Erratum to:J.Mt.Sci.(2024)21(5):1663-1682 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-023-8561-0 During the production process,the first author’s name was wrongly written as“Rang Huang”in the metadata.The correct name for the f...Erratum to:J.Mt.Sci.(2024)21(5):1663-1682 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-023-8561-0 During the production process,the first author’s name was wrongly written as“Rang Huang”in the metadata.The correct name for the first author is“Kang Huang”.The first author’s name in the fulltext pdf is correct.展开更多
Red-bed mudstone, prevalent in southwest China, poses a formidable challenge due to its hydrophilic clay minerals, resulting in expansion, deformation, and cracking upon exposure to moisture. This study addresses upli...Red-bed mudstone, prevalent in southwest China, poses a formidable challenge due to its hydrophilic clay minerals, resulting in expansion, deformation, and cracking upon exposure to moisture. This study addresses uplift deformation disasters in high-speed railways by employing a moisture diffusion-deformation-fracture coupling model based on the finite-discrete element method(FDEM). The model integrates the influence of cracks on moisture diffusion. The investigation into various excavation depths reveals a direct correlation between depth and the formation of tensile cracks at the bottom of the railway cutting. These cracks expedite moisture migration, significantly impacting the temporal and spatial evolution of the moisture field. Additionally, crack expansion dominates hygroscopic deformation, with the lateral coordinate of the crack zone determining peak vertical displacement. Furthermore, key factors influencing deformation in railway cuttings, including the swelling factor and initial moisture content at the bottom of the cutting, are explored. The number of tensile and shear cracks increases with greater excavation depth, particularly concerning shear cracks. Higher swelling factors and initial moisture contents result in an increased total number of cracks, predominantly shear cracks. Numerical calculations provide valuable insights, offering a scientific foundation and directional guidance for the precise prevention, control, prediction, and comprehensive treatment of mudstone-related issues in high-speed railways.展开更多
Deep learning has achieved great progress in image recognition,segmentation,semantic recognition and game theory.In this study,a latest deep learning model,a conditional diffusion model was adopted as a surrogate mode...Deep learning has achieved great progress in image recognition,segmentation,semantic recognition and game theory.In this study,a latest deep learning model,a conditional diffusion model was adopted as a surrogate model to predict the heat transfer during the casting process instead of numerical simulation.The conditional diffusion model was established and trained with the geometry shapes,initial temperature fields and temperature fields at t_(i) as the condition and random noise sampled from standard normal distribution as the input.The output was the temperature field at t_(i+1).Therefore,the temperature field at t_(i+1)can be predicted as the temperature field at t_(i) is known,and the continuous temperature fields of all the time steps can be predicted based on the initial temperature field of an arbitrary 2D geometry.A training set with 3022D shapes and their simulated temperature fields at different time steps was established.The accuracy for the temperature field for a single time step reaches 97.7%,and that for continuous time steps reaches 69.1%with the main error actually existing in the sand mold.The effect of geometry shape and initial temperature field on the prediction accuracy was investigated,the former achieves better result than the latter because the former can identify casting,mold and chill by different colors in the input images.The diffusion model has proved the potential as a surrogate model for numerical simulation of the casting process.展开更多
The diffusion coefficient of carbon in surface layer of steel-20 rare earth carburixed at 880 degreesC and 900 degreesC for 8 h was calculated by substituting the measured layer depths into the diffusion equation. The...The diffusion coefficient of carbon in surface layer of steel-20 rare earth carburixed at 880 degreesC and 900 degreesC for 8 h was calculated by substituting the measured layer depths into the diffusion equation. The mathematical model of the transfer coefficient of carbon was deduced based on the kinetics of weight gain during gas carburizing. The calculated results show that the main reason why the gas carburizing process is accelerated is due to the obvious increase in the diffusion coefficient and transfer coefficient of carbon resulted from the addition of RE.展开更多
Diffusion coefficients of chloride ions in four soils of different texture with varying effective moisture content and varying bulk density from 1.1 to 1.6 g cm3 under three different temperatures were determined by t...Diffusion coefficients of chloride ions in four soils of different texture with varying effective moisture content and varying bulk density from 1.1 to 1.6 g cm3 under three different temperatures were determined by the diffusion-cell method using 36Cl-labelled CaCl2 solution. The results showed that activation energy decreased with water content, which indicated that the threshold for diffusion was lower at a higher soil moisture rate. Therefore, the diffusion coefficient (D) of chloride ions in soil increased consistently with soil moisture. Although a near linear increase in the diffusion coefficient with increasing soil moisture or bulk density in all the soils was observed, the increase rate in different soils was not the same. The D value increased with temperature, and with temperature increased by 10℃ in the range from 5 "C to 45℃ theD valve increased by 10%～30%, averaging about 20%.展开更多
A new facility was presented which can expediently and cheaply measure the transient moisture content profile in multi-layer porous building envelope.Then,a common multi-layer porous building envelope was provided,whi...A new facility was presented which can expediently and cheaply measure the transient moisture content profile in multi-layer porous building envelope.Then,a common multi-layer porous building envelope was provided,which was constructed by cement mortar-red brick-cement plaster.With this kind of building envelope installed in the south wall,a well-controlled air-conditioning room was set up in Changsha,which is one of typical zones of hot and humid climate in China.And experiments were carried out to investigate the temperature and moisture distribution in multi-layer building envelope in summer,both in sunny day and rainy day.The results show that,the temperature and humidity at the interface between the brick and cement mortar are seriously affected by the changes of outdoor temperature and humidity,and the relative humidity at this interface keeps more than 80% for a long-term,which can easily trigger the growth of mould.The temperature and humidity at the interface between the brick and cement plaster change a little,and they are affected by the changes of indoor temperature and humidity.The temperature and humidity at the interface of the wall whose interior surface is affixed with a foam plastic wallpaper are generally higher than those of the wall without wallpaper.The heat transfer and moisture transfer in the envelope are coupled strongly.展开更多
To study the mechanism of unsteady heat-moisture transfer of wet surrounding rock in deep mining, a series of experiments with different initial and boundary conditions were carried out. Test results show that rock te...To study the mechanism of unsteady heat-moisture transfer of wet surrounding rock in deep mining, a series of experiments with different initial and boundary conditions were carried out. Test results show that rock temperature decreases quickly at the initial stage, and reduces slowly to be a constant value finally for transient heat-moisture transfer. The quasi-steady surface temperature of wet airway is lower than that of dry airway due to the moisture transfer. The diffusion radius is less than the cooling radius owing to the large diffusion resistance. The outlet airflow enthalpy of wet airway is much larger than that of dry airway. Latent heat caused by the moisture transfer plays a significant role in a deep thermal environment. For periodic heat-moisture transfer, temperature, humidity and enthalpy of outlet airflow and rock temperature also change periodically. The wave amplitude of rock temperature decreases gradually with increasing distance away from the airway surface, and the wave phase of rock temperature is also behind that of airflow. Moreover, direction of the heat-moisture transfer between airway and airflow is bidirectional, which is different from results of transient transfer.展开更多
A hill can be regarded as an environmental carrier of heat.Water,rocks and the internal moisture naturally pre-sent in such environment constitute a natural heat accumulator.In the present study,the heat and moisture ...A hill can be regarded as an environmental carrier of heat.Water,rocks and the internal moisture naturally pre-sent in such environment constitute a natural heat accumulator.In the present study,the heat and moisture trans-fer characteristics in a representative hill cave have been simulated via a method relying on the Darcy’s law.The simulations have been conducted for both steady and unsteady conditions to discern the influence of permeability and geometric parameters on the thermal and moisture transfer processes.The reliability of the simulation has been verified through comparison of the numerical results with the annual observation data.As revealed by the numericalfindings,the internal temperature of the hill accumulator is proportional to the permeability,outside surface temperature,overground height,underground constant temperature layer depth,and underground tem-perature of the hill,and it is inversely proportional to the horizontal size of the hill.Moreover,in the considered case,the order of magnitude of the permeability of the hill is contained in the range 10-15–10-13,and displays a certain sensitivity to the rainwater seepage.展开更多
The objective of present work is to study the thermo diffusion effect on an unsteady simultaneous convective heat and mass transfer flow of an incompressible, electrically conducting, heat generating/absorbing fluid a...The objective of present work is to study the thermo diffusion effect on an unsteady simultaneous convective heat and mass transfer flow of an incompressible, electrically conducting, heat generating/absorbing fluid along a semi-infinite moving porous plate embedded in a porous medium with the presence of pressure gradient, thermal radiation field and chemical reaction. It is assumed that the permeable plate is embedded in a uniform porous medium and moves with a constant velocity in the flow direction in the presence of a transverse magnetic field. It is also assumed that the free stream consists of a mean velocity, temperature and concentration over which are super imposed an exponentially varying with time. The equations of continuity, momentum, energy and diffusion, which govern the flow field, are solved by using a regular perturbation method. The behavior of the velocity, temperature, concentration, Skin-friction, rate of heat transfer and rate of mass transfer has been discussed for variations in the physical parameters. An increase in both Pr and R results a decrease in thermal boundary layer thickness. However, concentration decreases as Kr, Sc increase but it increases with an increase in both So and δ.展开更多
The static and dynamic diffusion coefficients are important coefficients to describe the moisture transfer processes in particleboard. In this paper, the formula of culculating the static and dynamic diffusion coeffic...The static and dynamic diffusion coefficients are important coefficients to describe the moisture transfer processes in particleboard. In this paper, the formula of culculating the static and dynamic diffusion coefficients were deduced. At first, the static diffusion coefficients of four kinds of particleboards were determined by using diffusion cup method. The results demonstrated that the static diffusion coefficients parallel to panel surface were 10-20 times as large as that of perpendicular to panel surface for test boards. To determine both dynamic diffusion coefficients and surface emission coefficients of moisture in particleboards in one experimental period, specimens in four different thicknesses of each kind of particleboard were used in the experiment. Then the method of regression was used and the dynamic diffusion coefficients and surface emission coefficients were determined based on the slope and intercept of the regressive line.展开更多
A sweating apparatus has been developed to permit simultaneous measurement for fabric temperature change and relative humidity change at outer still air layer of fabrics. In this paper, we compared the temperature and...A sweating apparatus has been developed to permit simultaneous measurement for fabric temperature change and relative humidity change at outer still air layer of fabrics. In this paper, we compared the temperature and relative humidity changes for silk fabrics with polyester fabrics and got GM(1,P) relation models respectively between maximum fabric temperature change, maximum relative humidity change at outer still air layer and relative fabric character parameters. Furthermore, by comparing the objective experiments with subjective wear trials, it is found that the amounts of the change rate of fabric temperature and relative humidity at outer still layer are the most important factors which influence clothing comfort in dynamic moisture transfer condition. The more the changes of temperature and R.H., the more the mugginess and the thermal sensation.展开更多
Previous numerical studies have focused on the combined effect of momentum and scalar eddy diffusivity on the intensity and structure of tropical cyclones.The separate impact of eddy diffusivity estimated by planetary...Previous numerical studies have focused on the combined effect of momentum and scalar eddy diffusivity on the intensity and structure of tropical cyclones.The separate impact of eddy diffusivity estimated by planetary boundary layer(PBL)parameterization on the tropical cyclones has not yet been systematically examined.We have examined the impacts of eddy diffusion of moisture on idealized tropical cyclones using the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting model with the Yonsei University PBL scheme.Our results show nonlinear effects of moisture eddy diffusivity on the simulation of idealized tropical cyclones.Increasing the eddy diffusion of moisture increases the moisture content of the PBL,with three different effects on tropical cyclones:(1)an decrease in the depth of the PBL;(2)an increase in convection in the inner rain band and eyewall;and(3)drying of the lowest region of the PBL and then increasing the surface latent heat flux.These three processes have different effects on the intensity and structure of the tropical cyclone through various physical mechanisms.The increased surface latent heat flux is mainly responsible for the decrease in pressure.Results show that moisture eddy diffusivity has clear effects on the pressure in tropical cyclones,but contributes little to the intensity of wind.This largely influences the wind-pressure relationship,which is crucial in tropical cyclones simulation.These results improve our understanding of moisture eddy diffusivity in the PBL and its influence on tropical cyclones,and provides guidance for interpreting the variation of moisture in the PBL for tropical cyclone simulations.展开更多
The great challenges are remained in constructing graphite-based anode with well built-in structures to accelerate kinetics and enhance stability in the advanced K-ion batteries(KIBs).Here,we firstly report the design...The great challenges are remained in constructing graphite-based anode with well built-in structures to accelerate kinetics and enhance stability in the advanced K-ion batteries(KIBs).Here,we firstly report the design of expanded graphite cohered by N,B bridge-doping carbon patches(NBEG)for efficient K-ion adsorption/diffusion and long-term durability.It is the B co-doping that plays a crucial role in maximizing doping-site utilization of N atoms,balancing the adsorption-diffusion kinetics,and promoting the charge transfer between NBEG and K ions.Especially,the robust lamellar structure,suitable interlayer distance,and rich active sites of the designed NBEG favor the rapid ion/electron transfer pathways and high K-ion storage capacity.Consequently,even at a low N,B doping concentration(4.36 at%,2.07 at%),NBEG anode shows prominent electrochemical performance for KIBs,surpassing most of the advanced carbon-based anodes.Kinetic studies,density functional theory simulations,and in-situ Raman spectroscopy are further performed to reveal the K-ion storage mechanism and confirm the critical actions of co-doping B.This work offers the new methods for graphite-electrode design and the deeper insights into their energy storage mechanisms in KIBs.展开更多
Composite materials are lightweight structures and have been wildly used in marine applications.A carbon composite structure usually absorbs moisture while in-service,which can significantly affect its properties,and ...Composite materials are lightweight structures and have been wildly used in marine applications.A carbon composite structure usually absorbs moisture while in-service,which can significantly affect its properties,and detriments the overall performance.We perform a detailed study on moisture absorption and diffusion of a carbon fibre reinforced vinyl ester resin composite system.Composite samples are immersed directly in four different solutions at a temperature of 37±0.5℃for 1444h.The moisture diffusion is analysed through the Fickian diffusion model;the diffusion parameters are subsequently determined from the gravimetric data.The moisture absorption and interaction with the composite constituents are then discussed.These indicate the fundamentals of the moisture absorption and diffusion within the carbon composite structure.展开更多
In this research,we focus on the free-surface deformation of a one-dimensional elastic semiconductor medium as a function of magnetic field and moisture diffusivity.The problem aims to analyze the interconnection betw...In this research,we focus on the free-surface deformation of a one-dimensional elastic semiconductor medium as a function of magnetic field and moisture diffusivity.The problem aims to analyze the interconnection between plasma and moisture diffusivity processes,as well as thermo-elastic waves.The study examines the photothermoelasticity transport process while considering the impact of moisture diffusivity.By employing Laplace’s transformation technique,we derive the governing equations of the photo-thermo-elastic medium.These equations include the equations for carrier density,elastic waves,moisture transport,heat conduction,and constitutive relationships.Mechanical stresses,thermal conditions,and plasma boundary conditions are used to calculate the fundamental physical parameters in the Laplace domain.By employing numerical techniques,the Laplace transform is inverted to get complete time-domain solutions for the primary physical domains under study.Referencemoisture,thermoelastic,and thermoelectric characteristics are employed in conjunction with a graphical analysis that takes into consideration the effects of applied forces on displacement,moisture concentration,carrier density,stress due to forces,and temperature distribution.展开更多
In the development of Li-ion batteries(LIBs)with high energy/power density,long cycle-life,fast charging,and high safety,an insight into charge transfer reactions is required.Although electrochemical impedance spectro...In the development of Li-ion batteries(LIBs)with high energy/power density,long cycle-life,fast charging,and high safety,an insight into charge transfer reactions is required.Although electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS)is regarded as a powerful diagnosis tool,it is not a direct but an indirect measurement.With respect to this,some critical questions need to be answered:(i)why EIS can reflect the kinetics of charge transfer reactions;(ii)what the inherent logical relationship between impedance models under different physical scenes is;(iii)how charge transfer reactions compete with each other at multiple scales.This work aims at answering these questions via developing a theory framework so as to mitigate the blindness and uncertainty in unveiling charge transfer reactions in LIBs.To systematically answer the above questions,this article is organized into a three-in-one(review,tutorial,and research)type and the following contributions are made:(i)a brief review is given for impedance model development of the LIBs over the past half century;(ii)an open source code toolbox is developed based on the unified impedance model;(iii)the competive mechanisms of charge transfer reactions are unveiled based on the developed EIS-Toolbox@LIB.This work not only clarifies theoretical fundamentals,but also provides an easy-to-use open source code for EIS-Toolbox@LIB to optimize fast charge/discharge,mitigate cycle aging,and improve energy/power density.展开更多
This study is an extension of the previous work done with ARS-680 Environmental Chamber. Drying is a complex operation that demands much energy and time. Drying is essentially important for preservation of ginger rhiz...This study is an extension of the previous work done with ARS-680 Environmental Chamber. Drying is a complex operation that demands much energy and time. Drying is essentially important for preservation of ginger rhizome. Drying of ginger was modeled, and then the effective diffusion coefficient and activation energy were determined. For this purpose, the experiments were done at six levels of varied temperatures: 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C and 60°C. The values of effective diffusion coefficients obtained in this work for the variously treated ginger rhizomes closely agreed with the average effective diffusion coefficients of other notable authors who determined the drying kinetics and convective heat transfer coefficients of ginger slices.展开更多
文摘Erratum to:J.Mt.Sci.(2024)21(5):1663-1682 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-023-8561-0 During the production process,the first author’s name was wrongly written as“Rang Huang”in the metadata.The correct name for the first author is“Kang Huang”.The first author’s name in the fulltext pdf is correct.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 42172308, No.51779018)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS (No. 2022331)the Science and Technology Research and Development Program of China State Railway Group Co., Ltd. (No. J2022G002)。
文摘Red-bed mudstone, prevalent in southwest China, poses a formidable challenge due to its hydrophilic clay minerals, resulting in expansion, deformation, and cracking upon exposure to moisture. This study addresses uplift deformation disasters in high-speed railways by employing a moisture diffusion-deformation-fracture coupling model based on the finite-discrete element method(FDEM). The model integrates the influence of cracks on moisture diffusion. The investigation into various excavation depths reveals a direct correlation between depth and the formation of tensile cracks at the bottom of the railway cutting. These cracks expedite moisture migration, significantly impacting the temporal and spatial evolution of the moisture field. Additionally, crack expansion dominates hygroscopic deformation, with the lateral coordinate of the crack zone determining peak vertical displacement. Furthermore, key factors influencing deformation in railway cuttings, including the swelling factor and initial moisture content at the bottom of the cutting, are explored. The number of tensile and shear cracks increases with greater excavation depth, particularly concerning shear cracks. Higher swelling factors and initial moisture contents result in an increased total number of cracks, predominantly shear cracks. Numerical calculations provide valuable insights, offering a scientific foundation and directional guidance for the precise prevention, control, prediction, and comprehensive treatment of mudstone-related issues in high-speed railways.
文摘Deep learning has achieved great progress in image recognition,segmentation,semantic recognition and game theory.In this study,a latest deep learning model,a conditional diffusion model was adopted as a surrogate model to predict the heat transfer during the casting process instead of numerical simulation.The conditional diffusion model was established and trained with the geometry shapes,initial temperature fields and temperature fields at t_(i) as the condition and random noise sampled from standard normal distribution as the input.The output was the temperature field at t_(i+1).Therefore,the temperature field at t_(i+1)can be predicted as the temperature field at t_(i) is known,and the continuous temperature fields of all the time steps can be predicted based on the initial temperature field of an arbitrary 2D geometry.A training set with 3022D shapes and their simulated temperature fields at different time steps was established.The accuracy for the temperature field for a single time step reaches 97.7%,and that for continuous time steps reaches 69.1%with the main error actually existing in the sand mold.The effect of geometry shape and initial temperature field on the prediction accuracy was investigated,the former achieves better result than the latter because the former can identify casting,mold and chill by different colors in the input images.The diffusion model has proved the potential as a surrogate model for numerical simulation of the casting process.
文摘The diffusion coefficient of carbon in surface layer of steel-20 rare earth carburixed at 880 degreesC and 900 degreesC for 8 h was calculated by substituting the measured layer depths into the diffusion equation. The mathematical model of the transfer coefficient of carbon was deduced based on the kinetics of weight gain during gas carburizing. The calculated results show that the main reason why the gas carburizing process is accelerated is due to the obvious increase in the diffusion coefficient and transfer coefficient of carbon resulted from the addition of RE.
文摘Diffusion coefficients of chloride ions in four soils of different texture with varying effective moisture content and varying bulk density from 1.1 to 1.6 g cm3 under three different temperatures were determined by the diffusion-cell method using 36Cl-labelled CaCl2 solution. The results showed that activation energy decreased with water content, which indicated that the threshold for diffusion was lower at a higher soil moisture rate. Therefore, the diffusion coefficient (D) of chloride ions in soil increased consistently with soil moisture. Although a near linear increase in the diffusion coefficient with increasing soil moisture or bulk density in all the soils was observed, the increase rate in different soils was not the same. The D value increased with temperature, and with temperature increased by 10℃ in the range from 5 "C to 45℃ theD valve increased by 10%～30%, averaging about 20%.
基金Project(51078127) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘A new facility was presented which can expediently and cheaply measure the transient moisture content profile in multi-layer porous building envelope.Then,a common multi-layer porous building envelope was provided,which was constructed by cement mortar-red brick-cement plaster.With this kind of building envelope installed in the south wall,a well-controlled air-conditioning room was set up in Changsha,which is one of typical zones of hot and humid climate in China.And experiments were carried out to investigate the temperature and moisture distribution in multi-layer building envelope in summer,both in sunny day and rainy day.The results show that,the temperature and humidity at the interface between the brick and cement mortar are seriously affected by the changes of outdoor temperature and humidity,and the relative humidity at this interface keeps more than 80% for a long-term,which can easily trigger the growth of mould.The temperature and humidity at the interface between the brick and cement plaster change a little,and they are affected by the changes of indoor temperature and humidity.The temperature and humidity at the interface of the wall whose interior surface is affixed with a foam plastic wallpaper are generally higher than those of the wall without wallpaper.The heat transfer and moisture transfer in the envelope are coupled strongly.
基金Foundation item： Project（2012CB026103） supported by the National Basic Research Program of China Project（51204170） supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China+2 种基金 Project（2011M500974） supported by Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China Project （2011QNA16） supported by Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China Project（PDll01） supported by Postdoctoral Foundation of State Key Laboratory for Geomechanics and Deep Underground Engineering, China
文摘To study the mechanism of unsteady heat-moisture transfer of wet surrounding rock in deep mining, a series of experiments with different initial and boundary conditions were carried out. Test results show that rock temperature decreases quickly at the initial stage, and reduces slowly to be a constant value finally for transient heat-moisture transfer. The quasi-steady surface temperature of wet airway is lower than that of dry airway due to the moisture transfer. The diffusion radius is less than the cooling radius owing to the large diffusion resistance. The outlet airflow enthalpy of wet airway is much larger than that of dry airway. Latent heat caused by the moisture transfer plays a significant role in a deep thermal environment. For periodic heat-moisture transfer, temperature, humidity and enthalpy of outlet airflow and rock temperature also change periodically. The wave amplitude of rock temperature decreases gradually with increasing distance away from the airway surface, and the wave phase of rock temperature is also behind that of airflow. Moreover, direction of the heat-moisture transfer between airway and airflow is bidirectional, which is different from results of transient transfer.
文摘A hill can be regarded as an environmental carrier of heat.Water,rocks and the internal moisture naturally pre-sent in such environment constitute a natural heat accumulator.In the present study,the heat and moisture trans-fer characteristics in a representative hill cave have been simulated via a method relying on the Darcy’s law.The simulations have been conducted for both steady and unsteady conditions to discern the influence of permeability and geometric parameters on the thermal and moisture transfer processes.The reliability of the simulation has been verified through comparison of the numerical results with the annual observation data.As revealed by the numericalfindings,the internal temperature of the hill accumulator is proportional to the permeability,outside surface temperature,overground height,underground constant temperature layer depth,and underground tem-perature of the hill,and it is inversely proportional to the horizontal size of the hill.Moreover,in the considered case,the order of magnitude of the permeability of the hill is contained in the range 10-15–10-13,and displays a certain sensitivity to the rainwater seepage.
文摘The objective of present work is to study the thermo diffusion effect on an unsteady simultaneous convective heat and mass transfer flow of an incompressible, electrically conducting, heat generating/absorbing fluid along a semi-infinite moving porous plate embedded in a porous medium with the presence of pressure gradient, thermal radiation field and chemical reaction. It is assumed that the permeable plate is embedded in a uniform porous medium and moves with a constant velocity in the flow direction in the presence of a transverse magnetic field. It is also assumed that the free stream consists of a mean velocity, temperature and concentration over which are super imposed an exponentially varying with time. The equations of continuity, momentum, energy and diffusion, which govern the flow field, are solved by using a regular perturbation method. The behavior of the velocity, temperature, concentration, Skin-friction, rate of heat transfer and rate of mass transfer has been discussed for variations in the physical parameters. An increase in both Pr and R results a decrease in thermal boundary layer thickness. However, concentration decreases as Kr, Sc increase but it increases with an increase in both So and δ.
文摘The static and dynamic diffusion coefficients are important coefficients to describe the moisture transfer processes in particleboard. In this paper, the formula of culculating the static and dynamic diffusion coefficients were deduced. At first, the static diffusion coefficients of four kinds of particleboards were determined by using diffusion cup method. The results demonstrated that the static diffusion coefficients parallel to panel surface were 10-20 times as large as that of perpendicular to panel surface for test boards. To determine both dynamic diffusion coefficients and surface emission coefficients of moisture in particleboards in one experimental period, specimens in four different thicknesses of each kind of particleboard were used in the experiment. Then the method of regression was used and the dynamic diffusion coefficients and surface emission coefficients were determined based on the slope and intercept of the regressive line.
文摘A sweating apparatus has been developed to permit simultaneous measurement for fabric temperature change and relative humidity change at outer still air layer of fabrics. In this paper, we compared the temperature and relative humidity changes for silk fabrics with polyester fabrics and got GM(1,P) relation models respectively between maximum fabric temperature change, maximum relative humidity change at outer still air layer and relative fabric character parameters. Furthermore, by comparing the objective experiments with subjective wear trials, it is found that the amounts of the change rate of fabric temperature and relative humidity at outer still layer are the most important factors which influence clothing comfort in dynamic moisture transfer condition. The more the changes of temperature and R.H., the more the mugginess and the thermal sensation.
基金This study was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.41905095,41730960 and 61827901in part by the National Key R&D Program of China under Grant No.2017YFC1501602.
文摘Previous numerical studies have focused on the combined effect of momentum and scalar eddy diffusivity on the intensity and structure of tropical cyclones.The separate impact of eddy diffusivity estimated by planetary boundary layer(PBL)parameterization on the tropical cyclones has not yet been systematically examined.We have examined the impacts of eddy diffusion of moisture on idealized tropical cyclones using the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting model with the Yonsei University PBL scheme.Our results show nonlinear effects of moisture eddy diffusivity on the simulation of idealized tropical cyclones.Increasing the eddy diffusion of moisture increases the moisture content of the PBL,with three different effects on tropical cyclones:(1)an decrease in the depth of the PBL;(2)an increase in convection in the inner rain band and eyewall;and(3)drying of the lowest region of the PBL and then increasing the surface latent heat flux.These three processes have different effects on the intensity and structure of the tropical cyclone through various physical mechanisms.The increased surface latent heat flux is mainly responsible for the decrease in pressure.Results show that moisture eddy diffusivity has clear effects on the pressure in tropical cyclones,but contributes little to the intensity of wind.This largely influences the wind-pressure relationship,which is crucial in tropical cyclones simulation.These results improve our understanding of moisture eddy diffusivity in the PBL and its influence on tropical cyclones,and provides guidance for interpreting the variation of moisture in the PBL for tropical cyclone simulations.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21573059 and U1704251)the Overseas Expertise Introduction Project for Discipline Innovation(D17007)the Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province(212300410178)。
文摘The great challenges are remained in constructing graphite-based anode with well built-in structures to accelerate kinetics and enhance stability in the advanced K-ion batteries(KIBs).Here,we firstly report the design of expanded graphite cohered by N,B bridge-doping carbon patches(NBEG)for efficient K-ion adsorption/diffusion and long-term durability.It is the B co-doping that plays a crucial role in maximizing doping-site utilization of N atoms,balancing the adsorption-diffusion kinetics,and promoting the charge transfer between NBEG and K ions.Especially,the robust lamellar structure,suitable interlayer distance,and rich active sites of the designed NBEG favor the rapid ion/electron transfer pathways and high K-ion storage capacity.Consequently,even at a low N,B doping concentration(4.36 at%,2.07 at%),NBEG anode shows prominent electrochemical performance for KIBs,surpassing most of the advanced carbon-based anodes.Kinetic studies,density functional theory simulations,and in-situ Raman spectroscopy are further performed to reveal the K-ion storage mechanism and confirm the critical actions of co-doping B.This work offers the new methods for graphite-electrode design and the deeper insights into their energy storage mechanisms in KIBs.
基金The author would like to acknowledge the Fuzhou University for providing the start-up research funding for Minjiang Scholar Distinguished Professor scheme in Fujian Province,China.Financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52005108)is also appreciated.
文摘Composite materials are lightweight structures and have been wildly used in marine applications.A carbon composite structure usually absorbs moisture while in-service,which can significantly affect its properties,and detriments the overall performance.We perform a detailed study on moisture absorption and diffusion of a carbon fibre reinforced vinyl ester resin composite system.Composite samples are immersed directly in four different solutions at a temperature of 37±0.5℃for 1444h.The moisture diffusion is analysed through the Fickian diffusion model;the diffusion parameters are subsequently determined from the gravimetric data.The moisture absorption and interaction with the composite constituents are then discussed.These indicate the fundamentals of the moisture absorption and diffusion within the carbon composite structure.
基金funded by Taif University,Taif,Saudi Arabia(TU-DSPP-2024-172).
文摘In this research,we focus on the free-surface deformation of a one-dimensional elastic semiconductor medium as a function of magnetic field and moisture diffusivity.The problem aims to analyze the interconnection between plasma and moisture diffusivity processes,as well as thermo-elastic waves.The study examines the photothermoelasticity transport process while considering the impact of moisture diffusivity.By employing Laplace’s transformation technique,we derive the governing equations of the photo-thermo-elastic medium.These equations include the equations for carrier density,elastic waves,moisture transport,heat conduction,and constitutive relationships.Mechanical stresses,thermal conditions,and plasma boundary conditions are used to calculate the fundamental physical parameters in the Laplace domain.By employing numerical techniques,the Laplace transform is inverted to get complete time-domain solutions for the primary physical domains under study.Referencemoisture,thermoelastic,and thermoelectric characteristics are employed in conjunction with a graphical analysis that takes into consideration the effects of applied forces on displacement,moisture concentration,carrier density,stress due to forces,and temperature distribution.
基金the financial support from the National Science Foundation of China(22078190)the National Key R&D Plan of China(2020YFB1505802)。
文摘In the development of Li-ion batteries(LIBs)with high energy/power density,long cycle-life,fast charging,and high safety,an insight into charge transfer reactions is required.Although electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS)is regarded as a powerful diagnosis tool,it is not a direct but an indirect measurement.With respect to this,some critical questions need to be answered:(i)why EIS can reflect the kinetics of charge transfer reactions;(ii)what the inherent logical relationship between impedance models under different physical scenes is;(iii)how charge transfer reactions compete with each other at multiple scales.This work aims at answering these questions via developing a theory framework so as to mitigate the blindness and uncertainty in unveiling charge transfer reactions in LIBs.To systematically answer the above questions,this article is organized into a three-in-one(review,tutorial,and research)type and the following contributions are made:(i)a brief review is given for impedance model development of the LIBs over the past half century;(ii)an open source code toolbox is developed based on the unified impedance model;(iii)the competive mechanisms of charge transfer reactions are unveiled based on the developed EIS-Toolbox@LIB.This work not only clarifies theoretical fundamentals,but also provides an easy-to-use open source code for EIS-Toolbox@LIB to optimize fast charge/discharge,mitigate cycle aging,and improve energy/power density.
文摘This study is an extension of the previous work done with ARS-680 Environmental Chamber. Drying is a complex operation that demands much energy and time. Drying is essentially important for preservation of ginger rhizome. Drying of ginger was modeled, and then the effective diffusion coefficient and activation energy were determined. For this purpose, the experiments were done at six levels of varied temperatures: 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C and 60°C. The values of effective diffusion coefficients obtained in this work for the variously treated ginger rhizomes closely agreed with the average effective diffusion coefficients of other notable authors who determined the drying kinetics and convective heat transfer coefficients of ginger slices.
