Root system architecture has often been overlooked in plant research despite its critical role in plant adaptation to environmental conditions.This study focused on the root system architecture of the desert shrub Rea...Root system architecture has often been overlooked in plant research despite its critical role in plant adaptation to environmental conditions.This study focused on the root system architecture of the desert shrub Reaumuria soongorica in the Alxa steppe desert,Northwest China.Plant samples were collected during May-September 2019.Using excavation methods,in situ measurements,and root scanning techniques,we analyzed the root distribution,topology,and branching patterns of R.soongorica across an age sequence of 7-51 a.Additionally,we investigated the allometric relationships of root collar diameter with total coarse root length,biomass,and topological parameters.The results showed that the roots of R.soongorica were predominantly concentrated in shallow soil layers(10-50 cm),with lateral root branching and biomass allocation increasing with shrub age.The root topology exhibited a herringbone-like structure,with average topological and modified topological indices of 0.89 and 0.96,respectively,both of which adjusted with shrub age.The root system displayed a self-similar branching pattern,maintaining a constant cross-sectional area ratio of 1.13 before and after branching,deviating from the area-preserving rule.These adaptive traits allow R.soongorica to efficiently expand its nutrient acquisition zone,minimize internal competition,and optimize resource uptake from the upper soil layers.Furthermore,significant linear relationships were observed between log10-transformed root collar diameter and log10-transformed total coarse root length,biomass,and topological parameters.These findings advance non-destructive approaches for studying root characteristics and contribute to the development of root-related models.Besides,this study provides new insights into the adaptive strategies of R.soongorica under extreme drought conditions,offering valuable guidance for species selection and cultivation in desert restoration efforts.展开更多
Many economically important crops and vegetables belonging to the cruciferous family are heavily endangered by clubroot disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae infection.Breeding of clubroot resistant cultivars bas...Many economically important crops and vegetables belonging to the cruciferous family are heavily endangered by clubroot disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae infection.Breeding of clubroot resistant cultivars based on mapping and cloning of resistant genes is commonly regarded as the most cost-effective and efficient way to fight against this disease.The traditional way of R gene functional validation requires stable transformation that is both time-and labor-consuming.In this study,a rapid and efficient hairy-root transgenic protocol mediated by Agrobacterium rhizogenes was developed.The transformation positive rate was over 80%in Brassica napus showed by GUS reporter gene and this transformation only took 1/6 of the time compared with stable transformation.The system was applicable to different B.napus varieties and other cruciferous crops including Brassica rapa and Brassica oleracea.In particular,two known CR genes,CRA3.7.1 and CRA8.2.4 were used respectively,as example to show that the system works well for CR gene study combined with subsequent P.brassicae infection in B.napus.Most importantly,it works both in over-expression that led to disease resistance,as well as in RNAi which led to disease susceptible phenotype.Therefore,this system can be used in batch-wise identification of CR genes,and also offered the possibility of manipulating key genes within the P.brassicae genome that could improve our knowledge on host-pathogen interaction.展开更多
Non-heading Chinese cabbage, a variety of Brassica campestris, is an important vegetable crop in the Yangtze River Basin of China. However,the immaturity of its stable transformation system and its low transformation ...Non-heading Chinese cabbage, a variety of Brassica campestris, is an important vegetable crop in the Yangtze River Basin of China. However,the immaturity of its stable transformation system and its low transformation efficiency limit gene function research on non-heading Chinese cabbage. Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated(ARM) transgenic technology is a rapid and effective transformation method that has not yet been established for non-heading Chinese cabbage plants. Here, we optimized conventional ARM approaches(one-step and two-step transformation methods) suitable for living non-heading Chinese cabbage plants in nonsterile environments. Transgenic roots in composite non-heading Chinese cabbage plants were identified using phenotypic detection, fluorescence observation, and PCR analysis. The transformation efficiency of a two-step method on four five-day-old non-heading Chinese cabbage seedlings(Suzhouqing, Huangmeigui, Wuyueman, and Sijiu Caixin) was 43.33%-51.09%, whereas using the stout hypocotyl resulted in a transformation efficiency of 54.88% for the 30-day-old Sijiu Caixin.The one-step method outperformed the two-step method;the transformation efficiency of different varieties was above 60%, and both methods can be used to obtain transgenic roots for functional studies within one month. Finally, optimized ARM transformation methods can easily,quickly, and effectively produce composite non-heading Chinese cabbage plants with transgenic roots, providing a reliable foundation for gene function research and non-heading Chinese cabbage genetic improvement breeding.展开更多
BACKGROUND Complicated crown–root fracture (CRF) involves severe injury to the crown, root,and pulp, and may be accompanied by multiple root fractures. The loss of a toothhas lifelong consequences for children and te...BACKGROUND Complicated crown–root fracture (CRF) involves severe injury to the crown, root,and pulp, and may be accompanied by multiple root fractures. The loss of a toothhas lifelong consequences for children and teenagers, but the maintenance of pulphealth and the calcific healing of multiple root fractures are rarely reported in theliterature.CASE SUMMARY This case reports healing of a permanent tooth with complicated crown–root andadditional root fractures, in which pulp health was maintained. A 10-year-old girlfell and fractured the root of her maxillary left central incisor at the cervical level.After the coronal fragment was repositioned, the tooth was splinted until thetooth was no longer mobile, 2 years later. Eight years after treatment, the toothhas remained asymptomatic with vital pulp and localized gingival overgrowth.Cone-beam computed tomography revealed not only calcified healing of the CRFbut also spontaneous healing in an additional undiagnosed root fracture. Thefracture line on the enamel could not be healed by hard tissue and formed agroove in the cervical crown. It was speculated that the groove was related to thelocalized gingival overgrowth.CONCLUSION This case provides a clinical perspective of the treatment of a tooth with acomplicated CRF and an additional root fracture.展开更多
BACKGROUND Odontogenic maxillary sinusitis,often triggered by dental issues like periapical periodontitis,significantly contributes to chronic sinusitis,mainly affecting adults around 50 years old,emphasizing the need...BACKGROUND Odontogenic maxillary sinusitis,often triggered by dental issues like periapical periodontitis,significantly contributes to chronic sinusitis,mainly affecting adults around 50 years old,emphasizing the need for a multidisciplinary diagnostic and treatment approach.AIM To investigate the therapeutic effect and clinical value of root canal therapy combined with nasal endoscopic surgery compared with simple root canal the-rapy in the treatment of severe odontogenic maxillary sinusitis caused by peria-pical periodontitis.METHODS The clinical data,diagnosis,and treatment of 200 patients with severe odonto-genic maxillary sinusitis caused by periapical periodontitis from October 2020 to October 2021 were analyzed retrospectively.Among them,63 patients were treated with simple root canal therapy as the control group,and 137 patients were treated with root canal therapy combined with nasal endoscopic surgery as the observation group.The therapeutic effect,Lund-Kennedy endoscopic score,paranasal sinus Lund-Mackay score,complication rate,recurrence rate,and patient satisfaction were compared between the two groups.RESULTS First,we compared the effective rates:23 cases were cured,22 were improved,and 8 were ineffective in the control group,yielding a total effective rate of 84.90%.Meanwhile,97 cases were cured,34 improved,and 6 were ineffective in the observation group,resulting in a total effective rate of 95.62%.The observation group had a higher total effective rate compared with the control group(P<0.05).Second,we compared the Lund–Kennedy endoscopic score.Before treatment,no significant difference(P>0.05)was observed in this score between the two groups.After treatment,the Lund–Kennedy endoscopic score decreased in both groups.The Lund–Kennedy endoscopic score of the observation group at 3 and 6 mo after treatment was lower compared to that of the control group(P<0.05).Third,we compared the Lund–Mackay score of paranasal sinuses.Before treatment,there was no significant difference in this score between the two groups(P>0.05).After treatment,the Lund–Mackay scores of paranasal sinuses decreased in both groups.The Lund–Mackay scores of paranasal sinuses in the observation group at 3 and 6 mo after treatment were lower compared to those of the control group(P<0.05).Fourth,we compared the incidence and recurrence rate of complications.Three months after treatment,no significant difference was found in the incidence and recurrence rate of complications between the observation group(6.56%)and the control group(9.52%)(P>0.05).However,6 mo after treatment,the incidence and recurrence rate of complications in the observation group(2.91%)was significantly higher compared to that of the control group(12.69%)(P<0.05).Fifth,we compared patient satisfaction.Six months after treatment,the patient satisfaction of the observation group(93.43%)was significantly better than that of the control group(84.12%)(P<0.05).CONCLUSION Root canal therapy combined with nasal endoscopic surgery has a good therapeutic effect on severe odontogenic maxillary sinusitis caused by periapical periodontitis,and it can reduce the injury of maxillary sinus mucosa and bone,and significantly reduce the incidence of complications and recurrence rate.Meanwhile,it has high patient satisfaction and remarkable therapeutic effect,which is suggested to be popularized and applied in clinic.展开更多
BACKGROUND The root of mesentery dissection is one of the critical maneuvers,especially in borderline resectable pancreatic head cancer.Intra-abdominal chyle leak(CL)including chylous ascites may ensue in up to 10%of ...BACKGROUND The root of mesentery dissection is one of the critical maneuvers,especially in borderline resectable pancreatic head cancer.Intra-abdominal chyle leak(CL)including chylous ascites may ensue in up to 10%of patients after pancreatic resections.Globally recognized superior mesenteric artery(SMA)first approaches are invariably performed.The mesenteric dissection through the inferior infracolic approach has been discussed in this study emphasizing its post-operative impact on CL which is the cornerstone of this study.AIM To assess incidence,risk factors,clinical impact of CL following root of mesentery dissection,and the different treatment modalities.METHODS This is a retrospective study incorporating the patients who underwent dissection of the root of mesentery with inferior infracolic SMA first approach pancreat-oduodenectomy for the ventral body and uncinate mass of pancreas in the Department of Gastrointestinal and General Surgery of Kathmandu Medical College and Teaching Hospital from January 1,2021 to February 28,2024.Intraop-erative findings and postoperative outcomes were analyzed.RESULTS In three years,ten patients underwent root of mesentery dissection with inferior infracolic SMA first approach pancreatoduodenectomy.The mean age was 67.6 years with a male-to-female ratio of 4:5.CL was seen in four patients.With virtue of CL,Clavien-Dindo grade Ⅱ or higher morbidity was observed in four patients.Two patients had a hospital stay of more than 20 days with the former having a delayed gastric emptying and the latter with long-term total parenteral nutrition requirement.The mean operative time was 330 minutes.Curative resection was achieved in 100%of the patients.The mean duration of the intensive care unit and hospital stay were 2.55±1.45 days and 15.7±5.32 days,respectively.CONCLUSION Root of mesentery dissection with lymphadenectomy and vascular resection correlated with occurrence of CL.After complete curative resection,these were managed with total parenteral nutrition without adversely impacting outcome.展开更多
The formation of root system architecture(RSA)plays a crucial role in plant growth.OsDRO1 is known to have a function in controlling RSA in rice,however,the role of potato StDRO2,a homolog of rice OsDRO1,in root growt...The formation of root system architecture(RSA)plays a crucial role in plant growth.OsDRO1 is known to have a function in controlling RSA in rice,however,the role of potato StDRO2,a homolog of rice OsDRO1,in root growth remains unclear.In this study,we obtained potato dro2 mutant lines by Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats-CRISPR-Associated 9(CRISPR/Cas9)-mediated genome editing system.The mutant lines were generated from a splicing defect of the StDRO2 intron 1,which causes a nonsense mutation in StDRO2.Furthermore,the secondary structure of StDRO2 mRNA analyzed with RNAfold Web Server was altered in the dro2 mutant.Mutation of StDRO2 conveys potato adaptation through changing the RSA via alteration of auxin transport under drought stress.The potato dro2 lines showed higher plant height,longer root length,smaller root growth angle and increased tuber weight than the wild-type.The alteration of RSA was associated with a disturbance of IAA distribution in the dro2 mutant,and the levels of StPIN7 and StPIN10 detected by using real-time PCR were up-regulated in the roots of potato dro2 lines grown under drought stress.Moreover,the microRNAs(miRNAs)PmiREN024536 and PmiREN024486 targeted the StDRO2 gene,and auxin positively and negatively regulated the expression of StDRO2 and the miRNAs PmiREN024536 and PmiREN024486,respectively,in the potato roots.Our data shows that a regulatory network involving auxin,StDRO2,PmiREN024536 and PmiREN024486 can control RSA to convey potato fitness under drought stress.展开更多
Plant root systems serve as a natural reinforcing material,significantly improving soil stability.Furthermore,the tensile strength of soil is crucial in mitigating the formation of cracks.Consequently,this study aims ...Plant root systems serve as a natural reinforcing material,significantly improving soil stability.Furthermore,the tensile strength of soil is crucial in mitigating the formation of cracks.Consequently,this study aims to investigate the influence of plant roots on the tensile strength of soil.For this investigation,Amorpha fruticose was selected due to its large root diameter and the ease of root extraction.Indoor tensile tests were conducted on individual roots and root-soil complexes under three varying factors.The results indicate a power law relationship between root diameter and tensile strength.Increased root content and dry density notably enhance the tensile strength of the root-soil complex while roots mitigate damage associated with soil brittleness.When root content increases from 0 to 10,the maximum enhancement in tensile strength of the root-soil complex reaches 42.3 kPa.The tensile strength of the root-soil complex at a dry density of 1.7 g/cm^(3)is four to five times greater than that of the complex at a dry density of 1.4 g/cm^(3).Moreover,as moisture content increases,the tensile strength of the root-soil complex initially rises before declining,with an increase range of 7.7-35.8 kPa.These findings provide a scientific basis for understanding the role of vegetation roots in soil tensile strength and for guiding slope reinforcement strategies.展开更多
The article contains a list of 14 structured technical sheets on roots, rhizomes or tubers that will serve as guidance in improving the quality of health of people. The used method was through an active search for lit...The article contains a list of 14 structured technical sheets on roots, rhizomes or tubers that will serve as guidance in improving the quality of health of people. The used method was through an active search for literature that brought the observed aspects to the structuring of the technical sheets, i.e., literature that contains data related to composition, active ingredients, interaction (when described in the consulted literature), health condition in which they may be useful in helath care by various health professionals and anyone who may be of interest. The data obtained shows that there is a need for a careful evaluation of the foods (that contain roots, rhizomes, or tubers) used by polymedicated people due to possible interactions and incompatibilities that may exist.展开更多
Root tips are the main components of absorptive fine roots,but their seasonal dynamics and relationship to environmental factors remain unclear due to the difficulties in methodology.In this study,we explored the temp...Root tips are the main components of absorptive fine roots,but their seasonal dynamics and relationship to environmental factors remain unclear due to the difficulties in methodology.In this study,we explored the temporal patterns of root-tip production and mortality in monoculture plantations of five temperate tree species at a common site in northeastern China,and identified the general environmental controls on such processes.We made monthly in-situ assessments of root tip length(RTL)production and mortality in two hardwood and three coniferous species with a minirhizotron(MR)method during the growing seasons of 2008 and 2009.Air temperature,rainfall,soil temperature and water content at 10 cm depth were determined concurrently.RTL production in all species exhibited consistent peaks in summer(June–August)in two growing seasons.RTL mortality showed substantial interannual and interspecific variability,with peaks in autumn and winter in 2008,but various patterns in 2009.RTL production positively correlated with monthly soil and air temperature across all species,and with monthly rainfall in three coniferous species.However,there was no significant correlation between RTL production and soil water content.By contrast,RTL mortality was weakly related to environmental factors,showing positive correlations with soil temperature in Korean spruce,and with rainfall in Korean pine and Korean spruce.Our findings suggest that the seasonal patterns of RTL production are convergent across the five temperate tree species due to the overlapped distribution of heat and rainfall,which can conduce roots to maximizing the acquisition of nutrient resources in the soil.展开更多
A hair tonic containing 1.0%Arctium lappa root extract(ALRE)was evaluated for its efficacy and tolerability in Chinese consumers.ALRE was selected based on its ability to promote Collagen Type XVII Alpha 1(COL17A1)syn...A hair tonic containing 1.0%Arctium lappa root extract(ALRE)was evaluated for its efficacy and tolerability in Chinese consumers.ALRE was selected based on its ability to promote Collagen Type XVII Alpha 1(COL17A1)synthesis,along with other active ingredients targeting scalp health and follicular regeneration.In vitro assays confirmed that ALRE significantly enhanced COL17A1 expression.A 28-day clinical trial involving Chinese participants demonstrated that the tonic reduced hair loss by 37.61%and increased local hair density by 26.63%,with no reported adverse effects.These findings validate the product’s effectiveness in a distinct consumer population and highlight the importance of integrating mechanistic insights with clinical validation.Further research should explore long-term efficacy and demographic-specific responses to optimize its application.展开更多
In the context of the diversity of smart terminals,the unity of the root of trust becomes complicated,which not only affects the efficiency of trust propagation,but also poses a challenge to the security of the whole ...In the context of the diversity of smart terminals,the unity of the root of trust becomes complicated,which not only affects the efficiency of trust propagation,but also poses a challenge to the security of the whole system.In particular,the solidification of the root of trust in non-volatile memory(NVM)restricts the system’s dynamic updating capability,which is an obvious disadvantage in a rapidly changing security environment.To address this issue,this study proposes a novel approach to generate root security parameters using static random access memory(SRAM)physical unclonable functions(PUFs).SRAM PUFs,as a security primitive,show great potential in lightweight security solutions due to their inherent physical properties,low cost and scalability.However,the stability of SRAM PUFs in harsh environments is a key issue.These environmental conditions include extreme temperatures,high humidity,and strong electromagnetic radiation,all of which can affect the performance of SRAM PUFs.In order to ensure the stability of root safety parameters under these conditions,this study proposes an integrated approach that covers not only the acquisition of entropy sources,but also the implementation of algorithms and configuration management.In addition,this study develops a series of reliability-enhancing algorithms,including adaptive parameter selection,data preprocessing,auxiliary data generation,and error correction,which are essential for improving the performance of SRAM PUFs in harsh environments.Based on these techniques,this study establishes six types of secure parameter generation mechanisms,which not only improve the security of the system,but also enhance its adaptability in variable environments.Through a series of experiments,we verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.Under 10 different environmental conditions,our method is able to achieve full recovery of security data with an error rate of less than 25%,which proves the robustness and reliability of our method.These results not only provide strong evidence for the stability of SRAM PUFs in practical applications,but also provide a new direction for future research in the field of smart terminal security.展开更多
Root anatomical traits play an important role in understanding the link between root physiological function and ecological process. To determine how plants change root anatomical traits to adapt to distinct environmen...Root anatomical traits play an important role in understanding the link between root physiological function and ecological process. To determine how plants change root anatomical traits to adapt to distinct environments, we measured four key root anatomical traits-stele diameter(SD), cortex thickness(CT), root diameter(RD), and the stele to root diameter ratio(SDRD)-of first-order roots of 82species collected from different vegetation zones along a 2000 m altitudinal gradient on the northern slope of Taibai Mountain. Compared with other altitudes, plants located in temperate birch and fir forests had thinner SD, CT, RD, and SDRD. We found that elevational variation in root anatomical traits could largely be explained by phylogenetic taxonomy(clade). In addition, changes in SD were driven by soil bulk density, whereas variations in CT and RD were influenced by soil available nitrogen. When phylogenetic factors were removed from our analysis, allometric relationships between RD and root anatomical traits(SD and CT) were observed across different altitudes. Our study reveals the influence of phylogeny and environment on the elevational variation in root anatomical traits and further supports the allometric relationship between root anatomical traits(SD and CT) and RD. These findings enhance our understanding of the evolutionary and adaptive mechanisms of root anatomical structures, providing a basis for predicting how root anatomical traits respond to global changes.展开更多
The responses of drip-irrigated rice physiological traits to water and fertilizers have been widely studied.However,the responses of yield,root traits and their plasticity to the nitrogen environment in different nitr...The responses of drip-irrigated rice physiological traits to water and fertilizers have been widely studied.However,the responses of yield,root traits and their plasticity to the nitrogen environment in different nitrogen-efficient cultivars are not fully understood.An experiment was conducted from 2020-2022 with a high nitrogen use efficiency(high-NUE)cultivar(T-43)and a low-NUE cultivar(LX-3),and four nitrogen levels(0,150,300,and 450 kg ha^(-1))under drip irrigation in large fields.The aim was to study the relationships between root morphology,conformation,biomass,and endogenous hormone contents,yield and NUE.The results showed three main points:1)Under the same N application rate,compared with LX-3,the yield,N partial factor productivity(PFP),fine root length density(FRLD),shoot dry weight(SDW),root indole-3-acetic acid(IAA),and root zeatin and zeatin riboside(Z+ZR)of T-43 were significantly greater by11.4-18.9,11.3-13.5,11.6-15.7,9.9-31.1,6.1-48.1,and 22.8-73.6%,respectively,while the root-shoot ratio(RSR)and root abscisic acid(ABA)were significantly lower(P<0.05);2)nitrogen treatment significantly increased the rice root morphological indexes and endogenous hormone contents(P<0.05).Compared to N0,the yield,RLD,surface area density(SAD),root volume density(RVD),and root endogenous hormones(IAA,Z+ZR)were significantly increased in both cultivars under N2 by 61.6-71.6,64.2-74.0,69.9-105.6,6.67-9.91,54.0-67.8,and 51.4-58.9%,respectively.Compared with N3,the PFP and N agronomic efficiency(NAE)of nitrogen fertilizer under N2 increased by 52.3-62.4 and39.2-63.0%,respectively;3)the responses of root trait plasticity to the N environment significantly differed between the cultivars(P<0.05).Compared with LX-3,T-43 showed a longer root length and larger specific surface area,which is a strategy for adapting to changes in the nutrient environment.For the rice cultivar with high-NUE,the RSR was optimized by increasing the FRLD,root distribution in upper soil layers,and root endogenous hormones(IAA,Z+ZR)under suitable nitrogen conditions(N2).An efficient nutrient acquisition strategy can occur through root plasticity,leading to greater yield and NUE.展开更多
Intercropping has been widely used in arid and semi-arid regions because of its high yield,stable productivity,and efficient utilization of resources.However,in recent years,the high yield of traditional intercropping...Intercropping has been widely used in arid and semi-arid regions because of its high yield,stable productivity,and efficient utilization of resources.However,in recent years,the high yield of traditional intercropping is mainly attributed to the large amount of purchased resources such as water and fertilizer,plastic film,and mechanical power.These lead to a decline in cultivated land quality and exacerbate intercrops'premature root and canopy senescence.So,the application of traditional intercropping faces major challenges in crop production.This paper analyzes the manifestations,occurrence mechanisms,and agronomic regulatory pathways of crop senescence.The physiological and ecological characteristics of intercropping to delay root and canopy senescence of crops are reviewed in this paper.The main agronomic regulatory pathways of intercropping to delay root and canopy senescence of crops are based on above-and blow-ground interactions,including collocation of crop varieties,spatial arrangement,water and fertilizer management,and tillage and mulch practices.Future research fields of intercropping to delay root and canopy senescence should focus on the aspects of selecting and breeding special varieties,application of molecular biology techniques,and developing or applying models to predict and evaluate the root and canopy senescence process of intercrops.Comprehensive analysis and evaluation of different research results could provide a basis for enhancing intercropping delay root and canopy senescence through adopting innovative technologies for regulating the physio-ecological characteristics of intercrops.This would support developing and adopting high-yield,efficient,and sustainable intercropping systems in arid and semi-arid areas with high population density,limited land,and abundant light and heat resources.展开更多
Monocot root systems comprise a large number of lateral roots to allow them to survive and colonize land.Auxin signaling pathways centered on Aux/IAA play a crucial role in lateral root development.However,in non-mode...Monocot root systems comprise a large number of lateral roots to allow them to survive and colonize land.Auxin signaling pathways centered on Aux/IAA play a crucial role in lateral root development.However,in non-model monocot plants,the effects of Aux/IAA on lateral root initiation and number remain largely unknown.The present study transformed PheIAA17,a member of the Aux/IAA family of Moso bamboo,into rice and found that it significantly drove plants to produce lateral roots and improved the rooting rate.Quantitative experiments showed that PheIAA17 overexpression significantly affected the expression of ARF family members.Phylogenetic and promoter analyses indicate that PheARF3-2 belongs to class B ARF,and the promoter region contains auxin response elements.The results of yeast one-hybrid and dual-luciferase reporter assays confirmed that PheIAA17 bound specific fragments of the PheARF3-2 promoter to repress its transcriptional activity.Y2H and BiFC assay have shown that PheIAA17 and PheIAA30-3 could physically interact in vitro and in vivo.Taken together,this study reports a new molecular module centered on PheIAA17,which directs plants to alter root morphology through an increase in lateral roots.展开更多
The CRISPR/Cas9 genome-editing system serves as a pivotal tool for enhancing crop genetics.Within this system,single guide RNAs(sgRNAs)are instrumental in the precise cleavage of DNA double strands.However,the efficie...The CRISPR/Cas9 genome-editing system serves as a pivotal tool for enhancing crop genetics.Within this system,single guide RNAs(sgRNAs)are instrumental in the precise cleavage of DNA double strands.However,the efficiency of gene editing varies among sgRNAs,emphasizing the need to meticulously select target sites,especially in the context of Citrullus lanatus,a species notorious for its challenging and inefficient generation of transgenic plants through stable transformation.This study employed an Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated hairy root method to assess effective target sites for gene editing of ClCIPK17 across various Citrullus species.Hairy roots were successfully induced in different plant tissues at diverse growth stages of Citrullus lanatus,Citrullus mucosospermus,and Citrullus amarus.Employing a vector with two sgRNAs(sgRNA1 and sgRNA5)positioned within conserved regions of exon 1 and exon 5 of ClCIPK17 in the CRISPR/Cas9 system,targeted mutations were detected in 90.9%of accessions across the four Citrullus species.Notably,73.94%of all examined hairy roots exhibited mutations at the sgRNA1 site,while the sgRNA5 site showed no mutations.Among the 31 different mutation types identified at the sgRNA1 site,base deletion was the most prevalent.Using the sgRNA1 site of ClCIPK17,stable transgenic watermelon buds were obtained from explants,and the targeted mutations of the sgRNA1 site were confirmed.These findings underscore the viability of the hairy root transformation system in assessing the editing efficiency of sgRNA targets in diverse Citrullus species.展开更多
Promoting synaptic plasticity and inducing functional reorganization of residual nerve fibers hold clinical significance for restoring motor function following spinal cord injury.Neuromagnetic stimulation targeting th...Promoting synaptic plasticity and inducing functional reorganization of residual nerve fibers hold clinical significance for restoring motor function following spinal cord injury.Neuromagnetic stimulation targeting the nerve roots has been shown to improve motor function by enhancing nerve conduction in the injured spinal cord and restoring the synaptic ultrastructure of both the sensory and motor cortex.However,our understanding of the neurophysiological mechanisms by which nerve root magnetic stimulation facilitates motor function recovery in the spinal cord is limited,and its role in neuroplasticity remains unclear.In this study,we established a model of spinal cord injury in adult male Sprague–Dawley rats by applying moderate compression at the T10 vertebra.We then performed magnetic stimulation on the L5 nerve root for 3 weeks,beginning on day 3 post-injury.At day 22 post-injury,we observed that nerve root magnetic stimulation downregulated the level of interleukin-6 in the injured spinal cord tissue of rats.Additionally,this treatment reduced neuronal damage and glial scar formation,and increased the number of neurons in the injured spinal cord.Furthermore,nerve root magnetic stimulation decreased the levels of acetylcholine,norepinephrine,and dopamine,and increased the expression of synaptic plasticity-related m RNA and proteins PSD95,GAP43,and Synapsin II.Taken together,these results showed that nerve root magnetic stimulation alleviated neuronal damage in the injured spinal cord,regulated synaptic plasticity,and suppressed inflammatory responses.These findings provide laboratory evidence for the clinical application of nerve root magnetic stimulation in the treatment of spinal cord injury.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the protective effects of the combined concentrated liquid extract of Pueraria lobata(Willd.)Ohwi root(P.lobata,Ge Gen)and Hovenia dulcis Thunb.(H.dulcis,Zhi Ju Zi)against ethanol-induced live...Objective:To investigate the protective effects of the combined concentrated liquid extract of Pueraria lobata(Willd.)Ohwi root(P.lobata,Ge Gen)and Hovenia dulcis Thunb.(H.dulcis,Zhi Ju Zi)against ethanol-induced liver damage in vitro,using a human hepatoma cell line G2(HepG2)cell model.Methods:HepG2 cells were cultured in medium containing 4%ethanol to establish a model of alcoholic liver damage.The cells were then treated with the combined extract obtained via cryogenic extraction.Biochemical assays and Western blot analyses were performed to assess the levels of oxidative stress markers,antioxidant enzymes,and inflammatory cytokines.In addition,activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B(PI3K/AKT)pathway was examined to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the effects of the extract.Results:Treatment with the extract contributed to a significant reduction in the release of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species in the ethanol-treated HepG2 cells;promoted the elevated expression of superoxide dismutase,catalase,and glutathione,indicating enhanced antioxidant defenses;and showed strong free radical-scavenging activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals.In addition,by activating the PI3K/AKT pathway,treatment promoted increases in the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and its downstream targets,subsequently inhibiting apoptosis.Moreover.inflammatory responses were mitigated,as indicated by reductions in the expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6,and we detected reduction in the levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase,thereby indicating hepatoprotective effects.Conclusion:The combined P.lobata root and H.dulcis extract was established to have notable antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties,effectively alleviating ethanol-induced liver damage in vitro.These findings highlight the potential applicability of this extract as a candidate for treating alcoholic liver disease.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to investigate different effects of two pH-regulating acids on the root morphology and other physiological growth of Lactuca sativa L.in floating plug transplant system.[Method] HNO3 and H2SO4 ...[Objective] The aim was to investigate different effects of two pH-regulating acids on the root morphology and other physiological growth of Lactuca sativa L.in floating plug transplant system.[Method] HNO3 and H2SO4 were used to adjust pH condition of various nutrient concentrations in lettuce floating transplant system,the effect of two acid treatments on root traits of lettuce were investigated.[Result] These two acids made different effects on root system under a series of nutrient gradients.Under HNO3 treatment,the fresh weight of shoot and root were increased with growth of nutrient concentration;root preformed best when EC was 1.0 μs/cm.Under H2SO4 treatment,when EC was 0.8 μs/cm,the total root length and root surface area,projected area,root volume of lettuce were 344.8 cm,40.9 cm2,13.0 cm2,0.4 m3,respectively,which were significantly higher than those in HNO3 treatment.Compared the influences of acid treatments under same nutrient concentration,the result showed that H2SO4 treatment increased root/shoot ratio and all other root morphological characteristics;however,HNO3 treatment promoted the growth of shoot and lateral root,increased transplanting efficiency and facilitated realizing high yield after transplanted into open-field.[Conclusion] This study will provide theoretical reference for improving plug transplant technology of lettuce.展开更多
基金funded by the Guangxi Science and Technology Plan Project(Guike AD22080050)the Basic Research Ability Improvement Project of Young and Middle-aged Teachers of Universities in Guangxi(2022KY0386)+1 种基金the Opening Foundation of Key Laboratory of Environment Change and Resources Use in Beibu Gulf,Ministry of Education,Nanning Normal University(NNNU-KLOP-K2202)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42471055).
文摘Root system architecture has often been overlooked in plant research despite its critical role in plant adaptation to environmental conditions.This study focused on the root system architecture of the desert shrub Reaumuria soongorica in the Alxa steppe desert,Northwest China.Plant samples were collected during May-September 2019.Using excavation methods,in situ measurements,and root scanning techniques,we analyzed the root distribution,topology,and branching patterns of R.soongorica across an age sequence of 7-51 a.Additionally,we investigated the allometric relationships of root collar diameter with total coarse root length,biomass,and topological parameters.The results showed that the roots of R.soongorica were predominantly concentrated in shallow soil layers(10-50 cm),with lateral root branching and biomass allocation increasing with shrub age.The root topology exhibited a herringbone-like structure,with average topological and modified topological indices of 0.89 and 0.96,respectively,both of which adjusted with shrub age.The root system displayed a self-similar branching pattern,maintaining a constant cross-sectional area ratio of 1.13 before and after branching,deviating from the area-preserving rule.These adaptive traits allow R.soongorica to efficiently expand its nutrient acquisition zone,minimize internal competition,and optimize resource uptake from the upper soil layers.Furthermore,significant linear relationships were observed between log10-transformed root collar diameter and log10-transformed total coarse root length,biomass,and topological parameters.These findings advance non-destructive approaches for studying root characteristics and contribute to the development of root-related models.Besides,this study provides new insights into the adaptive strategies of R.soongorica under extreme drought conditions,offering valuable guidance for species selection and cultivation in desert restoration efforts.
基金supported by grants from the Wuhan Science and Technology Major Project on Key techniques of biological breeding and Breeding of new varieties(Grant No.2022021302024851)the special project for sustainable development agenda of innovation demonstration zone(Grant No.202204AC100001-A04)the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2022YFD1200400)。
文摘Many economically important crops and vegetables belonging to the cruciferous family are heavily endangered by clubroot disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae infection.Breeding of clubroot resistant cultivars based on mapping and cloning of resistant genes is commonly regarded as the most cost-effective and efficient way to fight against this disease.The traditional way of R gene functional validation requires stable transformation that is both time-and labor-consuming.In this study,a rapid and efficient hairy-root transgenic protocol mediated by Agrobacterium rhizogenes was developed.The transformation positive rate was over 80%in Brassica napus showed by GUS reporter gene and this transformation only took 1/6 of the time compared with stable transformation.The system was applicable to different B.napus varieties and other cruciferous crops including Brassica rapa and Brassica oleracea.In particular,two known CR genes,CRA3.7.1 and CRA8.2.4 were used respectively,as example to show that the system works well for CR gene study combined with subsequent P.brassicae infection in B.napus.Most importantly,it works both in over-expression that led to disease resistance,as well as in RNAi which led to disease susceptible phenotype.Therefore,this system can be used in batch-wise identification of CR genes,and also offered the possibility of manipulating key genes within the P.brassicae genome that could improve our knowledge on host-pathogen interaction.
基金funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.32072575)Postgraduate Research & Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province (Grant No.KYCX20_0588)National Vegetable Industry Technology System (Grant No.CARS-23-A16)。
文摘Non-heading Chinese cabbage, a variety of Brassica campestris, is an important vegetable crop in the Yangtze River Basin of China. However,the immaturity of its stable transformation system and its low transformation efficiency limit gene function research on non-heading Chinese cabbage. Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated(ARM) transgenic technology is a rapid and effective transformation method that has not yet been established for non-heading Chinese cabbage plants. Here, we optimized conventional ARM approaches(one-step and two-step transformation methods) suitable for living non-heading Chinese cabbage plants in nonsterile environments. Transgenic roots in composite non-heading Chinese cabbage plants were identified using phenotypic detection, fluorescence observation, and PCR analysis. The transformation efficiency of a two-step method on four five-day-old non-heading Chinese cabbage seedlings(Suzhouqing, Huangmeigui, Wuyueman, and Sijiu Caixin) was 43.33%-51.09%, whereas using the stout hypocotyl resulted in a transformation efficiency of 54.88% for the 30-day-old Sijiu Caixin.The one-step method outperformed the two-step method;the transformation efficiency of different varieties was above 60%, and both methods can be used to obtain transgenic roots for functional studies within one month. Finally, optimized ARM transformation methods can easily,quickly, and effectively produce composite non-heading Chinese cabbage plants with transgenic roots, providing a reliable foundation for gene function research and non-heading Chinese cabbage genetic improvement breeding.
基金Supported by 2021 Disciplinary Construction Project in School of Dentistry,Anhui Medical University,No.2021kqxkFY05.
文摘BACKGROUND Complicated crown–root fracture (CRF) involves severe injury to the crown, root,and pulp, and may be accompanied by multiple root fractures. The loss of a toothhas lifelong consequences for children and teenagers, but the maintenance of pulphealth and the calcific healing of multiple root fractures are rarely reported in theliterature.CASE SUMMARY This case reports healing of a permanent tooth with complicated crown–root andadditional root fractures, in which pulp health was maintained. A 10-year-old girlfell and fractured the root of her maxillary left central incisor at the cervical level.After the coronal fragment was repositioned, the tooth was splinted until thetooth was no longer mobile, 2 years later. Eight years after treatment, the toothhas remained asymptomatic with vital pulp and localized gingival overgrowth.Cone-beam computed tomography revealed not only calcified healing of the CRFbut also spontaneous healing in an additional undiagnosed root fracture. Thefracture line on the enamel could not be healed by hard tissue and formed agroove in the cervical crown. It was speculated that the groove was related to thelocalized gingival overgrowth.CONCLUSION This case provides a clinical perspective of the treatment of a tooth with acomplicated CRF and an additional root fracture.
文摘BACKGROUND Odontogenic maxillary sinusitis,often triggered by dental issues like periapical periodontitis,significantly contributes to chronic sinusitis,mainly affecting adults around 50 years old,emphasizing the need for a multidisciplinary diagnostic and treatment approach.AIM To investigate the therapeutic effect and clinical value of root canal therapy combined with nasal endoscopic surgery compared with simple root canal the-rapy in the treatment of severe odontogenic maxillary sinusitis caused by peria-pical periodontitis.METHODS The clinical data,diagnosis,and treatment of 200 patients with severe odonto-genic maxillary sinusitis caused by periapical periodontitis from October 2020 to October 2021 were analyzed retrospectively.Among them,63 patients were treated with simple root canal therapy as the control group,and 137 patients were treated with root canal therapy combined with nasal endoscopic surgery as the observation group.The therapeutic effect,Lund-Kennedy endoscopic score,paranasal sinus Lund-Mackay score,complication rate,recurrence rate,and patient satisfaction were compared between the two groups.RESULTS First,we compared the effective rates:23 cases were cured,22 were improved,and 8 were ineffective in the control group,yielding a total effective rate of 84.90%.Meanwhile,97 cases were cured,34 improved,and 6 were ineffective in the observation group,resulting in a total effective rate of 95.62%.The observation group had a higher total effective rate compared with the control group(P<0.05).Second,we compared the Lund–Kennedy endoscopic score.Before treatment,no significant difference(P>0.05)was observed in this score between the two groups.After treatment,the Lund–Kennedy endoscopic score decreased in both groups.The Lund–Kennedy endoscopic score of the observation group at 3 and 6 mo after treatment was lower compared to that of the control group(P<0.05).Third,we compared the Lund–Mackay score of paranasal sinuses.Before treatment,there was no significant difference in this score between the two groups(P>0.05).After treatment,the Lund–Mackay scores of paranasal sinuses decreased in both groups.The Lund–Mackay scores of paranasal sinuses in the observation group at 3 and 6 mo after treatment were lower compared to those of the control group(P<0.05).Fourth,we compared the incidence and recurrence rate of complications.Three months after treatment,no significant difference was found in the incidence and recurrence rate of complications between the observation group(6.56%)and the control group(9.52%)(P>0.05).However,6 mo after treatment,the incidence and recurrence rate of complications in the observation group(2.91%)was significantly higher compared to that of the control group(12.69%)(P<0.05).Fifth,we compared patient satisfaction.Six months after treatment,the patient satisfaction of the observation group(93.43%)was significantly better than that of the control group(84.12%)(P<0.05).CONCLUSION Root canal therapy combined with nasal endoscopic surgery has a good therapeutic effect on severe odontogenic maxillary sinusitis caused by periapical periodontitis,and it can reduce the injury of maxillary sinus mucosa and bone,and significantly reduce the incidence of complications and recurrence rate.Meanwhile,it has high patient satisfaction and remarkable therapeutic effect,which is suggested to be popularized and applied in clinic.
文摘BACKGROUND The root of mesentery dissection is one of the critical maneuvers,especially in borderline resectable pancreatic head cancer.Intra-abdominal chyle leak(CL)including chylous ascites may ensue in up to 10%of patients after pancreatic resections.Globally recognized superior mesenteric artery(SMA)first approaches are invariably performed.The mesenteric dissection through the inferior infracolic approach has been discussed in this study emphasizing its post-operative impact on CL which is the cornerstone of this study.AIM To assess incidence,risk factors,clinical impact of CL following root of mesentery dissection,and the different treatment modalities.METHODS This is a retrospective study incorporating the patients who underwent dissection of the root of mesentery with inferior infracolic SMA first approach pancreat-oduodenectomy for the ventral body and uncinate mass of pancreas in the Department of Gastrointestinal and General Surgery of Kathmandu Medical College and Teaching Hospital from January 1,2021 to February 28,2024.Intraop-erative findings and postoperative outcomes were analyzed.RESULTS In three years,ten patients underwent root of mesentery dissection with inferior infracolic SMA first approach pancreatoduodenectomy.The mean age was 67.6 years with a male-to-female ratio of 4:5.CL was seen in four patients.With virtue of CL,Clavien-Dindo grade Ⅱ or higher morbidity was observed in four patients.Two patients had a hospital stay of more than 20 days with the former having a delayed gastric emptying and the latter with long-term total parenteral nutrition requirement.The mean operative time was 330 minutes.Curative resection was achieved in 100%of the patients.The mean duration of the intensive care unit and hospital stay were 2.55±1.45 days and 15.7±5.32 days,respectively.CONCLUSION Root of mesentery dissection with lymphadenectomy and vascular resection correlated with occurrence of CL.After complete curative resection,these were managed with total parenteral nutrition without adversely impacting outcome.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32260085,31860064,31660501,31970609,32260718 and 31901870)the Key Projects of the Applied Basic Research Plan of Yunnan Province(Grant No.202301AS070082)+3 种基金the Start-up fund from Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden,the‘Top Talents Program in Science and Technology’from Yunnan Province,the Major Science and Technology Project in Yunnan Province(Grant Nos.202102AE090042 and 202202AE090036)the Young and Middle-Aged Academic and Technical Leaders Reserve Talent Program in Yunnan Province(Grant No.202205AC160076)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2019M653849XB)the High-level Talents Introduction Plan of Yunnan Province-Young Talents Special Project。
文摘The formation of root system architecture(RSA)plays a crucial role in plant growth.OsDRO1 is known to have a function in controlling RSA in rice,however,the role of potato StDRO2,a homolog of rice OsDRO1,in root growth remains unclear.In this study,we obtained potato dro2 mutant lines by Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats-CRISPR-Associated 9(CRISPR/Cas9)-mediated genome editing system.The mutant lines were generated from a splicing defect of the StDRO2 intron 1,which causes a nonsense mutation in StDRO2.Furthermore,the secondary structure of StDRO2 mRNA analyzed with RNAfold Web Server was altered in the dro2 mutant.Mutation of StDRO2 conveys potato adaptation through changing the RSA via alteration of auxin transport under drought stress.The potato dro2 lines showed higher plant height,longer root length,smaller root growth angle and increased tuber weight than the wild-type.The alteration of RSA was associated with a disturbance of IAA distribution in the dro2 mutant,and the levels of StPIN7 and StPIN10 detected by using real-time PCR were up-regulated in the roots of potato dro2 lines grown under drought stress.Moreover,the microRNAs(miRNAs)PmiREN024536 and PmiREN024486 targeted the StDRO2 gene,and auxin positively and negatively regulated the expression of StDRO2 and the miRNAs PmiREN024536 and PmiREN024486,respectively,in the potato roots.Our data shows that a regulatory network involving auxin,StDRO2,PmiREN024536 and PmiREN024486 can control RSA to convey potato fitness under drought stress.
基金The authors would like to acknowledge financial support from the Joint Funds of the National Nature Science Foundation of China(No.U22A20232)Supported by Open Project Funding of Key Laboratory of Intelligent Health Perception and Ecological Restoration of Rivers and Lakes,Ministry of Education(HGKFZ07)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51978249)Innovation Research Team Project of the Hubei Provincial Department of Science and Technology(JCZRQT202500027)the International Collaborative Research Fund for Young Scholars in the Innovation Demonstration Base of Ecological Environment Geotechnical and Ecological Restoration of Rivers and Lakes.
文摘Plant root systems serve as a natural reinforcing material,significantly improving soil stability.Furthermore,the tensile strength of soil is crucial in mitigating the formation of cracks.Consequently,this study aims to investigate the influence of plant roots on the tensile strength of soil.For this investigation,Amorpha fruticose was selected due to its large root diameter and the ease of root extraction.Indoor tensile tests were conducted on individual roots and root-soil complexes under three varying factors.The results indicate a power law relationship between root diameter and tensile strength.Increased root content and dry density notably enhance the tensile strength of the root-soil complex while roots mitigate damage associated with soil brittleness.When root content increases from 0 to 10,the maximum enhancement in tensile strength of the root-soil complex reaches 42.3 kPa.The tensile strength of the root-soil complex at a dry density of 1.7 g/cm^(3)is four to five times greater than that of the complex at a dry density of 1.4 g/cm^(3).Moreover,as moisture content increases,the tensile strength of the root-soil complex initially rises before declining,with an increase range of 7.7-35.8 kPa.These findings provide a scientific basis for understanding the role of vegetation roots in soil tensile strength and for guiding slope reinforcement strategies.
文摘The article contains a list of 14 structured technical sheets on roots, rhizomes or tubers that will serve as guidance in improving the quality of health of people. The used method was through an active search for literature that brought the observed aspects to the structuring of the technical sheets, i.e., literature that contains data related to composition, active ingredients, interaction (when described in the consulted literature), health condition in which they may be useful in helath care by various health professionals and anyone who may be of interest. The data obtained shows that there is a need for a careful evaluation of the foods (that contain roots, rhizomes, or tubers) used by polymedicated people due to possible interactions and incompatibilities that may exist.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32071749)。
文摘Root tips are the main components of absorptive fine roots,but their seasonal dynamics and relationship to environmental factors remain unclear due to the difficulties in methodology.In this study,we explored the temporal patterns of root-tip production and mortality in monoculture plantations of five temperate tree species at a common site in northeastern China,and identified the general environmental controls on such processes.We made monthly in-situ assessments of root tip length(RTL)production and mortality in two hardwood and three coniferous species with a minirhizotron(MR)method during the growing seasons of 2008 and 2009.Air temperature,rainfall,soil temperature and water content at 10 cm depth were determined concurrently.RTL production in all species exhibited consistent peaks in summer(June–August)in two growing seasons.RTL mortality showed substantial interannual and interspecific variability,with peaks in autumn and winter in 2008,but various patterns in 2009.RTL production positively correlated with monthly soil and air temperature across all species,and with monthly rainfall in three coniferous species.However,there was no significant correlation between RTL production and soil water content.By contrast,RTL mortality was weakly related to environmental factors,showing positive correlations with soil temperature in Korean spruce,and with rainfall in Korean pine and Korean spruce.Our findings suggest that the seasonal patterns of RTL production are convergent across the five temperate tree species due to the overlapped distribution of heat and rainfall,which can conduce roots to maximizing the acquisition of nutrient resources in the soil.
文摘A hair tonic containing 1.0%Arctium lappa root extract(ALRE)was evaluated for its efficacy and tolerability in Chinese consumers.ALRE was selected based on its ability to promote Collagen Type XVII Alpha 1(COL17A1)synthesis,along with other active ingredients targeting scalp health and follicular regeneration.In vitro assays confirmed that ALRE significantly enhanced COL17A1 expression.A 28-day clinical trial involving Chinese participants demonstrated that the tonic reduced hair loss by 37.61%and increased local hair density by 26.63%,with no reported adverse effects.These findings validate the product’s effectiveness in a distinct consumer population and highlight the importance of integrating mechanistic insights with clinical validation.Further research should explore long-term efficacy and demographic-specific responses to optimize its application.
基金supported by National key Research and Development Program“Security Protection Technology for Critical Information Infrastructure of Distribution Network”(2022YFB3105100).
文摘In the context of the diversity of smart terminals,the unity of the root of trust becomes complicated,which not only affects the efficiency of trust propagation,but also poses a challenge to the security of the whole system.In particular,the solidification of the root of trust in non-volatile memory(NVM)restricts the system’s dynamic updating capability,which is an obvious disadvantage in a rapidly changing security environment.To address this issue,this study proposes a novel approach to generate root security parameters using static random access memory(SRAM)physical unclonable functions(PUFs).SRAM PUFs,as a security primitive,show great potential in lightweight security solutions due to their inherent physical properties,low cost and scalability.However,the stability of SRAM PUFs in harsh environments is a key issue.These environmental conditions include extreme temperatures,high humidity,and strong electromagnetic radiation,all of which can affect the performance of SRAM PUFs.In order to ensure the stability of root safety parameters under these conditions,this study proposes an integrated approach that covers not only the acquisition of entropy sources,but also the implementation of algorithms and configuration management.In addition,this study develops a series of reliability-enhancing algorithms,including adaptive parameter selection,data preprocessing,auxiliary data generation,and error correction,which are essential for improving the performance of SRAM PUFs in harsh environments.Based on these techniques,this study establishes six types of secure parameter generation mechanisms,which not only improve the security of the system,but also enhance its adaptability in variable environments.Through a series of experiments,we verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.Under 10 different environmental conditions,our method is able to achieve full recovery of security data with an error rate of less than 25%,which proves the robustness and reliability of our method.These results not only provide strong evidence for the stability of SRAM PUFs in practical applications,but also provide a new direction for future research in the field of smart terminal security.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32271611)Functional traits of plant communities at different elevation gradients in the Taibai Mountain of Qinling Mountains financed by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(No.2016YFC0500202)245 Qinling National Forest Ecosystem Research Station in 2022 financed by Ministry of Education of China.
文摘Root anatomical traits play an important role in understanding the link between root physiological function and ecological process. To determine how plants change root anatomical traits to adapt to distinct environments, we measured four key root anatomical traits-stele diameter(SD), cortex thickness(CT), root diameter(RD), and the stele to root diameter ratio(SDRD)-of first-order roots of 82species collected from different vegetation zones along a 2000 m altitudinal gradient on the northern slope of Taibai Mountain. Compared with other altitudes, plants located in temperate birch and fir forests had thinner SD, CT, RD, and SDRD. We found that elevational variation in root anatomical traits could largely be explained by phylogenetic taxonomy(clade). In addition, changes in SD were driven by soil bulk density, whereas variations in CT and RD were influenced by soil available nitrogen. When phylogenetic factors were removed from our analysis, allometric relationships between RD and root anatomical traits(SD and CT) were observed across different altitudes. Our study reveals the influence of phylogeny and environment on the elevational variation in root anatomical traits and further supports the allometric relationship between root anatomical traits(SD and CT) and RD. These findings enhance our understanding of the evolutionary and adaptive mechanisms of root anatomical structures, providing a basis for predicting how root anatomical traits respond to global changes.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31860345 and 31460541)the Youth Innovative Top Talents Project of Shihezi University,China(CXBJ202003)the Third Division of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Scientific and Technological Achievements Transfer and Transformation Project,China(KJ2023CG03)。
文摘The responses of drip-irrigated rice physiological traits to water and fertilizers have been widely studied.However,the responses of yield,root traits and their plasticity to the nitrogen environment in different nitrogen-efficient cultivars are not fully understood.An experiment was conducted from 2020-2022 with a high nitrogen use efficiency(high-NUE)cultivar(T-43)and a low-NUE cultivar(LX-3),and four nitrogen levels(0,150,300,and 450 kg ha^(-1))under drip irrigation in large fields.The aim was to study the relationships between root morphology,conformation,biomass,and endogenous hormone contents,yield and NUE.The results showed three main points:1)Under the same N application rate,compared with LX-3,the yield,N partial factor productivity(PFP),fine root length density(FRLD),shoot dry weight(SDW),root indole-3-acetic acid(IAA),and root zeatin and zeatin riboside(Z+ZR)of T-43 were significantly greater by11.4-18.9,11.3-13.5,11.6-15.7,9.9-31.1,6.1-48.1,and 22.8-73.6%,respectively,while the root-shoot ratio(RSR)and root abscisic acid(ABA)were significantly lower(P<0.05);2)nitrogen treatment significantly increased the rice root morphological indexes and endogenous hormone contents(P<0.05).Compared to N0,the yield,RLD,surface area density(SAD),root volume density(RVD),and root endogenous hormones(IAA,Z+ZR)were significantly increased in both cultivars under N2 by 61.6-71.6,64.2-74.0,69.9-105.6,6.67-9.91,54.0-67.8,and 51.4-58.9%,respectively.Compared with N3,the PFP and N agronomic efficiency(NAE)of nitrogen fertilizer under N2 increased by 52.3-62.4 and39.2-63.0%,respectively;3)the responses of root trait plasticity to the N environment significantly differed between the cultivars(P<0.05).Compared with LX-3,T-43 showed a longer root length and larger specific surface area,which is a strategy for adapting to changes in the nutrient environment.For the rice cultivar with high-NUE,the RSR was optimized by increasing the FRLD,root distribution in upper soil layers,and root endogenous hormones(IAA,Z+ZR)under suitable nitrogen conditions(N2).An efficient nutrient acquisition strategy can occur through root plasticity,leading to greater yield and NUE.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32101857 and U21A20218)the China Agricultural University Corresponding Support Research Joint Fund(GSAU-DKZY-2024-001)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Program in Gansu Province,China(24ZDNA008and23JRRA1407)the Fuxi Young Talents Fund of Gansu Agricultural University,China(Gaufx-03Y10).
文摘Intercropping has been widely used in arid and semi-arid regions because of its high yield,stable productivity,and efficient utilization of resources.However,in recent years,the high yield of traditional intercropping is mainly attributed to the large amount of purchased resources such as water and fertilizer,plastic film,and mechanical power.These lead to a decline in cultivated land quality and exacerbate intercrops'premature root and canopy senescence.So,the application of traditional intercropping faces major challenges in crop production.This paper analyzes the manifestations,occurrence mechanisms,and agronomic regulatory pathways of crop senescence.The physiological and ecological characteristics of intercropping to delay root and canopy senescence of crops are reviewed in this paper.The main agronomic regulatory pathways of intercropping to delay root and canopy senescence of crops are based on above-and blow-ground interactions,including collocation of crop varieties,spatial arrangement,water and fertilizer management,and tillage and mulch practices.Future research fields of intercropping to delay root and canopy senescence should focus on the aspects of selecting and breeding special varieties,application of molecular biology techniques,and developing or applying models to predict and evaluate the root and canopy senescence process of intercrops.Comprehensive analysis and evaluation of different research results could provide a basis for enhancing intercropping delay root and canopy senescence through adopting innovative technologies for regulating the physio-ecological characteristics of intercrops.This would support developing and adopting high-yield,efficient,and sustainable intercropping systems in arid and semi-arid areas with high population density,limited land,and abundant light and heat resources.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD2200505)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32071849)。
文摘Monocot root systems comprise a large number of lateral roots to allow them to survive and colonize land.Auxin signaling pathways centered on Aux/IAA play a crucial role in lateral root development.However,in non-model monocot plants,the effects of Aux/IAA on lateral root initiation and number remain largely unknown.The present study transformed PheIAA17,a member of the Aux/IAA family of Moso bamboo,into rice and found that it significantly drove plants to produce lateral roots and improved the rooting rate.Quantitative experiments showed that PheIAA17 overexpression significantly affected the expression of ARF family members.Phylogenetic and promoter analyses indicate that PheARF3-2 belongs to class B ARF,and the promoter region contains auxin response elements.The results of yeast one-hybrid and dual-luciferase reporter assays confirmed that PheIAA17 bound specific fragments of the PheARF3-2 promoter to repress its transcriptional activity.Y2H and BiFC assay have shown that PheIAA17 and PheIAA30-3 could physically interact in vitro and in vivo.Taken together,this study reports a new molecular module centered on PheIAA17,which directs plants to alter root morphology through an increase in lateral roots.
基金supported by the Basic Research Funds of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(Grant No.1610192023201)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.SQ2023YFE0201239)+3 种基金China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(Grant No.CARS-25-03)the Major Science and Technology Projects of Henan Province(Grant No.221100110400)the Funding of Joint Research on Agricultural Variety Improvement of Henan Province(Grant No.2022010503)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program(Grant No.CAAS-ASTIP-2021-ZFRI)。
文摘The CRISPR/Cas9 genome-editing system serves as a pivotal tool for enhancing crop genetics.Within this system,single guide RNAs(sgRNAs)are instrumental in the precise cleavage of DNA double strands.However,the efficiency of gene editing varies among sgRNAs,emphasizing the need to meticulously select target sites,especially in the context of Citrullus lanatus,a species notorious for its challenging and inefficient generation of transgenic plants through stable transformation.This study employed an Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated hairy root method to assess effective target sites for gene editing of ClCIPK17 across various Citrullus species.Hairy roots were successfully induced in different plant tissues at diverse growth stages of Citrullus lanatus,Citrullus mucosospermus,and Citrullus amarus.Employing a vector with two sgRNAs(sgRNA1 and sgRNA5)positioned within conserved regions of exon 1 and exon 5 of ClCIPK17 in the CRISPR/Cas9 system,targeted mutations were detected in 90.9%of accessions across the four Citrullus species.Notably,73.94%of all examined hairy roots exhibited mutations at the sgRNA1 site,while the sgRNA5 site showed no mutations.Among the 31 different mutation types identified at the sgRNA1 site,base deletion was the most prevalent.Using the sgRNA1 site of ClCIPK17,stable transgenic watermelon buds were obtained from explants,and the targeted mutations of the sgRNA1 site were confirmed.These findings underscore the viability of the hairy root transformation system in assessing the editing efficiency of sgRNA targets in diverse Citrullus species.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.81772453(to DX),81974358(to DX),81973157(to JZ),82173646(to JZ),82302866(to YZ)。
文摘Promoting synaptic plasticity and inducing functional reorganization of residual nerve fibers hold clinical significance for restoring motor function following spinal cord injury.Neuromagnetic stimulation targeting the nerve roots has been shown to improve motor function by enhancing nerve conduction in the injured spinal cord and restoring the synaptic ultrastructure of both the sensory and motor cortex.However,our understanding of the neurophysiological mechanisms by which nerve root magnetic stimulation facilitates motor function recovery in the spinal cord is limited,and its role in neuroplasticity remains unclear.In this study,we established a model of spinal cord injury in adult male Sprague–Dawley rats by applying moderate compression at the T10 vertebra.We then performed magnetic stimulation on the L5 nerve root for 3 weeks,beginning on day 3 post-injury.At day 22 post-injury,we observed that nerve root magnetic stimulation downregulated the level of interleukin-6 in the injured spinal cord tissue of rats.Additionally,this treatment reduced neuronal damage and glial scar formation,and increased the number of neurons in the injured spinal cord.Furthermore,nerve root magnetic stimulation decreased the levels of acetylcholine,norepinephrine,and dopamine,and increased the expression of synaptic plasticity-related m RNA and proteins PSD95,GAP43,and Synapsin II.Taken together,these results showed that nerve root magnetic stimulation alleviated neuronal damage in the injured spinal cord,regulated synaptic plasticity,and suppressed inflammatory responses.These findings provide laboratory evidence for the clinical application of nerve root magnetic stimulation in the treatment of spinal cord injury.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82004027)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(JUSRP11961).
文摘Objective:To investigate the protective effects of the combined concentrated liquid extract of Pueraria lobata(Willd.)Ohwi root(P.lobata,Ge Gen)and Hovenia dulcis Thunb.(H.dulcis,Zhi Ju Zi)against ethanol-induced liver damage in vitro,using a human hepatoma cell line G2(HepG2)cell model.Methods:HepG2 cells were cultured in medium containing 4%ethanol to establish a model of alcoholic liver damage.The cells were then treated with the combined extract obtained via cryogenic extraction.Biochemical assays and Western blot analyses were performed to assess the levels of oxidative stress markers,antioxidant enzymes,and inflammatory cytokines.In addition,activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B(PI3K/AKT)pathway was examined to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the effects of the extract.Results:Treatment with the extract contributed to a significant reduction in the release of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species in the ethanol-treated HepG2 cells;promoted the elevated expression of superoxide dismutase,catalase,and glutathione,indicating enhanced antioxidant defenses;and showed strong free radical-scavenging activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals.In addition,by activating the PI3K/AKT pathway,treatment promoted increases in the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and its downstream targets,subsequently inhibiting apoptosis.Moreover.inflammatory responses were mitigated,as indicated by reductions in the expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6,and we detected reduction in the levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase,thereby indicating hepatoprotective effects.Conclusion:The combined P.lobata root and H.dulcis extract was established to have notable antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties,effectively alleviating ethanol-induced liver damage in vitro.These findings highlight the potential applicability of this extract as a candidate for treating alcoholic liver disease.
基金Supported by Special Fund for Guangdong Modern Agriculture Industrial System Construction (Guangdong Agriculture 2009-380 )Key Agriculture Project of Guangdong Science and Technology Department (2009B020202003 )+1 种基金Key Agriculture Project of Guangdong Science and Technology Department (2009B020304002)Agriculture Brainstorm Project of Panyu District Guangzhou,Guangdong Province (2010-Z-82-1)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim was to investigate different effects of two pH-regulating acids on the root morphology and other physiological growth of Lactuca sativa L.in floating plug transplant system.[Method] HNO3 and H2SO4 were used to adjust pH condition of various nutrient concentrations in lettuce floating transplant system,the effect of two acid treatments on root traits of lettuce were investigated.[Result] These two acids made different effects on root system under a series of nutrient gradients.Under HNO3 treatment,the fresh weight of shoot and root were increased with growth of nutrient concentration;root preformed best when EC was 1.0 μs/cm.Under H2SO4 treatment,when EC was 0.8 μs/cm,the total root length and root surface area,projected area,root volume of lettuce were 344.8 cm,40.9 cm2,13.0 cm2,0.4 m3,respectively,which were significantly higher than those in HNO3 treatment.Compared the influences of acid treatments under same nutrient concentration,the result showed that H2SO4 treatment increased root/shoot ratio and all other root morphological characteristics;however,HNO3 treatment promoted the growth of shoot and lateral root,increased transplanting efficiency and facilitated realizing high yield after transplanted into open-field.[Conclusion] This study will provide theoretical reference for improving plug transplant technology of lettuce.
