A protocol is presented for genetically engineering loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) using particle bombardment. This protocol enabled the routine transformation of loblolly pine plants that were previously difficult to...A protocol is presented for genetically engineering loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) using particle bombardment. This protocol enabled the routine transformation of loblolly pine plants that were previously difficult to transform. Mature zygotic embryos were used to be bombarded and to generate organogenic callus and transgenic regenerated plants. Plasmid pB48.215 DNA contained a synthetic Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) cryIAc coding sequence flanked by the double cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter and nopaline synthase (Nos) terminator sequences, and the selectable marker gene, neomycin phosphotransferase II (nptII) controlled by the promoter of the nopaline synthase gene was introduced into loblolly pine tissues by particle bombardment. The transformed tissues were proliferated and selected by kanamycin resistance conferred by the introduced NPTII gene. Shoot regeneration was induced from the kanamycin-resistant callus, and transgenic plantlets were then produced. The presence of the introduced genes in the transgenic loblolly pine plants was confirmed by polymerase chain reactions (PCR) analysis, by Southern blot analysis, and insect feeding assays. The recovered transgenic plants were acclimatized and then established in soil.展开更多
In recent years,interest in the larvae of black soldier fly(BSF)(Hermetia illucens)as a sustainable protein resource for livestock feed has increased considerably.However,knowledge on the nutritional and physiological...In recent years,interest in the larvae of black soldier fly(BSF)(Hermetia illucens)as a sustainable protein resource for livestock feed has increased considerably.However,knowledge on the nutritional and physiological aspects of this insect,especially compared to other conventional farmed animals is scarce.This review presents a critical comparison of data on the growth potential and efficiency of the BSF larvae(BSFL)compared to conventional monogastric livestock species.Advantages of BSFL over other monogastric livestock species includes their high growth rate and their ability to convert low-grade organic waste into high-quality protein and fat-rich biomass suitable for use in animal feed.Calculations using literature data suggest that BSFL are more efficient than broilers,pigs and fish in terms of conversion of substrate protein into body mass,but less efficient than broilers and fish in utilization of substrate gross energy to gain body mass.BSFL growth efficiency varies greatly depending on the nutrient quality of their dietary substrates.This might be associated with the function of their gastrointestinal tract,including the activity of digestive enzymes,the substrate particle characteristics,and their intestinal microbial community.The conceived advantage of BSFL having an environmental footprint better than conventional livestock is only true if BSFL is produced on low-grade organic waste and its protein would directly be used for human consumption.Therefore,their potential role as a new species to better close nutrient cycles in agro-ecological systems needs to be reconsidered,and we conclude that BSFL is a complementary livestock species efficiently utilizing organic waste that cannot be utilized by other livestock.In addition,we provide comparative insight into morpho-functional aspects of the gut,characterization of digestive enzymes,gut microbiota and fiber digestion.Finally,current knowledge on the nutritional utilization and requirements of BSFL in terms of macro-and micronutrients is reviewed and found to be rather limited.In addition,the research methods to determine nutritional requirements of conventional livestock are not applicable for BSFL.Thus,there is a great need for research on the nutrient requirements of BSFL.展开更多
The black soldier fly,Hermetia illucens,comes with big promises for industrial purposes since its larvae feed polyphagously on a broad spectrum of organic substrates.However,research focusing on adult flies is scarce,...The black soldier fly,Hermetia illucens,comes with big promises for industrial purposes since its larvae feed polyphagously on a broad spectrum of organic substrates.However,research focusing on adult flies is scarce,which is inconsistent with their reproductive relevance within the rearing cycle.In particular,directed oviposition is a challenge in artificial systems.Currently,decomposing organic matter is commonly used as oviposition substrate,which has extensive potential for improvement in view of the lack of standardization and the risk of microbial contamination.Here,we identified three fatty acids and one fatty acid methyl ester derived from the surface of old oviposition sites and targeted to elucidate their effect on preference behavior and oviposition site selection using Y-olfactometry and prepared oviposition sites,respectively.Exposure to tetradecanoic acid attracted gravid females and stimulated oviposition most strongly,while decanoic acid demonstrated a repulsive effect.Females kept in mixed-sex populations were attracted by tetradecanoic acid,resulting in a higher egg mass found in the compound box(3.0–11.4 fold),a≥2.3 fold reduction of nonspecifically deposited eggs,and the highest total egg mass.Conversely,decanoic and dodecanoic acid caused females to lay a greater proportion of eggs nonspecifically outside both boxes.Our data suggest that fatty acids,especially tetradecanoic acid,are important cues for oviposition site selection in black soldier flies.In order to achieve a directed oviposition behavior,the role of further short-and long-chain fatty acids as attractants should be examined.展开更多
Non-conventional feed ingredients are receiving more interest in their ability to increase farming effi-ciency,sustainability and animal performance.The objective of this study was to determine the optimal rate of inc...Non-conventional feed ingredients are receiving more interest in their ability to increase farming effi-ciency,sustainability and animal performance.The objective of this study was to determine the optimal rate of inclusion level of the full-fat black soldier fly larvae(BSFL)in broiler diets and to evaluate their impact on performance,nutrient digestibility,and the immune system(blood cells and intraepithelial lymphocytes).A total of 400 male day-old Ross 308 broilers were randomly assigned to 5 treatment groups with 8 replicates each.Five inclusion levels of full-fat BSFL were investigated across starter(0,2.5%,5%,7.5%and 10%),grower and finisher diets(0,5%,10%,15%and 20%).All diets were formulated based on digestible amino acid values according to the Aviagen(2016)recommendations.A polynomial regression at different degrees was performed to analyse broiler performance parameters(body weight,body weight gain,feed intake,and feed conversion ratio),nutrient digestibility,and blood cell count.Intraepithelial lymphocyte population data was analysed performing univariate linear regression.During the entire experimental period(from 2 to 42 d),BSFL inclusion levels decreased the feed conversion ratio by 10%in broilers that received 20%BSFL in their diets(P<0.05).Lymphocytes and white blood cell count decreased linearly by 47.7%and 35.9%,respectively,with up to 20%BSFL inclusion(P<0.001).A 4-fold decrease in CD3+T lymphocytes and a 9.7-fold decrease of CD3+CD8+intestinal cytotoxic T lymphocytes occurred in broilers fed 20%BSFL compared to the control group.These findings suggest that the inclusion of BSFL can improve broiler performance and potentially reduce immune response energy expenditure in birds fed 20%BSFL for 42 d.展开更多
文摘A protocol is presented for genetically engineering loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) using particle bombardment. This protocol enabled the routine transformation of loblolly pine plants that were previously difficult to transform. Mature zygotic embryos were used to be bombarded and to generate organogenic callus and transgenic regenerated plants. Plasmid pB48.215 DNA contained a synthetic Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) cryIAc coding sequence flanked by the double cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter and nopaline synthase (Nos) terminator sequences, and the selectable marker gene, neomycin phosphotransferase II (nptII) controlled by the promoter of the nopaline synthase gene was introduced into loblolly pine tissues by particle bombardment. The transformed tissues were proliferated and selected by kanamycin resistance conferred by the introduced NPTII gene. Shoot regeneration was induced from the kanamycin-resistant callus, and transgenic plantlets were then produced. The presence of the introduced genes in the transgenic loblolly pine plants was confirmed by polymerase chain reactions (PCR) analysis, by Southern blot analysis, and insect feeding assays. The recovered transgenic plants were acclimatized and then established in soil.
基金funded by the institutional budget of FBN Dummerstorfpartly supported by the Leibniz ScienceCampus Phosphorus Research Rostock.
文摘In recent years,interest in the larvae of black soldier fly(BSF)(Hermetia illucens)as a sustainable protein resource for livestock feed has increased considerably.However,knowledge on the nutritional and physiological aspects of this insect,especially compared to other conventional farmed animals is scarce.This review presents a critical comparison of data on the growth potential and efficiency of the BSF larvae(BSFL)compared to conventional monogastric livestock species.Advantages of BSFL over other monogastric livestock species includes their high growth rate and their ability to convert low-grade organic waste into high-quality protein and fat-rich biomass suitable for use in animal feed.Calculations using literature data suggest that BSFL are more efficient than broilers,pigs and fish in terms of conversion of substrate protein into body mass,but less efficient than broilers and fish in utilization of substrate gross energy to gain body mass.BSFL growth efficiency varies greatly depending on the nutrient quality of their dietary substrates.This might be associated with the function of their gastrointestinal tract,including the activity of digestive enzymes,the substrate particle characteristics,and their intestinal microbial community.The conceived advantage of BSFL having an environmental footprint better than conventional livestock is only true if BSFL is produced on low-grade organic waste and its protein would directly be used for human consumption.Therefore,their potential role as a new species to better close nutrient cycles in agro-ecological systems needs to be reconsidered,and we conclude that BSFL is a complementary livestock species efficiently utilizing organic waste that cannot be utilized by other livestock.In addition,we provide comparative insight into morpho-functional aspects of the gut,characterization of digestive enzymes,gut microbiota and fiber digestion.Finally,current knowledge on the nutritional utilization and requirements of BSFL in terms of macro-and micronutrients is reviewed and found to be rather limited.In addition,the research methods to determine nutritional requirements of conventional livestock are not applicable for BSFL.Thus,there is a great need for research on the nutrient requirements of BSFL.
基金supported by grants from the Hessian Ministry of Higher Education,Research and the Arts via the LOEWE Center for Insect Biotechnologyby the German Federal Ministry for Education and Research(BMBF)grant FKZ 031B1291B(InA)within the BioBall innovation spaceOpen access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.
文摘The black soldier fly,Hermetia illucens,comes with big promises for industrial purposes since its larvae feed polyphagously on a broad spectrum of organic substrates.However,research focusing on adult flies is scarce,which is inconsistent with their reproductive relevance within the rearing cycle.In particular,directed oviposition is a challenge in artificial systems.Currently,decomposing organic matter is commonly used as oviposition substrate,which has extensive potential for improvement in view of the lack of standardization and the risk of microbial contamination.Here,we identified three fatty acids and one fatty acid methyl ester derived from the surface of old oviposition sites and targeted to elucidate their effect on preference behavior and oviposition site selection using Y-olfactometry and prepared oviposition sites,respectively.Exposure to tetradecanoic acid attracted gravid females and stimulated oviposition most strongly,while decanoic acid demonstrated a repulsive effect.Females kept in mixed-sex populations were attracted by tetradecanoic acid,resulting in a higher egg mass found in the compound box(3.0–11.4 fold),a≥2.3 fold reduction of nonspecifically deposited eggs,and the highest total egg mass.Conversely,decanoic and dodecanoic acid caused females to lay a greater proportion of eggs nonspecifically outside both boxes.Our data suggest that fatty acids,especially tetradecanoic acid,are important cues for oviposition site selection in black soldier flies.In order to achieve a directed oviposition behavior,the role of further short-and long-chain fatty acids as attractants should be examined.
基金funded by Poultry Hub Australia(project number 18-409)supported by Feedworks(Romsey,VIC,Australia)+1 种基金Karma^(3)(Thomastown,VIC,Australia)Go Terra(Canberra,ACT,Australia)
文摘Non-conventional feed ingredients are receiving more interest in their ability to increase farming effi-ciency,sustainability and animal performance.The objective of this study was to determine the optimal rate of inclusion level of the full-fat black soldier fly larvae(BSFL)in broiler diets and to evaluate their impact on performance,nutrient digestibility,and the immune system(blood cells and intraepithelial lymphocytes).A total of 400 male day-old Ross 308 broilers were randomly assigned to 5 treatment groups with 8 replicates each.Five inclusion levels of full-fat BSFL were investigated across starter(0,2.5%,5%,7.5%and 10%),grower and finisher diets(0,5%,10%,15%and 20%).All diets were formulated based on digestible amino acid values according to the Aviagen(2016)recommendations.A polynomial regression at different degrees was performed to analyse broiler performance parameters(body weight,body weight gain,feed intake,and feed conversion ratio),nutrient digestibility,and blood cell count.Intraepithelial lymphocyte population data was analysed performing univariate linear regression.During the entire experimental period(from 2 to 42 d),BSFL inclusion levels decreased the feed conversion ratio by 10%in broilers that received 20%BSFL in their diets(P<0.05).Lymphocytes and white blood cell count decreased linearly by 47.7%and 35.9%,respectively,with up to 20%BSFL inclusion(P<0.001).A 4-fold decrease in CD3+T lymphocytes and a 9.7-fold decrease of CD3+CD8+intestinal cytotoxic T lymphocytes occurred in broilers fed 20%BSFL compared to the control group.These findings suggest that the inclusion of BSFL can improve broiler performance and potentially reduce immune response energy expenditure in birds fed 20%BSFL for 42 d.
