the system’s dynamic characteristics under molten salt disturbance is also analyzed.The results reveal that after the disturbance occurs,the controlled system benefits from the action of the control,and the overshoot and disturbance amplitude are positively correlated,while the system power and frequency eventually return to the initial values.This simulation model provides a basis for utilizing molten salt reactors for power generation and maintaining grid stability.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22278110)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2022M720984)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province of China(B2021202012)Tianjin Technical Innovation Guidance Special Project(20YDTPJC00630).
文摘Interfacial solar-driven evaporation technology shows great potential in the field of industrial seawater desalination, and the development ofefficient and low-cost evaporation materials is key to achieving large-scale applications. Hydrogels are considered to be promising candidates;however, conventional hydrogel-based interfacial solar evaporators have difficulty in simultaneously meeting multiple requirements, including ahigh evaporation rate, salt resistance, and good mechanical properties. In this study, a Janus sponge-like hydrogel solar evaporator (CPAS) withexcellent comprehensive performance was successfully constructed. The introduction of biomass agar (AG) into the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)hydrogel backbone reduced the enthalpy of water evaporation, optimized the pore structure, and improved the mechanical properties. Meanwhile, by introducing hydrophobic fumed nano-silica aerogel (SA) and a synergistic foaming-crosslinking process, the hydrogel spontaneouslyformed a Janus structure with a hydrophobic surface and hydrophilic bottom properties. Based on the reduction of the evaporation enthalpy andthe modulation of the pore structure, the CPAS evaporation rate reached 3.56 kg m^(-2) h^(-1) under one sun illumination. Most importantly, owingto the hydrophobic top surface and 3D-interconnected porous channels, the evaporator could work stably in high concentrations of salt-water(25 wt% NaCl), showing strong salt resistance. Efficient water evaporation, excellent salt resistance, scalable preparation processes, and low-costraw materials make CPAS extremely promising for practical applications.
基金supported by Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20220999)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (KJJQ2024009,KYQN2023025)+5 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (32201707)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2021M701739,2023T160323)Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent (2022ZB330)Open Competition Mechanism to Select the Best Candidates Fund of Jiangsu province (JBGS[2021]012)Key Research and Development Program of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (2023BCF01009)the Achievement Transformation Fund Project of Hainan Research Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University (NAUSY-CG-YB07)。
文摘Salt stress severely affects plant growth and yield.The transcription factor NAC plays a variety of important roles in plant abiotic stress,but we know relatively little about the specific molecular mechanisms of NAC in antioxidant defense.Here,our genetic studies reveal the positive regulation of salt tolerance in maize by the transcription factor ZmNAC84.Under salt stress,overexpression of ZmNAC84 in maize increased the expression of ZmCAT1,enhanced CAT activity,and consequently reduced H_(2)O_(2) accumulation,thereby improving salt stress tolerance in maize.Whereas RNA interference-mediated knockdown of ZmNAC84 produced the opposite effect.Subsequently,we found that ZmNAC84 directly binds to and regulates the expression of the ZmCAT1 promoter,and the hybridized material also demonstrated that ZmCAT1 is a downstream target gene of ZmNAC84.In addition,phenotypic and biochemical analyses indicated that ZmCAT1 positively regulated salt tolerance by regulating H_(2)O_(2) accumulation under salt stress.Taken together,these results reveal the function of ZmNAC84 in regulating ZmCAT1-mediated antioxidant defense in response to salt stress in plants.
基金financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province-Innovation Group Research Project(Grant No.C2020204111)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31930098)+3 种基金the Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of Hebei Province(Grant No.C2021204049)the Hebei Province Outstanding Youth Fund(Grant No.BJ2021024)the Hebei Provincial Key Research Projects(21326344D)Hebei International Joint Research Base of Modern Agricultural Biotechnology.
文摘Chinese cabbage(Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis) has a long cultivation history and is one of the vegetable crops with the largest cultivation area in China. However, salt stress severely damages photosynthesis and hormone metabolism, nutritional balances, and results in ion toxicity in plants. To better understand the mechanisms of salt-induced growth inhibition in Chinese cabbage, RNA-seq and physiological index determination were conducted to explore the impacts of salt stress on carbon cycle metabolism and photosynthesis in Chinese cabbage. Here, we found that the number of thylakoids and grana lamellae and the content of starch granules and chlorophyll in the leaves of Chinese cabbage under salt stress showed a time-dependent response, first increasing and then decreasing. Chinese cabbage increased the transcript levels of genes related to the photosynthetic apparatus and carbon metabolism under salt stress, probably in an attempt to alleviate damage to the photosynthetic system and enhance CO_(2) fixation and energy metabolism. The transcription of genes related to starch and sucrose synthesis and degradation were also enhanced;this might have been an attempt to maintain intracellular osmotic pressure by increasing soluble sugar concentrations. Soluble sugars could also be used as potential reactive oxygen species(ROS) scavengers, in concert with peroxidase(POD)enzymes, to eliminate ROS that accumulate during metabolic processes. Our study characterizes the synergistic response network of carbon metabolism and photosynthesis under salt stress.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi (Grant No.2022GXNSFBA035523)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant No.2022MD713731)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Major Project of Guangxi Gui Ke (Grant No.AA22067096)the project of Guangxi featured fruit innovation team on pineapple breeding and cultivation post under national modern agricultural industry technology system (Grant No.nycytxgxcxtd-17-05)。
文摘Unfavorable environmental cues severely affect crop productivity resulting in significant economic losses to farmers. In plants, multiple regulatory genes, such as the WRKY transcription factor (TF) family, modulate the expression of defense genes. However, the role of the pineapple WRKY genes is poorly understood. Here, we studied the pineapple WRKY gene, AcWRKY28, by generating AcWRKY28 over-expressing transgenic pineapple plants. Overexpression of AcWRKY28 enhanced the salt stress resistance in transgenic pineapple lines. Comparative transcriptome analysis of transgenic and wild-type pineapple plants showed that “plant-pathogen interaction” pathway genes, including 9calcium-dependent protein kinases (CPKs), were up-regulated in AcWRKY28 over-expressing plants. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation and yeast one-hybrid assays revealed AcCPK12, AcCPK3, AcCPK8, AcCPK1, and AcCPK15 as direct targets of AcWRKY28. Consistently, the study of AcCPK12 over-expressing Arabidopsis lines showed that AcCPK12 enhances salt, drought, and disease resistance. This study shows that AcWRKY28 plays a crucial role in promoting salt stress resistance by activating the expression of AcCPK genes.
基金the financial support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(Grant Nos.52178319 and 52108307)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province,China(Grant No.2022J05127).
文摘Calcium salt is an important contributing factor for calcium-based biomineralization.To study the effect of calcium salt on soil biomineralization using crude soybean urease,the calcium salts,including the calcium chloride (CaCl_(2)),calcium acetate ((CH_(3)COO)_(2)Ca) and calcium nitrate (Ca(NO_(3))_(2)),were used to prepare the biotreatment solution to carry out the biomineralization tests in this paper.Two series of biomineralization tests in solution and sand column,respectively,were conducted.Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were performed to determine the microscopic characteristics of the precipitated calcium carbonate (CaCO_(3)) crystals.The experimental results indicate that the biomineralization effect is the best for the CaCl2 case,followed by (CH_(3)COO)_(2)Ca,and worst for Ca(NO_(3))_(2) under the test conditions of this study (i.e.1 mol/L of calcium salt-urea).The mechanism for the effect of the calcium salt on the biomineralization of crude soybean urease mainly involves: (1) inhibition of urease activity,and (2) influence on the crystal size and morphology of CaCO_(3).Besides Ca^(2+) ,the anions in solution can inhibit the activity of crude soybean urease,and NO_(3)− has a stronger inhibitory effect on the urease activity compared with both CH_(3)COO^(−) and Cl^(−) .The co-inhibition of Ca^(2+) and NO_(3)− on the activity of urease is the key reason for the worst biomineralization of the Ca(NO_(3))_(2) case in this study.The difference in biomineralization between the CaCl_(2) and (CH_(3)COO)_(2) Ca cases is strongly correlated with the crystal morphology of the precipitated CaCO_(3).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foutndation of China (32071971,32001463)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFD2300205)+4 种基金Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2662023ZKPY002)the HZAU-AGIS Cooperation Fund (SZYJY2021008)the Key Research and Development Projects of Henan province (231111113000)the Hubei Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Center Program (2021-620000-001-032)Hainan Major Science and Technology Projects (ZDKJ202001)。
文摘Soil salinity is a big environmental issue affecting crop production.Although seed nanopriming has been widely used to improve seed germination and seedling growth under salinity,our knowledge about the underlying mechanisms is still insufficient.Herein,we newly synthesized selenium-doped carbon dots nanoparticles coated with poly acrylic acid(poly acrylic acid coated selenium doped carbon dots,PAA@Se-CDs)and used it to prime seeds of rapeseeds.The TEM(transmission electron microscope)size and zeta potential of PAA@Se-CDs are 3.8±0.2 nm and-30 mV,respectively.After 8 h priming,the PAA@Se-CDs nanoparticles were detected in the seed compartments(seed coat,cotyledon,and radicle),while no such signals were detected in the NNP(no nanoparticle control)group(SeO_2 was used as the NNP).Nanopriming with PAA@Se-CDs nanoparticles increased rapeseeds germination(20%)and seedling fresh weight(161%)under saline conditions compared to NNP control.PAA@Se-CDs nanopriming significantly enhanced endo-β-mannanase activities(255%increase,21.55μmol h^(-1)g^(-1)vs.6.06μmol h^(-1)g^(-1),at DAS 1(DAS,days after sowing)),total soluble sugar(33.63 mg g^(-1)FW(fresh weight)vs.20.23 mg g^(-1)FW)and protein contents(1.96μg g^(-1)FW vs.1.0μg g^(-1)FW)to support the growth of germinating seedlings of rapeseeds under salt stress,in comparison with NNP co ntrol.The respiration rate and ATP content were increased by 76%and 607%,respectively.The oxidative damage of salinity due to the overaccumulation of reactive oxygen species(ROS)was alleviated by PAA@Se-CDs nanopriming by increasing the antioxidant enzyme activities(SOD(superoxide dismutase),POD(peroxidase),and CAT(catalase)).Another mechanism behind PAA@Se-CDs nanopriming improving rapeseeds salt tolerance at seedling stage was reducing sodium(Na^(+))accumulation and improving potassium(K^(+))retention,hence increasing the K^(+)/Na^(+)ratio under saline conditions.Overall,our results not only showed that seed nanopriming with PAA@Se-CDs could be a good approach to improve salt tolerance,but also add more knowledge to the mechanism behind nanopriming-improved plant salt tolerance at germination and early seedling growth stage.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Project(2022YFD2100902)National Natural Science Foundation of China(32372363)+1 种基金Dalian High-level Talent Innovation Support Program(2021RQ093)the Basic Research Project of Education Department of Liaoning Province(LJKZ0544).
文摘This study investigated the effects of salt(3%and 6%,m/m)and rice flour(10%and 20%,m/m)addition in sour meat,a traditional Chinese fermented meat.It was found that salt has greater effect than rice flour addition in spontaneous fermentation.Low-salt groups had lower pH and higher titratable total acid.In the low-salt groups,the dominant genera were Lactobacillus and Lactococcus,whereas Staphylococcus,Weissella,and Tetragenococcus were dominant in the high-salt groups.Higher total free amino acids and essential amino acids,organic acids,hexanoic acid ethyl ester and octanoic acid ethyl ester were found in the low-salt groups.The RDA analysis revealed that Lactococcus was closely related to product quality,with the S3F10(3%salt and 10%rice f lour)group outperforming the others in the sensory evaluation.Therefore,3%salt and 10%rice flour were considered more appropriate for the production of healthy and tasty fermented sour meats.
基金This research was funded by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province of China(ZR2022MC144).
文摘Grapes,one of the oldest tree species globally,are rich in vitamins.However,environmental conditions such as low temperature and soil salinization significantly affect grape yield and quality.The glutamate receptor(GLR)family,comprising highly conserved ligand-gated ion channels,regulates plant growth and development in response to stress.In this study,11 members of the VvGLR gene family in grapes were identified using whole-genome sequence analysis.Bioinformatic methods were employed to analyze the basic physical and chemical properties,phylogenetic trees,conserved domains,motifs,expression patterns,and evolutionary relationships.Phylogenetic and collinear analyses revealed that the VvGLRs were divided into three subgroups,showing the high conservation of the grape GLR family.These members exhibited 2 glutamate receptor binding regions(GABAb and GluR)and 3-4 transmembrane regions(M1,M2,M3,and M4).Real-time quantitative PCR analysis demonstrated the sensitivity of all VvGLRs to low temperature and salt stress.Subsequent localization studies in Nicotiana tabacum verified that VvGLR3.1 and VvGLR3.2 proteins were located on the cell membrane and cell nucleus.Additionally,yeast transformation experiments confirmed the functionality of VvGLR3.1 and VvGLR3.2 in response to low temperature and salt stress.Thesefindings highlight the significant role of the GLR family,a highly conserved group of ion channels,in enhancing grape stress resistance.This study offers new insights into the grape GLR gene family,providing fundamental knowledge for further functional analysis and breeding of stress-resistant grapevines.
基金supported by the Key Talent Project of Gansu Provincial Party Committee Organization Department Funding,China(2023RCXM23)the Industrial Support of Gansu Provincial Department of Education Funding,China(2021CYZC-55)the Key Research and Development Projects of Gansu Provincial Funding,China(21YF5NA090)。
文摘Salt stress is a typical abiotic stress in plants that causes slow growth,stunting,and reduced yield and fruit quality.Fertilization is necessary to ensure proper crop growth.However,the effect of fertilization on salt tolerance in grapevine is unclear.In this study,we investigated the effect of nitrogen fertilizer(0.01 and 0.1 mol L^(-1)NH_(4)NO_(3))application on the salt(200 mmol L^(-1)NaCl)tolerance of grapevine based on physiological indices,and transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses.The results revealed that 0.01 mol L^(-1)NH_(4)NO_(3) supplementation significantly reduced the accumulation of superoxide anion(O_(2)^(-)·),enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD)and peroxidase(POD),and improved the levels of ascorbic acid(AsA)and glutathione(GSH)in grape leaves compared to salt treatment alone.Specifically,joint transcriptome and metabolome analyses showed that the differentially expressed genes(DEGs)and differentially accumulated metabolites(DAMs)were significantly enriched in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway(ko00941)and the flavone and flavonol biosynthesis pathway(ko00944).In particular,the relative content of quercetin(C00389)was markedly regulated by salt and nitrogen.Further analysis revealed that exogenous foliar application of quercetin improved the SOD and POD activities,increased the AsA and GSH contents,and reduced the H_(2)O_(2) and O_(2)^(-)·contents.Meanwhile,10 hub DEGs,which had high Pearson correlations(R^(2)>0.9)with quercetin,were repressed by nitrogen.In conclusion,all the results indicated that moderate nitrogen and quercetin application under salt stress enhanced the antioxidant system defense response,thus providing a new perspective for improving salt tolerance in grapes.
