The fungal community associated with beach sand and plants located along marine coasts are an under-studied area of research despite its potential relevance to human health. In this study, we isolated and identified t...The fungal community associated with beach sand and plants located along marine coasts are an under-studied area of research despite its potential relevance to human health. In this study, we isolated and identified the cultivable mycobiota associated with sand and plants collected along the coast of Gran Canaria (Spain) using culture-dependent and -independent methods. Clinically relevant species belonging to Cryptococcus spp. and related genera such as Naganishia and Papilotrema were isolated and identified from shoreline plants. Moreover, Candida tropicalis was isolated from beach sand, and Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus terreus strains were associated with both types of samples (i.e., plants and beach sand). We conclude that beach sand and shoreline plants are potential reservoirs of fungi of high clinical interest. We recommend including beach sand and plants from the environment when assessing the quality of marine coastal systems. Our results open a framework for studying the natural marine environment and its role in the epidemiology of infectious diseases in order to more accurately manage public health.展开更多
Acorus tatarinowii Schott is a traditional Chinese medicine plant and has multiple bioactivities in medicine and pesticide field. In this study, the antifungal compound 1,2-dimethoxy-4（2-propenyl） benzene was isolat...Acorus tatarinowii Schott is a traditional Chinese medicine plant and has multiple bioactivities in medicine and pesticide field. In this study, the antifungal compound 1,2-dimethoxy-4（2-propenyl） benzene was isolated from A. tatarinowii Schott by activity-directed isolation method, and the inhibitory activity of the extract and 1,2-dimethoxy-4（2-propenyl） benzene against seven plant pathogenic fungi was evaluated. The results showed that the extract and 1,2-dimethoxy-4（2- propenyl） benzene had high inhibitory activity against hyphal growth of Thielaviopsis paradoxa （de Seynes） V. Hohnel, Pestalotia mangiferae P. Henn., Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum （E. F. Smith） Syn. et Hans., Alternaria alternate Tanaka, Colletotrichum musae （Berk et Curt） V. Arx, Sphaceloma fawcettii Jenk., and Mycosphaerella sentina （Fr.） Schroter. The EC50 values of extract were 1.6162, 1.6811, 1.1253, 3.5771, 1.7024, 2.2284, and 2.2221 g L^-1, respectively, and the EC50 values of 1,2-dimethoxy-4（2-propenyl） benzene were 0.1021, 0.0997, 0.0805, 0.1742, 0.1503, 0.1853, and 0.1924 g L^-1, respectively. 1,2-Dimethoxy-4（2-propenyl） benzene also inhibited spores germination of T. paradoxa （de Seynes） V. Hohnel and F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum （E. F. Smith） Syn. et Hans., with the inhibitory rates of 98.81 and 100% at a concentration of 0.4 g L^-1 after 8 h, respectively. 1,2-Dimethoxy-4（2-propenyl） benzene is a potential botanical antifungal agent for controling of plant fungal diseases.展开更多
This article describes a coherent biocommunication categorization for the kingdoms of bacteria,fungi and plants. The investigation further shows that,besides biotic sign use in trans-,inter-and intraorganismic communi...This article describes a coherent biocommunication categorization for the kingdoms of bacteria,fungi and plants. The investigation further shows that,besides biotic sign use in trans-,inter-and intraorganismic communication processes,a common trait is interpretation of abiotic influences as indicators to generate an appropriate adaptive behaviour.Far from being mechanistic interactions,communication processes within organisms and between organisms are sign-mediated interactions.Sign-mediated interactions are the precondition for every cooperation and coordination between at least two biological agents such as cells,tissues,organs and organisms.Signs of biocommunicative processes are chemical molecules in most cases.The signs that are used in a great variety of signaling processes follow syntactic(combinatorial) ,pragmatic(context-dependent) and semantic(contentspecific) rules.These three levels of semiotic rules are helpful tools to investigate communication processes throughout all organismic kingdoms.It is not the aim to present the latest empirical data concerning communication in these three kingdoms but to present a unifying perspective that is able to interconnect transdisciplinary research on bacteria,fungi and plants.展开更多
Canola crop is rich in plant biomass. It is considered a major cash crop in North America and a potential source for biofuel. We evaluated six strains of white rot basidiomycetes under solid state fermentation (SSF) f...Canola crop is rich in plant biomass. It is considered a major cash crop in North America and a potential source for biofuel. We evaluated six strains of white rot basidiomycetes under solid state fermentation (SSF) for their potentials to secrete oxidative and hydrolytic enzymes to biodegrade canola plant biomass (CPB), and release sugars. Fuscoporia gilva and Pleurotus tuberregium produced high amount of laccase (440.86 U/L and 480.63 U/L at day 7), as well as carboxylmethylcellulase (CMCase) (4.78 U/mL at day 21 and 3.13 U/mL at day 14) and xylanase (4.48 U/mL and 7.8 U/mL at day 21), respectively. Bjerkandera adusta showed high amount of MnP (50.4 U/L) and peroxidase (64.5 U/L), relative to the other strains. Loss of organic matter peaked after 21 days of incubation in all the tested strains;however, the best result (34.0%) was shown in P. tuberregium. The highest lignin loss was observed in Coriolopsis caperata strains. Among the sugar polymers, hemicellulose was highly degraded by P. tuberregium and P. pulmonarius (4.1% - 4.6%), while cellulose (3.3% - 4.3%) was mainly degraded by F. gilva and B. adusta. Glucose was the dominant sugar released by all the fungi tested, with the highest concentration of 1.25 mg/mL produced by B. adusta at day 14 of incubation. Results indicate that selected white rot fungi can achieve significant delignification of CPB within 14 days of solid state fermentation. Their importance in low cost pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass prior to conversion into biofuels and bio-products of economic importance is discussed.展开更多
Identification of plant-pathogenic fungi is time-consuming due to cultivation and microscopic examination and can be influenced by the interpretation of the micro-morphological characters observed.The present investig...Identification of plant-pathogenic fungi is time-consuming due to cultivation and microscopic examination and can be influenced by the interpretation of the micro-morphological characters observed.The present investigation aimed to create a simple but sophisticated method for the identification of plant-pathogenic fungi by Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy.In this study,FTIR-attenuated total reflectance(ATR)spectroscopy was used in combination with chemometric analysis for identification of important pathogenic fungi of horticultural plants.Mixtures of mycelia and spores from 27fungal strains belonging to nine different families were collected from liquid PD or solid PDA media cultures and subjected to FTIR-ATR spectroscopy measurements.The FTIR-ATR spectra ranging from 4 000to 400cm-1 were obtained.To classify the FTIRATR spectra,cluster analysis was compared with canonical vitiate analysis(CVA)in the spectral regions of3 050~2 800and 1 800~900cm-1.Results showed that the identification accuracies achieved 97.53%and99.18%for the cluster analysis and CVA analysis,respectively,demonstrating the high potential of this technique for fungal strain identification.展开更多
Crude plant extracts of ringworm cassia, Cassia alata L. and turmeric, Curcuma longa L. were prepared by either hot water or organic solvents such as ethanol and ether. Various concentrations of the crude extract were...Crude plant extracts of ringworm cassia, Cassia alata L. and turmeric, Curcuma longa L. were prepared by either hot water or organic solvents such as ethanol and ether. Various concentrations of the crude extract were then subjected to an in vitro test for their effectiveness on mycelia growth inhibition against some important plant pathogenic fungi such as Alternaria alternata, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Fusarium oxysporum fsp. lycopersici, Sclerotium rolfsii, Phytophthora infestans and Pythium sp. in comparison to commercial fungicides such as copper oxychloride and mancozeb. Reduction of the fungal growth was significantly obtained with C. longa extracts and the best median effective inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 6.07, 6.50 and 7.13 mg/ml was from the ethanol extract for S. rolfsii, C. gloeosporioides and F. oxysporum fsp. lycopersici respectively. While all extracts from C. alata were almost the least effective against these fungi. The efficacy of C. longa extracts therefore, provided an alternative regime for the control of the fungal diseases and a promising appreciable choice for a replacement of chemical fungicides.展开更多
Previous studies documented that most desert plants can be colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal （AM） fungi, however, little is known about how the dynamics of AM fungi are related to ephemerals in desert ecosystems. ...Previous studies documented that most desert plants can be colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal （AM） fungi, however, little is known about how the dynamics of AM fungi are related to ephemerals in desert ecosystems. The dynamics of AM fungi with desert ephemerals were examined to determine the effects of host plant life stages on the development of AM fungi. Mean colonization of ephemeral annual plants was 45% lower than that of ephemeral perennial plants. The colonizations were much higher in the early part of the growing season than in later parts, peaking at flowering times. The phenology of AM fungi in root systems varied among different ephem- erals. The density of AM fungal spores increased with the development of ephemeral annual plants, reached its maximum at flowering times, and then plateaued about 20 days after the aboveground senescence. A significant positive correlation was found between AM fungi spore density and biomass of ephemeral annual plants. The life cycles of AM fungi associated with desert ephemerals were very shod, being about 60-70 days. Soil temperature and water content had no direct influence on the development of AM fungal spores. We concluded that the development of AM fungi was in response to desert ephemeral phenology and life history strategy.展开更多
Holoparasitism is a special life cycle of flowering plants. All carbon resources are provided by photosynthetic host plants. A recent study revealed the presence of endophytic fungi in holoparasitic plants, but their ...Holoparasitism is a special life cycle of flowering plants. All carbon resources are provided by photosynthetic host plants. A recent study revealed the presence of endophytic fungi in holoparasitic plants, but their ecological and evolutionary roles are still unknown. In this study, we examined endophytic fungi isolated from the holoparasitic plant Balanophora japonica (Balanophoraceae), collected from Kochi, Shikoku in western Japan. We isolated 23 fungal strains on inflorescences and tubers from three B. japonica plants at two locations and on one sample of the host plant (Symplocos lancifolia, Symplocaceae). Predominant isolates were Trichoderma-Hypocrea, Penicillium and Phialemonium. The first group was also predominant in the host plant. Fungal composition revealed in this study differed from the composition on B. harlandii or other root holoparasites with endophytic fungal (Rafflesia cantleyi) data. Those differences might be caused by various factors, including growth habits, location, phylogenetic position or host-parasite relationship.展开更多
Despite the nutritional, economic and medicinal values of banana plant, independent of the region and production system is confronted with some diseases such as the fungi disease. These fungal diseases are responsible...Despite the nutritional, economic and medicinal values of banana plant, independent of the region and production system is confronted with some diseases such as the fungi disease. These fungal diseases are responsible for the low yields. The objective of this study was to improve the sanitary state of banana plant. To achieve this objective, fungi associated with banana leaves were isolated on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) culture medium and their identification was done on the basis of morphological and microscopic characteristics using reference documents. Antifungal activity of Allium ampeloprasum and Cymbopogon citratus extracts were evaluated in vitro on agar medium on the development of Pseudocercospora fijiensis, P. musicola and Pestalopsis sp. The results showed that banana plant harbours a diversity of fungal species, the most frequent being P. fijiensis (51.58%), Pestalopsis sp. (15.47%) and P. musicola (12.03%). Aqueous extracts of C. citratus at the concentration of 15 mg/ml, inhibited 100% of the radial growth of P. fijiensis and Pestalopsis sp with a fungitoxic activity. Similarly, ethanolic extract A. ampeloprasum inhibited at 100% the radial growth of Pestalopsis sp. This antifungal activity was fungistatic. These results suggest that the aqueous and ethanol extracts of the tested plants could be used as alternatives to chemical products in the fight against banana diseases especially Sigatoka. Hence further studies need to be undertaken to isolate the active compounds from these extracts with fungicidal potential.展开更多
Five yam tuber varieties were investigated for microorganisms that cause yam tuber rot from five local government areas of Benue State, Nigeria, between the months of March 2014 to March 2015. Five fungi species: Aspe...Five yam tuber varieties were investigated for microorganisms that cause yam tuber rot from five local government areas of Benue State, Nigeria, between the months of March 2014 to March 2015. Five fungi species: Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus stolonifera, Botryodiplodia theobromae, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium marnessei and four bacteria species: Serratia marcescens, Erwinia caro-tovora, Klebsiella oxytoca and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were consistently isolated. Pathogenicity test carried out confirmed these organisms as the pathological agent of the rot. Antimicrobial activity of five plant aqueous extracts: Terminalia catapa (common name fruit), Passiflora edulis (passion fruit), Daniella oliveri (Chiha-Tiv), Ceiba pentandra (Vambe-Tiv), Jatropha tanjorensis (Catholic plant) was carried out on the isolated microorganims and they showed varing degrees of inhibition, the aqueous extract from Passiflora edulis, Ceiba pentandra and Jatropha tanjorensis were able to inhibit all the fungi completely.展开更多
Studies were conducted to identify candidate soil microbes responsible for observed differences in strawberry vigour at a small spatial scale, which was not associated with visual disease symptoms. Samples were obtain...Studies were conducted to identify candidate soil microbes responsible for observed differences in strawberry vigour at a small spatial scale, which was not associated with visual disease symptoms. Samples were obtained from the soils close to the rhizosphere of ‘big＇ and ‘small＇ plants from small plots which exhibited large local heterogeneity in plant vigour. A metabarcoding approach was used to profile bacterial and fungal compositions, using two primer pairs for 16 S ribosomal RNA genes（16S r DNA） and one for the fungal internal transcribed spacer（ITS） region. Of the two 16 S r DNA primer sets, the 341F/805 R resulted in sequences of better quality. A total 28 operational taxonomic units（OTUs） had differential relative abundance between samples from ‘big＇ and ‘small＇ plants. However, plausible biological explanation was only possible for three fungal OTUs. Two were possible phytopathogens： Verticillium spp. and Alternaria alternata although the latter has never been considered as a main pathogen of strawberry in the UK. For samples from ‘small＇ plants, the abundance of these OTUs was much greater than from ‘big＇ plants. The opposite was true for a mycorrhizal OTU. These results suggest that soil microbes related to crop production can be identified using metabarcoding technique. Further research is needed to assess whether A. alternata and Verticillium spp. could affect strawberry growth in the field.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the in vitro antifungal activity of extracts,resins,oils and mother tinctures from plants against the filamentous fungi Fusarium guttiforme(F.guttiforme)and Chalara paradoxa,and to evaluate the c...Objective:To evaluate the in vitro antifungal activity of extracts,resins,oils and mother tinctures from plants against the filamentous fungi Fusarium guttiforme(F.guttiforme)and Chalara paradoxa,and to evaluate the control of the pineapple fusariosis in situ using mother tinctures.Methods:The screening of the antifungal potential of 131 extract forms from 63 plant species was performed in vitro by using plate-hole method.To control pineapple fusariosis in situ,preventive and post-infection treatments were performed on detached pineapple leaves of cv.Perola(susceptible).Results:The quantitative study indicated that among the 49 mother tincture samples analyzed,46% were effective against F.guttiforme and 29% for the Chalara paradoxa.The natural plant extracts,mother tincture of Glycyrrhiza glabra(MTGG1),mother tincture of Myroxylon balsamum(MTBT2),mother tincture of Aloe vera(MTAV3),mother tincture of Allium sativum(MTAS4),resin of Protium heptaphyllum(RESAM5) and crude extracts of Rhizophora mangle(CEMV6),exhibited an antifungal activity against F.guttiforme.In the preventive treatment against pineapple fusariosis,MTAV3,MTAS4 and MTGG1 were statistically similar to the treatment with tebuconazol fungicide.The curative treatments with MTAV3,MTAS4,MTGG1 and MTBT2 presented similar activity to fungicide(P < 0.05).Conclusions:The findings of the present study concluded that mother tinctures can effectively control phytopathogens.The mother tincture extract of Myroxylon balsamum showed antifungal activity and was used here for the first time for inhibition of phytopathogenic fungi.This study paves the way for the development of bioactive natural products with phytosanitary applications,with the added benefits of an environmentally safe and economically viable product.展开更多
Modern agriculture is facing new challenges in which ecological and molecular approaches are being integrated to achieve higher crop yields while minimizing negative impacts on the environment. The application of biof...Modern agriculture is facing new challenges in which ecological and molecular approaches are being integrated to achieve higher crop yields while minimizing negative impacts on the environment. The application of biofertilzers could meet this requirement. Biofertilizer is a natural organic fertilizer that helps to provide all the nutrients required by the plants and helps to increase the quality of the soil with a natural microorganism environment. This paper reviewed the types of biofertilzers, the biological basic of biofertilizers in plant growth promotion. This paper also assayed the bidirectional information exchange between plant-microbes in rhizoshpere and the signal pathway of plant growth- promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and plant growth-promoting fungi (PGPF) in the course of plant infection. At last, the challenges of the application and the promising future of biofertilizers were also discussed.展开更多
Five wild plant species belonging to different families (Chenopodium album, Plantago major, Elytrigia elongata, Filipendula ulmaria and Nigella sativa) widely spread in Russian Federation and the former USSR were eval...Five wild plant species belonging to different families (Chenopodium album, Plantago major, Elytrigia elongata, Filipendula ulmaria and Nigella sativa) widely spread in Russian Federation and the former USSR were evaluated for their ability to inhibit growth of two important human food-borne pathogens (Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes strain EGD-e) and eight plant pathogens (Alternaria alternata, Alternaria tenuissima, Bipolaris sorokiniana, Stagonospora nodorum, Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium culmorum and Phytophtora infestans). To isolate biologically active compounds from seeds, a step-wise procedure including extraction with hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and 10% acetic acid followed by reversed-phase HPLC was developed. Using disc-diffusion assay, the highest activity against E. coli O157:H7 was observed with extracts from F. ulmaria (hexane and ethyl acetate extracts and the unbound RP-HPLC fraction) and P. major (ethyl acetate extract and the unbound RP-HPLC fraction);E. elongate (the unbound RP-HPLC fraction) was less active. The extracts from P. major and E. elongate (the unbound RP-HPLC fractions) were equally highly active against L. monocytogenes, while those of F. ulmaria (the unbound RP-HPLC fraction) and N. sativa (hexane and ethyl acetate extracts) were less active against this pathogen. The dynamics of L. monocytogenes EGD-е and E. coli O157:H7 growth in the presence of two most potent extracts (RP-HPLC-unbound fractions of P. major and E. elongate and the hexane extract of F. ulmaria) was studied.展开更多
Six microorganisms: four fungi—Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Rhizopus stolonifera, Penicillium marneffei, two bacteria—Erwinia carotovora and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated and identified from three r...Six microorganisms: four fungi—Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Rhizopus stolonifera, Penicillium marneffei, two bacteria—Erwinia carotovora and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated and identified from three rotten Dioscorea alata (water yam) varieties from two sites each in two local government areas of Benue State, Nigeria, in West Africa, between the months of May 2014 and May 2015. Pathogenicity test carried out using the microorganisms confirmed them to be the pathological agents of the rot. Antimicrobial activity test with aqueous extracts of nine plants: Terminalia catapa, Passiflora edulis, Daniella oliveri, Ceiba pentandra, Jatropha tanjorensis, Azadirachta indica, Carica papaya, Moringa oleifera, and Mangifera indica of fresh and dry material showed that three pathogens, Rhizopus stolonifera (fungi), Erwinia carotovora and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (bacteria) isolated were completely inhibited each by a plant. The result obtained shows that Passiflora edulis had the best antimicrobial activity for both fungi and bacteria;indeed it inhibited completely Rhizopus stolonifera which was stubborn with most of the other plants. Azadirachta indica, Carica papaya, Moringa oleifera, and Mangifera indica were also able to inhibit most of the fungi but not completely. Terminalia catapa and Jatropha tanjorensis were most effective against the bacteria. Erwinia carotovora was completely inhibited by Terminalia catapa and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was completely inhibited by Jatropha tanjorensis. Daniella oliveri and Ceiba pentandra had the least inhibition against the isolates. Generally, the fresh plant extract shows more activity as compared to the dry plant extract.展开更多
文摘The fungal community associated with beach sand and plants located along marine coasts are an under-studied area of research despite its potential relevance to human health. In this study, we isolated and identified the cultivable mycobiota associated with sand and plants collected along the coast of Gran Canaria (Spain) using culture-dependent and -independent methods. Clinically relevant species belonging to Cryptococcus spp. and related genera such as Naganishia and Papilotrema were isolated and identified from shoreline plants. Moreover, Candida tropicalis was isolated from beach sand, and Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus terreus strains were associated with both types of samples (i.e., plants and beach sand). We conclude that beach sand and shoreline plants are potential reservoirs of fungi of high clinical interest. We recommend including beach sand and plants from the environment when assessing the quality of marine coastal systems. Our results open a framework for studying the natural marine environment and its role in the epidemiology of infectious diseases in order to more accurately manage public health.
基金supported by the Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Guangxi Normal University,China),Ministry of Education of China (07109001-11)Guangxi Natural Science Fund Project,China (0991097)
文摘Acorus tatarinowii Schott is a traditional Chinese medicine plant and has multiple bioactivities in medicine and pesticide field. In this study, the antifungal compound 1,2-dimethoxy-4（2-propenyl） benzene was isolated from A. tatarinowii Schott by activity-directed isolation method, and the inhibitory activity of the extract and 1,2-dimethoxy-4（2-propenyl） benzene against seven plant pathogenic fungi was evaluated. The results showed that the extract and 1,2-dimethoxy-4（2- propenyl） benzene had high inhibitory activity against hyphal growth of Thielaviopsis paradoxa （de Seynes） V. Hohnel, Pestalotia mangiferae P. Henn., Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum （E. F. Smith） Syn. et Hans., Alternaria alternate Tanaka, Colletotrichum musae （Berk et Curt） V. Arx, Sphaceloma fawcettii Jenk., and Mycosphaerella sentina （Fr.） Schroter. The EC50 values of extract were 1.6162, 1.6811, 1.1253, 3.5771, 1.7024, 2.2284, and 2.2221 g L^-1, respectively, and the EC50 values of 1,2-dimethoxy-4（2-propenyl） benzene were 0.1021, 0.0997, 0.0805, 0.1742, 0.1503, 0.1853, and 0.1924 g L^-1, respectively. 1,2-Dimethoxy-4（2-propenyl） benzene also inhibited spores germination of T. paradoxa （de Seynes） V. Hohnel and F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum （E. F. Smith） Syn. et Hans., with the inhibitory rates of 98.81 and 100% at a concentration of 0.4 g L^-1 after 8 h, respectively. 1,2-Dimethoxy-4（2-propenyl） benzene is a potential botanical antifungal agent for controling of plant fungal diseases.
文摘This article describes a coherent biocommunication categorization for the kingdoms of bacteria,fungi and plants. The investigation further shows that,besides biotic sign use in trans-,inter-and intraorganismic communication processes,a common trait is interpretation of abiotic influences as indicators to generate an appropriate adaptive behaviour.Far from being mechanistic interactions,communication processes within organisms and between organisms are sign-mediated interactions.Sign-mediated interactions are the precondition for every cooperation and coordination between at least two biological agents such as cells,tissues,organs and organisms.Signs of biocommunicative processes are chemical molecules in most cases.The signs that are used in a great variety of signaling processes follow syntactic(combinatorial) ,pragmatic(context-dependent) and semantic(contentspecific) rules.These three levels of semiotic rules are helpful tools to investigate communication processes throughout all organismic kingdoms.It is not the aim to present the latest empirical data concerning communication in these three kingdoms but to present a unifying perspective that is able to interconnect transdisciplinary research on bacteria,fungi and plants.
文摘Canola crop is rich in plant biomass. It is considered a major cash crop in North America and a potential source for biofuel. We evaluated six strains of white rot basidiomycetes under solid state fermentation (SSF) for their potentials to secrete oxidative and hydrolytic enzymes to biodegrade canola plant biomass (CPB), and release sugars. Fuscoporia gilva and Pleurotus tuberregium produced high amount of laccase (440.86 U/L and 480.63 U/L at day 7), as well as carboxylmethylcellulase (CMCase) (4.78 U/mL at day 21 and 3.13 U/mL at day 14) and xylanase (4.48 U/mL and 7.8 U/mL at day 21), respectively. Bjerkandera adusta showed high amount of MnP (50.4 U/L) and peroxidase (64.5 U/L), relative to the other strains. Loss of organic matter peaked after 21 days of incubation in all the tested strains;however, the best result (34.0%) was shown in P. tuberregium. The highest lignin loss was observed in Coriolopsis caperata strains. Among the sugar polymers, hemicellulose was highly degraded by P. tuberregium and P. pulmonarius (4.1% - 4.6%), while cellulose (3.3% - 4.3%) was mainly degraded by F. gilva and B. adusta. Glucose was the dominant sugar released by all the fungi tested, with the highest concentration of 1.25 mg/mL produced by B. adusta at day 14 of incubation. Results indicate that selected white rot fungi can achieve significant delignification of CPB within 14 days of solid state fermentation. Their importance in low cost pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass prior to conversion into biofuels and bio-products of economic importance is discussed.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31201473)the Science and Technology Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CAAS-ASTIP-IVFCAAS)funded by the Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops,Ministry of Agriculture,P.R.China
文摘Identification of plant-pathogenic fungi is time-consuming due to cultivation and microscopic examination and can be influenced by the interpretation of the micro-morphological characters observed.The present investigation aimed to create a simple but sophisticated method for the identification of plant-pathogenic fungi by Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy.In this study,FTIR-attenuated total reflectance(ATR)spectroscopy was used in combination with chemometric analysis for identification of important pathogenic fungi of horticultural plants.Mixtures of mycelia and spores from 27fungal strains belonging to nine different families were collected from liquid PD or solid PDA media cultures and subjected to FTIR-ATR spectroscopy measurements.The FTIR-ATR spectra ranging from 4 000to 400cm-1 were obtained.To classify the FTIRATR spectra,cluster analysis was compared with canonical vitiate analysis(CVA)in the spectral regions of3 050~2 800and 1 800~900cm-1.Results showed that the identification accuracies achieved 97.53%and99.18%for the cluster analysis and CVA analysis,respectively,demonstrating the high potential of this technique for fungal strain identification.
文摘Crude plant extracts of ringworm cassia, Cassia alata L. and turmeric, Curcuma longa L. were prepared by either hot water or organic solvents such as ethanol and ether. Various concentrations of the crude extract were then subjected to an in vitro test for their effectiveness on mycelia growth inhibition against some important plant pathogenic fungi such as Alternaria alternata, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Fusarium oxysporum fsp. lycopersici, Sclerotium rolfsii, Phytophthora infestans and Pythium sp. in comparison to commercial fungicides such as copper oxychloride and mancozeb. Reduction of the fungal growth was significantly obtained with C. longa extracts and the best median effective inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 6.07, 6.50 and 7.13 mg/ml was from the ethanol extract for S. rolfsii, C. gloeosporioides and F. oxysporum fsp. lycopersici respectively. While all extracts from C. alata were almost the least effective against these fungi. The efficacy of C. longa extracts therefore, provided an alternative regime for the control of the fungal diseases and a promising appreciable choice for a replacement of chemical fungicides.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30770341)the International Fund for Agricultural Development (the WATERCOPE project,I-R-1284)
文摘Previous studies documented that most desert plants can be colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal （AM） fungi, however, little is known about how the dynamics of AM fungi are related to ephemerals in desert ecosystems. The dynamics of AM fungi with desert ephemerals were examined to determine the effects of host plant life stages on the development of AM fungi. Mean colonization of ephemeral annual plants was 45% lower than that of ephemeral perennial plants. The colonizations were much higher in the early part of the growing season than in later parts, peaking at flowering times. The phenology of AM fungi in root systems varied among different ephem- erals. The density of AM fungal spores increased with the development of ephemeral annual plants, reached its maximum at flowering times, and then plateaued about 20 days after the aboveground senescence. A significant positive correlation was found between AM fungi spore density and biomass of ephemeral annual plants. The life cycles of AM fungi associated with desert ephemerals were very shod, being about 60-70 days. Soil temperature and water content had no direct influence on the development of AM fungal spores. We concluded that the development of AM fungi was in response to desert ephemeral phenology and life history strategy.
文摘Holoparasitism is a special life cycle of flowering plants. All carbon resources are provided by photosynthetic host plants. A recent study revealed the presence of endophytic fungi in holoparasitic plants, but their ecological and evolutionary roles are still unknown. In this study, we examined endophytic fungi isolated from the holoparasitic plant Balanophora japonica (Balanophoraceae), collected from Kochi, Shikoku in western Japan. We isolated 23 fungal strains on inflorescences and tubers from three B. japonica plants at two locations and on one sample of the host plant (Symplocos lancifolia, Symplocaceae). Predominant isolates were Trichoderma-Hypocrea, Penicillium and Phialemonium. The first group was also predominant in the host plant. Fungal composition revealed in this study differed from the composition on B. harlandii or other root holoparasites with endophytic fungal (Rafflesia cantleyi) data. Those differences might be caused by various factors, including growth habits, location, phylogenetic position or host-parasite relationship.
文摘Despite the nutritional, economic and medicinal values of banana plant, independent of the region and production system is confronted with some diseases such as the fungi disease. These fungal diseases are responsible for the low yields. The objective of this study was to improve the sanitary state of banana plant. To achieve this objective, fungi associated with banana leaves were isolated on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) culture medium and their identification was done on the basis of morphological and microscopic characteristics using reference documents. Antifungal activity of Allium ampeloprasum and Cymbopogon citratus extracts were evaluated in vitro on agar medium on the development of Pseudocercospora fijiensis, P. musicola and Pestalopsis sp. The results showed that banana plant harbours a diversity of fungal species, the most frequent being P. fijiensis (51.58%), Pestalopsis sp. (15.47%) and P. musicola (12.03%). Aqueous extracts of C. citratus at the concentration of 15 mg/ml, inhibited 100% of the radial growth of P. fijiensis and Pestalopsis sp with a fungitoxic activity. Similarly, ethanolic extract A. ampeloprasum inhibited at 100% the radial growth of Pestalopsis sp. This antifungal activity was fungistatic. These results suggest that the aqueous and ethanol extracts of the tested plants could be used as alternatives to chemical products in the fight against banana diseases especially Sigatoka. Hence further studies need to be undertaken to isolate the active compounds from these extracts with fungicidal potential.
文摘Five yam tuber varieties were investigated for microorganisms that cause yam tuber rot from five local government areas of Benue State, Nigeria, between the months of March 2014 to March 2015. Five fungi species: Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus stolonifera, Botryodiplodia theobromae, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium marnessei and four bacteria species: Serratia marcescens, Erwinia caro-tovora, Klebsiella oxytoca and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were consistently isolated. Pathogenicity test carried out confirmed these organisms as the pathological agent of the rot. Antimicrobial activity of five plant aqueous extracts: Terminalia catapa (common name fruit), Passiflora edulis (passion fruit), Daniella oliveri (Chiha-Tiv), Ceiba pentandra (Vambe-Tiv), Jatropha tanjorensis (Catholic plant) was carried out on the isolated microorganims and they showed varing degrees of inhibition, the aqueous extract from Passiflora edulis, Ceiba pentandra and Jatropha tanjorensis were able to inhibit all the fungi completely.
基金funded by Innovate UK(100867)with matching funding from several commercial companiesthe financial assistance of the China Scholarship Council(201306300133 and 201506300012)
文摘Studies were conducted to identify candidate soil microbes responsible for observed differences in strawberry vigour at a small spatial scale, which was not associated with visual disease symptoms. Samples were obtained from the soils close to the rhizosphere of ‘big＇ and ‘small＇ plants from small plots which exhibited large local heterogeneity in plant vigour. A metabarcoding approach was used to profile bacterial and fungal compositions, using two primer pairs for 16 S ribosomal RNA genes（16S r DNA） and one for the fungal internal transcribed spacer（ITS） region. Of the two 16 S r DNA primer sets, the 341F/805 R resulted in sequences of better quality. A total 28 operational taxonomic units（OTUs） had differential relative abundance between samples from ‘big＇ and ‘small＇ plants. However, plausible biological explanation was only possible for three fungal OTUs. Two were possible phytopathogens： Verticillium spp. and Alternaria alternata although the latter has never been considered as a main pathogen of strawberry in the UK. For samples from ‘small＇ plants, the abundance of these OTUs was much greater than from ‘big＇ plants. The opposite was true for a mycorrhizal OTU. These results suggest that soil microbes related to crop production can be identified using metabarcoding technique. Further research is needed to assess whether A. alternata and Verticillium spp. could affect strawberry growth in the field.
基金Supported by the Espírito Santo Research Foundation and National Council for Scientific and Technological Development for research grants(Proc.:46704469/2009 and 307752/2012-7)
文摘Objective:To evaluate the in vitro antifungal activity of extracts,resins,oils and mother tinctures from plants against the filamentous fungi Fusarium guttiforme(F.guttiforme)and Chalara paradoxa,and to evaluate the control of the pineapple fusariosis in situ using mother tinctures.Methods:The screening of the antifungal potential of 131 extract forms from 63 plant species was performed in vitro by using plate-hole method.To control pineapple fusariosis in situ,preventive and post-infection treatments were performed on detached pineapple leaves of cv.Perola(susceptible).Results:The quantitative study indicated that among the 49 mother tincture samples analyzed,46% were effective against F.guttiforme and 29% for the Chalara paradoxa.The natural plant extracts,mother tincture of Glycyrrhiza glabra(MTGG1),mother tincture of Myroxylon balsamum(MTBT2),mother tincture of Aloe vera(MTAV3),mother tincture of Allium sativum(MTAS4),resin of Protium heptaphyllum(RESAM5) and crude extracts of Rhizophora mangle(CEMV6),exhibited an antifungal activity against F.guttiforme.In the preventive treatment against pineapple fusariosis,MTAV3,MTAS4 and MTGG1 were statistically similar to the treatment with tebuconazol fungicide.The curative treatments with MTAV3,MTAS4,MTGG1 and MTBT2 presented similar activity to fungicide(P < 0.05).Conclusions:The findings of the present study concluded that mother tinctures can effectively control phytopathogens.The mother tincture extract of Myroxylon balsamum showed antifungal activity and was used here for the first time for inhibition of phytopathogenic fungi.This study paves the way for the development of bioactive natural products with phytosanitary applications,with the added benefits of an environmentally safe and economically viable product.
文摘Modern agriculture is facing new challenges in which ecological and molecular approaches are being integrated to achieve higher crop yields while minimizing negative impacts on the environment. The application of biofertilzers could meet this requirement. Biofertilizer is a natural organic fertilizer that helps to provide all the nutrients required by the plants and helps to increase the quality of the soil with a natural microorganism environment. This paper reviewed the types of biofertilzers, the biological basic of biofertilizers in plant growth promotion. This paper also assayed the bidirectional information exchange between plant-microbes in rhizoshpere and the signal pathway of plant growth- promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and plant growth-promoting fungi (PGPF) in the course of plant infection. At last, the challenges of the application and the promising future of biofertilizers were also discussed.
文摘Five wild plant species belonging to different families (Chenopodium album, Plantago major, Elytrigia elongata, Filipendula ulmaria and Nigella sativa) widely spread in Russian Federation and the former USSR were evaluated for their ability to inhibit growth of two important human food-borne pathogens (Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes strain EGD-e) and eight plant pathogens (Alternaria alternata, Alternaria tenuissima, Bipolaris sorokiniana, Stagonospora nodorum, Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium culmorum and Phytophtora infestans). To isolate biologically active compounds from seeds, a step-wise procedure including extraction with hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and 10% acetic acid followed by reversed-phase HPLC was developed. Using disc-diffusion assay, the highest activity against E. coli O157:H7 was observed with extracts from F. ulmaria (hexane and ethyl acetate extracts and the unbound RP-HPLC fraction) and P. major (ethyl acetate extract and the unbound RP-HPLC fraction);E. elongate (the unbound RP-HPLC fraction) was less active. The extracts from P. major and E. elongate (the unbound RP-HPLC fractions) were equally highly active against L. monocytogenes, while those of F. ulmaria (the unbound RP-HPLC fraction) and N. sativa (hexane and ethyl acetate extracts) were less active against this pathogen. The dynamics of L. monocytogenes EGD-е and E. coli O157:H7 growth in the presence of two most potent extracts (RP-HPLC-unbound fractions of P. major and E. elongate and the hexane extract of F. ulmaria) was studied.
文摘Six microorganisms: four fungi—Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Rhizopus stolonifera, Penicillium marneffei, two bacteria—Erwinia carotovora and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated and identified from three rotten Dioscorea alata (water yam) varieties from two sites each in two local government areas of Benue State, Nigeria, in West Africa, between the months of May 2014 and May 2015. Pathogenicity test carried out using the microorganisms confirmed them to be the pathological agents of the rot. Antimicrobial activity test with aqueous extracts of nine plants: Terminalia catapa, Passiflora edulis, Daniella oliveri, Ceiba pentandra, Jatropha tanjorensis, Azadirachta indica, Carica papaya, Moringa oleifera, and Mangifera indica of fresh and dry material showed that three pathogens, Rhizopus stolonifera (fungi), Erwinia carotovora and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (bacteria) isolated were completely inhibited each by a plant. The result obtained shows that Passiflora edulis had the best antimicrobial activity for both fungi and bacteria;indeed it inhibited completely Rhizopus stolonifera which was stubborn with most of the other plants. Azadirachta indica, Carica papaya, Moringa oleifera, and Mangifera indica were also able to inhibit most of the fungi but not completely. Terminalia catapa and Jatropha tanjorensis were most effective against the bacteria. Erwinia carotovora was completely inhibited by Terminalia catapa and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was completely inhibited by Jatropha tanjorensis. Daniella oliveri and Ceiba pentandra had the least inhibition against the isolates. Generally, the fresh plant extract shows more activity as compared to the dry plant extract.
