Background Nursery pigs undergo stressors in the post-weaning period that result in production and welfare chal-lenges.These challenges disproportionately impact the offspring of primiparous sows compared to those of ...Background Nursery pigs undergo stressors in the post-weaning period that result in production and welfare chal-lenges.These challenges disproportionately impact the offspring of primiparous sows compared to those of mul-tiparous counterparts.Little is known regarding potential interactions between parity and feed additives in the post-weaning period and their effects on nursery pig microbiomes.Therefore,the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of maternal parity on sow and offspring microbiomes and the influence of sow parity on pig fecal microbi-ome and performance in response to a prebiotic post-weaning.At weaning,piglets were allotted into three treat-ment groups:a standard nursery diet including pharmacological doses of Zn and Cu(Con),a group fed a commercial prebiotic only(Preb)based on an Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extract,and a group fed the same prebiotic plus Zn and Cu(Preb+ZnCu).Results Although there were no differences in vaginal microbiome composition between primiparous and mul-tiparous sows,fecal microbiome composition was different(R^(2)=0.02,P=0.03).The fecal microbiomes of primiparous offspring displayed significantly higher bacterial diversity compared to multiparous offspring at d 0 and d 21 post-weaning(P<0.01),with differences in community composition observed at d 21(R^(2)=0.03,P=0.04).When analyzing the effects of maternal parity within each treatment,only the Preb diet triggered significant microbiome distinc-tions between primiparous and multiparous offspring(d 21:R^(2)=0.13,P=0.01;d 42:R^(2)=0.19,P=0.001).Composi-tional differences in pig fecal microbiomes between treatments were observed only at d 21(R^(2)=0.12,P=0.001).Pigs in the Con group gained significantly more weight throughout the nursery period when compared to those in the Preb+ZnCu group.Conclusions Nursery pig gut microbiome composition was influenced by supplementation with an Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extract,with varying effects on performance when combined with pharmacological levels of Zn and Cu or for offspring of different maternal parity groups.These results indicate that the development of nursery pig gut microbiomes is shaped by maternal parity and potential interactions with the effects of dietary feed additives.展开更多
The Camellia oleifera meal(COM),a primary byproduct of oil-tea processing,often being discarded or used as a low-grade fertilizer due to its low value.The underutilization has become a significant bottleneck hindering...The Camellia oleifera meal(COM),a primary byproduct of oil-tea processing,often being discarded or used as a low-grade fertilizer due to its low value.The underutilization has become a significant bottleneck hindering the high-quality development of the oil-tea industry.In this study,the production of antibiotic-free feed additives through the solid-state fermentation of COM by Acremonium terricola was investigated.Our findings revealed that a saponin concentration of 5 mg/mL significantly enhanced the production of cordycepic acid(70.4 mg/g),ergosterol(3.32 mg/g),and chitin(110 mg/g)by A.terricola.This concentration also promoted chitin production and the activities of peroxidase(POD)and Na+/K+-ATPase,thereby maintaining cellular homeostasis and energy balance in A.terricola.Solid-state fermented rice bran(RB),wheat bran(WB),and desaponificated COM(containing 2.6 mg/100 g of tea saponin)were all found to be beneficial for increasing the production of cordycepic acid and ergosterol.The blend of COM,RB,and WB in the ratio of 15:65:20 was particularly advantageous for the production and accumulation of cordycepic acid and ergosterol,yielding 1.54 and 1.43 times,1.27 and 1.37 times,and 1.98 and 5.52 times more than those produced by WB,RB,and COM alone,respectively.Meantime,the difference in contents of sugar and protein in A.terricola cultures(ATCs)using combination were not significant compared to RB and WB.These results indicated that COM can partially replace foodstuffs or food by-products to prepare antibiotic-free feed additives by A.terricola.展开更多
[ Objective] The aim of this study was to provide a theoretical basis for population and application of Chinese herbal feed additive in the rex rabbit breeding. [ Methyl] 108 weaned -rex rabbits aged 40 days were divi...[ Objective] The aim of this study was to provide a theoretical basis for population and application of Chinese herbal feed additive in the rex rabbit breeding. [ Methyl] 108 weaned -rex rabbits aged 40 days were divided into three groups with thirty -six each group. Group A were fed basal diet, while group B were fed basal diet supplemented with 0.3% Chinese herbal feed additive and group C were fed basal diet supplemented with 0.4% Chinese herbal feed additive. The meat quality indexes were measured when feeding to 150 age in days. [ Result] There was significant difference among pH value, water loss rate, storing loss rate and crude protein content in each group （P〈0.05）, but no significant difference was found in tenderness, cooking percentage, moisture content and crude fat content （ P 〉 0.05）. The total content of ami- no acids, essential amino acids and semi essential amino acids as well as main delicious amino acids was highest in group C accounting for 23.84%, 11.47% and 8.32% respectively, next came group B accounting for 20.94%, 10.64% and 6.81% respectively, and lowest in group C （ control group） accounting for 19.06%, 9.61% and 6.46% respectively. [ Conclusion] The Chinese herbal feed additive can improve meat quality of rex rabbit the best addition of 0.4%.展开更多
[Objective] The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of the herbal feed additive Zengrujianniusan on the milk production of dairy cows. [Method] Thirty-two black-white lactating cows were randomly divided...[Objective] The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of the herbal feed additive Zengrujianniusan on the milk production of dairy cows. [Method] Thirty-two black-white lactating cows were randomly divided into four groups, and were fed with forage supplemented with 0 （control group）, 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6% Zengrujianniusan for 60 d. During this period, the contents of fat, protein and non-fat solid in milk were measured every 20 d. [Result] The milk production of the cows whose forage was added with 0.2 %, 0.4 % and 0.6% Zengrujianniusan was 4.02%, 12.50%, 14.00% higher than that of the control （P〉0.05）. The herbal feed additive had no significant influence on the contents of fat, milk and non-fat solid in milk, but significantly reduced the number of somatic cells. [Conclusion] The study will provide reference for developing feed additives which is safe and non-toxic to cows and their milk.展开更多
This paper summarizes the current knowledge regarding the possible modes of action and nutritional factors involved in the use of essential oils （EOs） for swine and poultry. EOs have recently attracted increased int...This paper summarizes the current knowledge regarding the possible modes of action and nutritional factors involved in the use of essential oils （EOs） for swine and poultry. EOs have recently attracted increased interest as feed additives to be fed to swine and poultry, possibly replacing the use of antibiotic growth promoters which have been prohibited in the European Union since 2006. In general, EOs enhance the production of digestive secretions and nutrient absorption, reduce pathogenic stress in the gut, exert antioxidant properties and reinforce the animal＇s immune status, which help to explain the enhanced performance observed in swine and poultry. However, the mechanisms involved in causing this growth promotion are far from being elucidated, since data on the complex gut ecosystem, gut function, in vivo oxidative status and immune system are still lacking. In addition, limited information is available regarding the interaction between EOs and feed ingredients or other feed additives （especially pro- or prebiotics and organic acids）. This knowledge may help feed formulators to better utilize EOs when they formulate diets for poultry and swine.展开更多
Background:This study was conducted to investigate the effects of each phytogenic feed additive(PFA;PFA1,bitter citrus extract;PFA2,a microencapsulated blend of thymol and carvacrol;PFA3,a mixture of bitter citrus ext...Background:This study was conducted to investigate the effects of each phytogenic feed additive(PFA;PFA1,bitter citrus extract;PFA2,a microencapsulated blend of thymol and carvacrol;PFA3,a mixture of bitter citrus extract,thymol,and carvacrol;PFA4,a premixture of grape seed,grape marc extract,green tea,and hops;PFA5,fenugreek seed powder)on the growth performance,nutrient digestibility,intestinal morphology,and immune response in weaned pigs infected with Escherichia coli(E.coli).Results:A total of 634-week-old weaned pigs were placed in individual metabolic cages and assigned to seven treatment groups.The seven treatments were as follows:1)NC;basal diet without E.coli challenge,2)PC;basal diet with E.coli challenge,3)T1;PC+0.04%PFA1,4)T2;PC+0.01%PFA2,5)T3;PC+0.10%PFA3,6)T4;PC+0.04%PFA4,7)T5;PC+0.10%PFA5.The experiments lasted in 21 d,including 7 d before and 14 d after the first E.coli challenge.In the E.coli challenge treatments,all pigs were orally inoculated by dividing a total of 10 mL of E.coli F18 for 3 consecutive days.The PFA-added groups significantly increased(P<0.05)average daily gain and feed efficiency and decreased(P<0.05)the fecal score at d 0 to 14 post-inoculation(PI).Tumor necrosis factorαwas significantly lower(P<0.05)in the PFA-added groups except for T1 in d 14 PI compared to the PC treatment.The T3 had a higher(P<0.05)immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin A concentration compared to the PC treatment at d 7 PI.Also,T3 showed significantly higher(P<0.05)villus height:crypt depth and claudin 1 expression in ileal mucosa,and significantly downregulated(P<0.05)the expression of calprotectin compared to the PC treatment.Conclusions:Supplementation of PFA in weaned pigs challenged with E.coli alleviated the negative effects of E.coli and improved growth performance.Among them,the mixed additive of bitter citrus extract,thymol,and carvacrol showed the most effective results,improving immune response,intestinal morphology,and expression of tight junctions.展开更多
[Objectives]To explore the effects of nano compound Chinese herbal medicine feed additive on growth performance,meat quality and disease resistance of chickens.[Methods]Chickens were fed with nano compound Chinese her...[Objectives]To explore the effects of nano compound Chinese herbal medicine feed additive on growth performance,meat quality and disease resistance of chickens.[Methods]Chickens were fed with nano compound Chinese herbal medicine feed additive developed by Hunan Polytechnic of Environment and Biology,including 120 chickens in the treatment group and 120 chickens in the control group(CK).The growth performance indices(body weight gain,feed to gain ratio and slaughter index),meat quality indices(pH value,color,drip loss,shear force)and disease resistance indices(morbidity and mortality)of the chickens in the treatment and CK groups were recorded and determined,respectively.[Results]The inclusion of 2%nano compound Chinese herbal medicine feed additive in the diet significantly increased the growth rate,reduced the feed-to-gain ratio and improved the meat quality of the chickens.Supplementing Chinese herbal medicine could increase the pH value and reduce the drip loss and shear force of chicken meat.At the same time,the body's immune function,antioxidant level and resistance against diseases of the chickens fed with nano compound Chinese herbal medicine feed additive were improved.[Conclusions]The inclusion of nano compound Chinese herbal medicine feed additive in the diet can improve the growth performance,meat quality and disease resistance of chickens.展开更多
The objective of this study was to investigate the influence ofa phytogenic feed additive （PFA） to late-gestation （d 90） and lactation sows on their reproduction performance. Sixty Large White × Landrace prim...The objective of this study was to investigate the influence ofa phytogenic feed additive （PFA） to late-gestation （d 90） and lactation sows on their reproduction performance. Sixty Large White × Landrace primiparous sows were divided into four groups （fifteen sows per group）. The control group was fed with basal diet, the others were fed with basal diet supplemented with 0.02%, 0.04% and 0.06% PFA, respectively. Compared with the control, the sows in 0.04% PFA group had higher feed intake during lactation and higher litter weaning weight （P 〈 0.05）. At farrowing, glucose level in 0.04% PFA sows was higher than the control and sows in 0.02% PFA had the highest IgG content among the treatments （P 〈 0.05）. On day 7 of lactation, serum urea nitrogen contents were lower in response to PFA supplementation compared to the control （P 〈 0.05）. At the same time, sows fed the 0.06% PFA diet increased the lysozyme activity （P 〈 0.05）. The levels of milk lactose and IgG were increased in 0.02% and 0.04% PFA groups （P 〈 0.05）. In conclusion, feeding PFA improved sows and litter performance, serum metabolite concentrations, lgG level and lysozyme activity at postpartum and milk quality.展开更多
[ Objective ] To investigate effects of Cordyceps feed additive on growth performance, laying rate and egg quality in laying ducks. [ Method] A total of 270 healthy laying ducks were randomly divided into throe groups...[ Objective ] To investigate effects of Cordyceps feed additive on growth performance, laying rate and egg quality in laying ducks. [ Method] A total of 270 healthy laying ducks were randomly divided into throe groups, 90 ducks in each group. The ducks in the control group, group I and group II were fed common basal diet, basal diet containing 10 g/kg Cordyceps feed additive and basal diet containing 40 g/kg Cordyceps feed additive, respectively. The trial lasted for 28 d. During the whole trial, the ducks were weighed and their growth was observed at an interval of 7 d. The exterior quality and the nutritive indexes of duck eggs were determined. [ Result] After experiments, the body weights of ducks in the group I and group II were increased and higher than that of the control group. In the group I and group II, the laying rate was increased by 1.07% and 2.15%, respectively; the egg weight was increased by 3.95% and 4.16%, respectively; and the feed to egg ratio was decreased by 2.54% and 4.23%, respectively. The egg shape and eggshell thickness were consistent between the control group and experimental groups. In the group I and group II, the protein content of the duck eggs was increased by 5.55% and 17.15%, respectively; the cholesterol content was decreased by 11.79% and 42.14%, respectively; the IgY level was increased by 13.20% and 27.97%, respectively; and the lecithin content was increased by 5.13% and 11.69%, respectively. [Condusion] The Cordyceps feed additive can increase the body weight and laying rate of laying ducks and improve the quality of duck eggs.展开更多
Slow-release non-protein nitrogen feed has a large market demand. It has a long research history, but its production technology needs further improvement in order to realize the industrial production of slow-release n...Slow-release non-protein nitrogen feed has a large market demand. It has a long research history, but its production technology needs further improvement in order to realize the industrial production of slow-release non-protein nitrogen extruded feed. By designing the best formula and using chelating and emulsifying process, the slow-release non-protein nitrogen extruded feed additives were produced. This product increases milk yield and improves milk quality, thus increasing economic efficiency.展开更多
[Objective] The research aimed to explore the effects of comminution technology on the dissolution of active components from compound feed additive of Strobi/anthes cusia. [Method] Using active component adenosine in ...[Objective] The research aimed to explore the effects of comminution technology on the dissolution of active components from compound feed additive of Strobi/anthes cusia. [Method] Using active component adenosine in principal herb S. cusia and chlorogenic acid in minister drug Lonicera japonica Thunb. as dissolution indices,the effects of ultrafine comminution on the dissolution degree of compound feed additive of S. cusia were analyzed. [ Result] The dissolution degree of adenosine and chlorogenic acid in ultra micro particles were obviously higher than that of common particles. Ultrafine comminution could significantly quicken the dissolution rate of adenosine and chlorogenic acid in compound feed additive of S. cusia, shorten the extraction time, avoid the breakage of active components in long-time extraction process,and meanwhile saved the energy greatly. [ Conclusion] The ultrafine comminution technology could obviously increase the dissolution degree of active components in compound feed additive of S. cusia.展开更多
[ Objectivel To investigate the effects of three different levels of feed additives on fur production performance of Rex rabbit. [ Method] A total of 60 healthy American strain Rex rabbits at the age of 60 d （female...[ Objectivel To investigate the effects of three different levels of feed additives on fur production performance of Rex rabbit. [ Method] A total of 60 healthy American strain Rex rabbits at the age of 60 d （female：male =1：1 ） were randomly divided into group I, group II and group III. The Rex rabbits in the group I were fed basal diet containing nutritional substances; those in the group II were fed basal diet containing nutdtionai substances and Chinese herbal additive; and those in the group III were fed basal diet containing nutritional substances, Chinese herbal additive and enzyme. The trial lasted for 100 d. After slaughtering, the fur area, fur thickness, wool density, wool fineness and coarse wool rate were determined. [Result] The fur production performance of group III was significantly higher than that of group I （ P 〈 0.05）. There was no significant difference between group III and group II. [ Conclusion] Supplementing Chinese herbal additive and enzyme in diet can improve the fur production performance of Rex rabbit.展开更多
Fungus Rhizopus oryzae has a probiotic potential, but the potency is not yet explored. Probiotics are usually used as feed additive, including to the chicken. Probiotic needs a suitable medium for their life. The aim ...Fungus Rhizopus oryzae has a probiotic potential, but the potency is not yet explored. Probiotics are usually used as feed additive, including to the chicken. Probiotic needs a suitable medium for their life. The aim of the study was to know which preparations can produce suitable medium for the growth of Rhizopus oryzae on the dried culture formed. The study used two preparations. Preparation 1 （a） consisted of rice bran （1 kg） and culture ofRhizopus oryzae on Potato Dextrose Broth （PDB medium） （500 mL）; then preparation 1 （b） consisted of corn grain （1 kg） and culture of Rhizopus oryzae on PDB medium （500 mL）. Preparation 2 （a） consisted of rice bran （1 kg）, culture of Rhizopus oryzae on Potato Dextrose Agar （PDA medium） （seven petri dishes） and was added with sterile distilled water （500 mL）; preparation 2 （b） consisted of corn grain （1 kg）, culture of Rhizopus oryzae on PDA medium （seven petri dishes） and was added with sterile distilled water （500 mL）. The culture of Rhizopus oryzae even both on PDB and PDA were 3 d of incubation. All preparations were incubated for 7 d then they were dried under the sun. Parameter evaluation was the growth performance of the fungus in the dried culture media. The growth performance was analyzed by microscopic analysis and the number of colony of the fungi in the two dried culture media. The results showed that from the macroscopic analysis, the sample of both dried culture media which were placed on PDA medium showed the growth of mycelia and spores of the same kind of fungus and it was proved by microscopic observation that the fruiting bodies （mycelia and spores） of that ftmgus was Rhizopus oryzae. The colonies number of the fungi from preparation 1 （a） and 1 （b） were 0,4 × 10 cfu/gr and 2.4 × 10^3 cfu/gr, respectively, and from preparation 2 （a） and 2 （b） were 1.3 × 10^5 cfu/gr and 8.3 ×10^2 cfu/gr, respectively. It could be concluded that the product of the dried culture of probiotic Rizopus oryzae from the preparation 2 with rice brand or corn grain mediums can be used as feed additive to indigenous chicken.展开更多
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a novel feed additive on chicken intestinal colonization and carcass contamination by Campylobacterjejuni. The feed additive was composed of microencapsulated ...The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a novel feed additive on chicken intestinal colonization and carcass contamination by Campylobacterjejuni. The feed additive was composed of microencapsulated organic acids and essential oils （OA/EO）. The feed additive tested was provided by Jefo Nutrition Inc., St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada. Day-old birds were separated into two rooms and subdivided into two groups. Chicken were fed with OA/EO or not fed with OA/EO until they reached 35 d of age. At 14 d of age, chickens received an oral suspension of two well characterized C. jejuni strains, depending on the room they were housed in. The levels of C. jejuni were periodically monitored in the caecum and on the carcasses. C. jejuni colonization was further characterized by the use of high-resolution melt analysis of the C. jejuniflaA gene （HRM-flaA）. The effect of the feed additive was strain-dependent. In room two, the feed additive had no effect on the caecal counts. In room one, at 35 d of age, caecal C. jejuni counts were higher with OA/EO, as opposed to carcasses counts which were lower in the treated group. The HRM-flaA analysis showed that an amplification profile was predominant in birds fed with OA/EO at 35 d of age in room one, suggesting the selection of a C. jejuni strain. In conclusion, the OA/EO seemed to be effective to reduce C. jejuni levels but this effect appeared strain dependent.展开更多
The use of antibiotics in animal production raises great public safety concerns;therefore,there is an urgent need for the development of substitutes for antibiotics.In recent decades,plant-derived feed additives have ...The use of antibiotics in animal production raises great public safety concerns;therefore,there is an urgent need for the development of substitutes for antibiotics.In recent decades,plant-derived feed additives have been widely investigated as antibiotic alternatives for use in animal health and production because they exert multiple biological functions and are less likely to induce resistance development.This review summarizes the research history and classification of phytogenic feed additives and their main functions,potential modes of action,influencing factors,and potential negative effects.Further,we highlight the challenges in developing sustainable,safe,and affordable plant-derived antibiotic alter-natives for use in livestock production.展开更多
In vitro model provides alternatives to the use of live animals in research.In pig nutrition,there has been a tremendous increase in in vivo research over the decades.Proper utilization of in vitro models could provid...In vitro model provides alternatives to the use of live animals in research.In pig nutrition,there has been a tremendous increase in in vivo research over the decades.Proper utilization of in vitro models could provide a screening tool to reduce the needs of in vivo studies,research duration,cost,and the use of animals and feeds.This study aimed to develop a multi-step porcine in vitro system to simulate nutrient digestion and intestinal epithelial immune responses affected by feedstuffs and feed additives.Seven feedstuffs(corn,corn distillers dried grains with solubles[corn DDGS],barley,wheat,soybean meal,soy protein concentrates,and Corynebacterium glutamicum cell mass[CGCM]),feed enzymes(xylanase and phytase),and supplemental amino acids(arginine,methionine,and tryptophan),were used in this in vitro evaluation for their efficacy on digestibility,digesta characteristics,and intestinal health compared with the results from previously published in vivo studies.All in vitro evaluations were triplicated.Data were analyzed using Mixed procedure of SAS9.4.Evaluations included(1)nutrient di-gestibility of feedstuffs,(2)the effects of feed enzymes,xylanase and phytase,on digestibility of feed-stuffs and specific substrates,and(3)the effects of amino acids,arginine,tryptophan,and methionine,on anti-inflammatory,anti-oxidative,and anti-heat stress statuses showing their effects(P<0.05)on the measured items.Differences in dry matter and crude protein digestibility among the feedstuffs as well as effects of xylanase and phytase were detected(P<0.05),including xylo-oligosaccharide profiles and phosphorus release from phytate.Supplementation of arginine,tryptophan,and methionine modulated(P<0.05)cellular inflammatory and oxidative stress responses.The use of this in vitro model allowed the use of 3 experimental replications providing sufficient statistical power at P<0.05.This indicates in vitro models can have increased precision and consistency compared with in vivo animal studies.展开更多
Skin colour is an important criterion in determining the aesthetic appeal of ornamental fishes,and thus their market worth.Hence the pigment enhancement in ornamental fishes has been the subject of extensive research ...Skin colour is an important criterion in determining the aesthetic appeal of ornamental fishes,and thus their market worth.Hence the pigment enhancement in ornamental fishes has been the subject of extensive research by using various synthetic as well as natural pigment sources.Dietary composition is one of the most important elements that influence the development of pigmentation in fish.This study is an attempt to assess the possibility of using carotenogenic marine yeast as pigment enhancer in fish diet for Koi carp,Cyprinus carpio.The 60 days feeding experiment was done by using feed incorporated with mangrove associated marine yeast Rhodotorula paludigena VA242.Greater pigmentation in the scales of fishes fed with experimental feed was observed than that fed with the control diet(normal pellet feed).Furthermore the improved growth rate and general wellbeing in fishes fed with experimental feed provides scope for further studies in this field with respect to the growth and survival of fishes.展开更多
At Baiyin dairy farm, the Chinese herbal additive was added into feed which was then fed to dairy cows from August to October, 2014, and the changes in milk production and quality were observed. The test showed that t...At Baiyin dairy farm, the Chinese herbal additive was added into feed which was then fed to dairy cows from August to October, 2014, and the changes in milk production and quality were observed. The test showed that the additive added into the feed had obvious milk-increasing effect, the milk production was im- proved by 12.67%-17.26%, and the milk quality was improved. The additive has the effects of preventing miscarriage, expelling parasite and preventing diseases. The nutritional components in the feed additive were determined, and the results showed that the contents of protein, crude fat, Ca and P in the additive were 12.29%, 2.66%, 1.8% and 0.22%, respectively.展开更多
Modern aquaculture must be sustainable in terms of energy consumption, raw materials used, and environmental impact, so alternatives are needed to replace fish feed with other raw materials. Enzyme use in the agri-foo...Modern aquaculture must be sustainable in terms of energy consumption, raw materials used, and environmental impact, so alternatives are needed to replace fish feed with other raw materials. Enzyme use in the agri-food industry is based on their efficiency, safety, and protection of the environment, which aligns with the requirements of a resource-saving production system. Enzyme supplementation in fish feed can improve digestibility and absorption of both plant- and animal-derived ingredients, increasing the growth parameters of aquacultural animals. Herein we summarized the recent literature that reported the use of digestive enzymes (amylases, lipases, proteases, cellulases, and hemicellulases) and non-digestive enzymes (phytases, glucose oxidase, and lysozyme) in fish feed. In addition, we analyzed how critical steps of the pelleting process, including microencapsulation and immobilization, can interfere with enzyme activity in the final fish feed product.展开更多
The aim of this work was to compare the efficacy of a commercially available phytogenic feed additive(PFA) and an antibiotic growth promoter, which was bacitracin methylene disalicylate(BMD), on performance, nutrient ...The aim of this work was to compare the efficacy of a commercially available phytogenic feed additive(PFA) and an antibiotic growth promoter, which was bacitracin methylene disalicylate(BMD), on performance, nutrient retention, caecal colonization of bacteria and humoral immune responses against Newcastle disease in broiler chickens challenged orally with Salmonella enteritidis and Escherichia coli.One-day-old male Cobb 400 broiler chicks(n = 120) were fed with 1) a negative control(NC) diet, which is the basal diet without any added growth promoter, 2) a positive control(PC) diet, the basal diet supplemented with BMD, 500 mg/kg and 3) a diet supplemented with PFA(150 mg/kg) for 39 days and the birds were inoculated with S. enteritidis and E. coli on d 28. Supplementation of PFA improved body weight, feed conversion ratio, retention of N and crude fiber, increased fecal moisture content and decreased digesta transit time as compared with the NC and PC groups(P <0.01). Both the PC and the PFA was found to be equally effective in controlling the surge in numbers of Salmonella and E. coli following oral inoculation of these bacteria as compared with the NC group(P <0.05) at 24 h past inoculation. Caecal content analysis on d 39 indicated lower numbers of Salmonella, E. coli and Clostridium in the PC and PFA groups as compared with the NC group(P <0.05). The number of Lactobacillus in the PFA group was higher than those in the NC and PC groups(P <0.05). Humoral immune response,measured as hemagglutination inhibition titer against Newcastle disease, was better in the PC and PFA groups compared with the NC group(P <0.05) at d 21 but the difference did not last till d 39. The heterophil to lymphocyte ratio was narrower(P <0.001) and alkaline phosphatase activity was higher(P <0.01) in the PFA group as compared with the NC and PC groups on d 39. It was concluded that the PFA, which is animal, environment and consumer friendly, may be used as an effective replacement for common in-feed antibiotics like BMD to enhance broiler performance especially when the birds are exposed to heavy infections on fields.展开更多
基金This study was partially supported by funds from the Agricultural Research,Education,Extension and Technology Transfer(AGREETT)and MNDrive Global Food Ventures Programs,both from the University of MinnesotaPartial funding was supplied by BioZyme,Inc,St.Joseph,Missouri,USA and New Fashion Pork,Jackson,MN,USA.
文摘Background Nursery pigs undergo stressors in the post-weaning period that result in production and welfare chal-lenges.These challenges disproportionately impact the offspring of primiparous sows compared to those of mul-tiparous counterparts.Little is known regarding potential interactions between parity and feed additives in the post-weaning period and their effects on nursery pig microbiomes.Therefore,the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of maternal parity on sow and offspring microbiomes and the influence of sow parity on pig fecal microbi-ome and performance in response to a prebiotic post-weaning.At weaning,piglets were allotted into three treat-ment groups:a standard nursery diet including pharmacological doses of Zn and Cu(Con),a group fed a commercial prebiotic only(Preb)based on an Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extract,and a group fed the same prebiotic plus Zn and Cu(Preb+ZnCu).Results Although there were no differences in vaginal microbiome composition between primiparous and mul-tiparous sows,fecal microbiome composition was different(R^(2)=0.02,P=0.03).The fecal microbiomes of primiparous offspring displayed significantly higher bacterial diversity compared to multiparous offspring at d 0 and d 21 post-weaning(P<0.01),with differences in community composition observed at d 21(R^(2)=0.03,P=0.04).When analyzing the effects of maternal parity within each treatment,only the Preb diet triggered significant microbiome distinc-tions between primiparous and multiparous offspring(d 21:R^(2)=0.13,P=0.01;d 42:R^(2)=0.19,P=0.001).Composi-tional differences in pig fecal microbiomes between treatments were observed only at d 21(R^(2)=0.12,P=0.001).Pigs in the Con group gained significantly more weight throughout the nursery period when compared to those in the Preb+ZnCu group.Conclusions Nursery pig gut microbiome composition was influenced by supplementation with an Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extract,with varying effects on performance when combined with pharmacological levels of Zn and Cu or for offspring of different maternal parity groups.These results indicate that the development of nursery pig gut microbiomes is shaped by maternal parity and potential interactions with the effects of dietary feed additives.
基金financially supported by Hunan Province Forestry Science and Technology Innovation Foundation(XLK202445)plan of Hunan Province Key Research and Development(2023NK2034)Program for Science&Technology Innovation Talents of Hunan Province(2019TP1029).
文摘The Camellia oleifera meal(COM),a primary byproduct of oil-tea processing,often being discarded or used as a low-grade fertilizer due to its low value.The underutilization has become a significant bottleneck hindering the high-quality development of the oil-tea industry.In this study,the production of antibiotic-free feed additives through the solid-state fermentation of COM by Acremonium terricola was investigated.Our findings revealed that a saponin concentration of 5 mg/mL significantly enhanced the production of cordycepic acid(70.4 mg/g),ergosterol(3.32 mg/g),and chitin(110 mg/g)by A.terricola.This concentration also promoted chitin production and the activities of peroxidase(POD)and Na+/K+-ATPase,thereby maintaining cellular homeostasis and energy balance in A.terricola.Solid-state fermented rice bran(RB),wheat bran(WB),and desaponificated COM(containing 2.6 mg/100 g of tea saponin)were all found to be beneficial for increasing the production of cordycepic acid and ergosterol.The blend of COM,RB,and WB in the ratio of 15:65:20 was particularly advantageous for the production and accumulation of cordycepic acid and ergosterol,yielding 1.54 and 1.43 times,1.27 and 1.37 times,and 1.98 and 5.52 times more than those produced by WB,RB,and COM alone,respectively.Meantime,the difference in contents of sugar and protein in A.terricola cultures(ATCs)using combination were not significant compared to RB and WB.These results indicated that COM can partially replace foodstuffs or food by-products to prepare antibiotic-free feed additives by A.terricola.
文摘[ Objective] The aim of this study was to provide a theoretical basis for population and application of Chinese herbal feed additive in the rex rabbit breeding. [ Methyl] 108 weaned -rex rabbits aged 40 days were divided into three groups with thirty -six each group. Group A were fed basal diet, while group B were fed basal diet supplemented with 0.3% Chinese herbal feed additive and group C were fed basal diet supplemented with 0.4% Chinese herbal feed additive. The meat quality indexes were measured when feeding to 150 age in days. [ Result] There was significant difference among pH value, water loss rate, storing loss rate and crude protein content in each group （P〈0.05）, but no significant difference was found in tenderness, cooking percentage, moisture content and crude fat content （ P 〉 0.05）. The total content of ami- no acids, essential amino acids and semi essential amino acids as well as main delicious amino acids was highest in group C accounting for 23.84%, 11.47% and 8.32% respectively, next came group B accounting for 20.94%, 10.64% and 6.81% respectively, and lowest in group C （ control group） accounting for 19.06%, 9.61% and 6.46% respectively. [ Conclusion] The Chinese herbal feed additive can improve meat quality of rex rabbit the best addition of 0.4%.
基金Supported by Science and Technology Development Program of Shijiazhuang City(08150132A)China Spark Program(2012GA6200025)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of the herbal feed additive Zengrujianniusan on the milk production of dairy cows. [Method] Thirty-two black-white lactating cows were randomly divided into four groups, and were fed with forage supplemented with 0 （control group）, 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6% Zengrujianniusan for 60 d. During this period, the contents of fat, protein and non-fat solid in milk were measured every 20 d. [Result] The milk production of the cows whose forage was added with 0.2 %, 0.4 % and 0.6% Zengrujianniusan was 4.02%, 12.50%, 14.00% higher than that of the control （P〉0.05）. The herbal feed additive had no significant influence on the contents of fat, milk and non-fat solid in milk, but significantly reduced the number of somatic cells. [Conclusion] The study will provide reference for developing feed additives which is safe and non-toxic to cows and their milk.
文摘This paper summarizes the current knowledge regarding the possible modes of action and nutritional factors involved in the use of essential oils （EOs） for swine and poultry. EOs have recently attracted increased interest as feed additives to be fed to swine and poultry, possibly replacing the use of antibiotic growth promoters which have been prohibited in the European Union since 2006. In general, EOs enhance the production of digestive secretions and nutrient absorption, reduce pathogenic stress in the gut, exert antioxidant properties and reinforce the animal＇s immune status, which help to explain the enhanced performance observed in swine and poultry. However, the mechanisms involved in causing this growth promotion are far from being elucidated, since data on the complex gut ecosystem, gut function, in vivo oxidative status and immune system are still lacking. In addition, limited information is available regarding the interaction between EOs and feed ingredients or other feed additives （especially pro- or prebiotics and organic acids）. This knowledge may help feed formulators to better utilize EOs when they formulate diets for poultry and swine.
基金carried out with the support of“Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science&Technology Development(Project No.PJ01622001)”Rural Development Administration,Korea。
文摘Background:This study was conducted to investigate the effects of each phytogenic feed additive(PFA;PFA1,bitter citrus extract;PFA2,a microencapsulated blend of thymol and carvacrol;PFA3,a mixture of bitter citrus extract,thymol,and carvacrol;PFA4,a premixture of grape seed,grape marc extract,green tea,and hops;PFA5,fenugreek seed powder)on the growth performance,nutrient digestibility,intestinal morphology,and immune response in weaned pigs infected with Escherichia coli(E.coli).Results:A total of 634-week-old weaned pigs were placed in individual metabolic cages and assigned to seven treatment groups.The seven treatments were as follows:1)NC;basal diet without E.coli challenge,2)PC;basal diet with E.coli challenge,3)T1;PC+0.04%PFA1,4)T2;PC+0.01%PFA2,5)T3;PC+0.10%PFA3,6)T4;PC+0.04%PFA4,7)T5;PC+0.10%PFA5.The experiments lasted in 21 d,including 7 d before and 14 d after the first E.coli challenge.In the E.coli challenge treatments,all pigs were orally inoculated by dividing a total of 10 mL of E.coli F18 for 3 consecutive days.The PFA-added groups significantly increased(P<0.05)average daily gain and feed efficiency and decreased(P<0.05)the fecal score at d 0 to 14 post-inoculation(PI).Tumor necrosis factorαwas significantly lower(P<0.05)in the PFA-added groups except for T1 in d 14 PI compared to the PC treatment.The T3 had a higher(P<0.05)immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin A concentration compared to the PC treatment at d 7 PI.Also,T3 showed significantly higher(P<0.05)villus height:crypt depth and claudin 1 expression in ileal mucosa,and significantly downregulated(P<0.05)the expression of calprotectin compared to the PC treatment.Conclusions:Supplementation of PFA in weaned pigs challenged with E.coli alleviated the negative effects of E.coli and improved growth performance.Among them,the mixed additive of bitter citrus extract,thymol,and carvacrol showed the most effective results,improving immune response,intestinal morphology,and expression of tight junctions.
基金Project of Hunan Province for Science of Education during 13th Five-Year Plan Period[XJK18BZY066]Hengyang Social Science Foundation Project[2017B(1)010].
文摘[Objectives]To explore the effects of nano compound Chinese herbal medicine feed additive on growth performance,meat quality and disease resistance of chickens.[Methods]Chickens were fed with nano compound Chinese herbal medicine feed additive developed by Hunan Polytechnic of Environment and Biology,including 120 chickens in the treatment group and 120 chickens in the control group(CK).The growth performance indices(body weight gain,feed to gain ratio and slaughter index),meat quality indices(pH value,color,drip loss,shear force)and disease resistance indices(morbidity and mortality)of the chickens in the treatment and CK groups were recorded and determined,respectively.[Results]The inclusion of 2%nano compound Chinese herbal medicine feed additive in the diet significantly increased the growth rate,reduced the feed-to-gain ratio and improved the meat quality of the chickens.Supplementing Chinese herbal medicine could increase the pH value and reduce the drip loss and shear force of chicken meat.At the same time,the body's immune function,antioxidant level and resistance against diseases of the chickens fed with nano compound Chinese herbal medicine feed additive were improved.[Conclusions]The inclusion of nano compound Chinese herbal medicine feed additive in the diet can improve the growth performance,meat quality and disease resistance of chickens.
文摘The objective of this study was to investigate the influence ofa phytogenic feed additive （PFA） to late-gestation （d 90） and lactation sows on their reproduction performance. Sixty Large White × Landrace primiparous sows were divided into four groups （fifteen sows per group）. The control group was fed with basal diet, the others were fed with basal diet supplemented with 0.02%, 0.04% and 0.06% PFA, respectively. Compared with the control, the sows in 0.04% PFA group had higher feed intake during lactation and higher litter weaning weight （P 〈 0.05）. At farrowing, glucose level in 0.04% PFA sows was higher than the control and sows in 0.02% PFA had the highest IgG content among the treatments （P 〈 0.05）. On day 7 of lactation, serum urea nitrogen contents were lower in response to PFA supplementation compared to the control （P 〈 0.05）. At the same time, sows fed the 0.06% PFA diet increased the lysozyme activity （P 〈 0.05）. The levels of milk lactose and IgG were increased in 0.02% and 0.04% PFA groups （P 〈 0.05）. In conclusion, feeding PFA improved sows and litter performance, serum metabolite concentrations, lgG level and lysozyme activity at postpartum and milk quality.
基金funded by the Key Science and Technology Project of Anhui Province in 2008 (08010302085)the Agricultural Science and Technology Achievements Transformation Fund Programs of the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China (2008GB2C300131)
文摘[ Objective ] To investigate effects of Cordyceps feed additive on growth performance, laying rate and egg quality in laying ducks. [ Method] A total of 270 healthy laying ducks were randomly divided into throe groups, 90 ducks in each group. The ducks in the control group, group I and group II were fed common basal diet, basal diet containing 10 g/kg Cordyceps feed additive and basal diet containing 40 g/kg Cordyceps feed additive, respectively. The trial lasted for 28 d. During the whole trial, the ducks were weighed and their growth was observed at an interval of 7 d. The exterior quality and the nutritive indexes of duck eggs were determined. [ Result] After experiments, the body weights of ducks in the group I and group II were increased and higher than that of the control group. In the group I and group II, the laying rate was increased by 1.07% and 2.15%, respectively; the egg weight was increased by 3.95% and 4.16%, respectively; and the feed to egg ratio was decreased by 2.54% and 4.23%, respectively. The egg shape and eggshell thickness were consistent between the control group and experimental groups. In the group I and group II, the protein content of the duck eggs was increased by 5.55% and 17.15%, respectively; the cholesterol content was decreased by 11.79% and 42.14%, respectively; the IgY level was increased by 13.20% and 27.97%, respectively; and the lecithin content was increased by 5.13% and 11.69%, respectively. [Condusion] The Cordyceps feed additive can increase the body weight and laying rate of laying ducks and improve the quality of duck eggs.
基金funded by the Higher Vocational Colleges and Higher Junior Colleges Research Project of Heilongjiang Provincial Education Department (11515077)
文摘Slow-release non-protein nitrogen feed has a large market demand. It has a long research history, but its production technology needs further improvement in order to realize the industrial production of slow-release non-protein nitrogen extruded feed. By designing the best formula and using chelating and emulsifying process, the slow-release non-protein nitrogen extruded feed additives were produced. This product increases milk yield and improves milk quality, thus increasing economic efficiency.
基金funded by Guangdong Science and Technology Study Program(2010B090400529)
文摘[Objective] The research aimed to explore the effects of comminution technology on the dissolution of active components from compound feed additive of Strobi/anthes cusia. [Method] Using active component adenosine in principal herb S. cusia and chlorogenic acid in minister drug Lonicera japonica Thunb. as dissolution indices,the effects of ultrafine comminution on the dissolution degree of compound feed additive of S. cusia were analyzed. [ Result] The dissolution degree of adenosine and chlorogenic acid in ultra micro particles were obviously higher than that of common particles. Ultrafine comminution could significantly quicken the dissolution rate of adenosine and chlorogenic acid in compound feed additive of S. cusia, shorten the extraction time, avoid the breakage of active components in long-time extraction process,and meanwhile saved the energy greatly. [ Conclusion] The ultrafine comminution technology could obviously increase the dissolution degree of active components in compound feed additive of S. cusia.
基金supported by Science and Technology Development Projects of Hebei Province (06220404)
文摘[ Objectivel To investigate the effects of three different levels of feed additives on fur production performance of Rex rabbit. [ Method] A total of 60 healthy American strain Rex rabbits at the age of 60 d （female：male =1：1 ） were randomly divided into group I, group II and group III. The Rex rabbits in the group I were fed basal diet containing nutritional substances; those in the group II were fed basal diet containing nutdtionai substances and Chinese herbal additive; and those in the group III were fed basal diet containing nutritional substances, Chinese herbal additive and enzyme. The trial lasted for 100 d. After slaughtering, the fur area, fur thickness, wool density, wool fineness and coarse wool rate were determined. [Result] The fur production performance of group III was significantly higher than that of group I （ P 〈 0.05）. There was no significant difference between group III and group II. [ Conclusion] Supplementing Chinese herbal additive and enzyme in diet can improve the fur production performance of Rex rabbit.
文摘Fungus Rhizopus oryzae has a probiotic potential, but the potency is not yet explored. Probiotics are usually used as feed additive, including to the chicken. Probiotic needs a suitable medium for their life. The aim of the study was to know which preparations can produce suitable medium for the growth of Rhizopus oryzae on the dried culture formed. The study used two preparations. Preparation 1 （a） consisted of rice bran （1 kg） and culture ofRhizopus oryzae on Potato Dextrose Broth （PDB medium） （500 mL）; then preparation 1 （b） consisted of corn grain （1 kg） and culture of Rhizopus oryzae on PDB medium （500 mL）. Preparation 2 （a） consisted of rice bran （1 kg）, culture of Rhizopus oryzae on Potato Dextrose Agar （PDA medium） （seven petri dishes） and was added with sterile distilled water （500 mL）; preparation 2 （b） consisted of corn grain （1 kg）, culture of Rhizopus oryzae on PDA medium （seven petri dishes） and was added with sterile distilled water （500 mL）. The culture of Rhizopus oryzae even both on PDB and PDA were 3 d of incubation. All preparations were incubated for 7 d then they were dried under the sun. Parameter evaluation was the growth performance of the fungus in the dried culture media. The growth performance was analyzed by microscopic analysis and the number of colony of the fungi in the two dried culture media. The results showed that from the macroscopic analysis, the sample of both dried culture media which were placed on PDA medium showed the growth of mycelia and spores of the same kind of fungus and it was proved by microscopic observation that the fruiting bodies （mycelia and spores） of that ftmgus was Rhizopus oryzae. The colonies number of the fungi from preparation 1 （a） and 1 （b） were 0,4 × 10 cfu/gr and 2.4 × 10^3 cfu/gr, respectively, and from preparation 2 （a） and 2 （b） were 1.3 × 10^5 cfu/gr and 8.3 ×10^2 cfu/gr, respectively. It could be concluded that the product of the dried culture of probiotic Rizopus oryzae from the preparation 2 with rice brand or corn grain mediums can be used as feed additive to indigenous chicken.
文摘The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a novel feed additive on chicken intestinal colonization and carcass contamination by Campylobacterjejuni. The feed additive was composed of microencapsulated organic acids and essential oils （OA/EO）. The feed additive tested was provided by Jefo Nutrition Inc., St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada. Day-old birds were separated into two rooms and subdivided into two groups. Chicken were fed with OA/EO or not fed with OA/EO until they reached 35 d of age. At 14 d of age, chickens received an oral suspension of two well characterized C. jejuni strains, depending on the room they were housed in. The levels of C. jejuni were periodically monitored in the caecum and on the carcasses. C. jejuni colonization was further characterized by the use of high-resolution melt analysis of the C. jejuniflaA gene （HRM-flaA）. The effect of the feed additive was strain-dependent. In room two, the feed additive had no effect on the caecal counts. In room one, at 35 d of age, caecal C. jejuni counts were higher with OA/EO, as opposed to carcasses counts which were lower in the treated group. The HRM-flaA analysis showed that an amplification profile was predominant in birds fed with OA/EO at 35 d of age in room one, suggesting the selection of a C. jejuni strain. In conclusion, the OA/EO seemed to be effective to reduce C. jejuni levels but this effect appeared strain dependent.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(grant No.2022YFD130040311)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant No.31972576,31972575)+1 种基金the Special Program on Science and Technology Innovation Capacity Building of BAAFS(grant No.KJCX 20240339)the innovation and development project of the Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine,Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences(grant No.XMS202303).
文摘The use of antibiotics in animal production raises great public safety concerns;therefore,there is an urgent need for the development of substitutes for antibiotics.In recent decades,plant-derived feed additives have been widely investigated as antibiotic alternatives for use in animal health and production because they exert multiple biological functions and are less likely to induce resistance development.This review summarizes the research history and classification of phytogenic feed additives and their main functions,potential modes of action,influencing factors,and potential negative effects.Further,we highlight the challenges in developing sustainable,safe,and affordable plant-derived antibiotic alter-natives for use in livestock production.
基金technical supports from all members of the Application Center at the CJ Blossom Park(Suwon,Republic of Korea)and Kim Lab at North Carolina State University(Raleigh,NC,USA)financial supports from North Carolina Agricultural Foundation(Raleigh,NC,USA)and CJ BIO(Seoul,Republic of Korea).
文摘In vitro model provides alternatives to the use of live animals in research.In pig nutrition,there has been a tremendous increase in in vivo research over the decades.Proper utilization of in vitro models could provide a screening tool to reduce the needs of in vivo studies,research duration,cost,and the use of animals and feeds.This study aimed to develop a multi-step porcine in vitro system to simulate nutrient digestion and intestinal epithelial immune responses affected by feedstuffs and feed additives.Seven feedstuffs(corn,corn distillers dried grains with solubles[corn DDGS],barley,wheat,soybean meal,soy protein concentrates,and Corynebacterium glutamicum cell mass[CGCM]),feed enzymes(xylanase and phytase),and supplemental amino acids(arginine,methionine,and tryptophan),were used in this in vitro evaluation for their efficacy on digestibility,digesta characteristics,and intestinal health compared with the results from previously published in vivo studies.All in vitro evaluations were triplicated.Data were analyzed using Mixed procedure of SAS9.4.Evaluations included(1)nutrient di-gestibility of feedstuffs,(2)the effects of feed enzymes,xylanase and phytase,on digestibility of feed-stuffs and specific substrates,and(3)the effects of amino acids,arginine,tryptophan,and methionine,on anti-inflammatory,anti-oxidative,and anti-heat stress statuses showing their effects(P<0.05)on the measured items.Differences in dry matter and crude protein digestibility among the feedstuffs as well as effects of xylanase and phytase were detected(P<0.05),including xylo-oligosaccharide profiles and phosphorus release from phytate.Supplementation of arginine,tryptophan,and methionine modulated(P<0.05)cellular inflammatory and oxidative stress responses.The use of this in vitro model allowed the use of 3 experimental replications providing sufficient statistical power at P<0.05.This indicates in vitro models can have increased precision and consistency compared with in vivo animal studies.
基金the Kerala State Council for Science,Technology and Environment (KSCSTE) [Order No 573/2017/KSCSTE DTD October 03,2017] for the financial support.
文摘Skin colour is an important criterion in determining the aesthetic appeal of ornamental fishes,and thus their market worth.Hence the pigment enhancement in ornamental fishes has been the subject of extensive research by using various synthetic as well as natural pigment sources.Dietary composition is one of the most important elements that influence the development of pigmentation in fish.This study is an attempt to assess the possibility of using carotenogenic marine yeast as pigment enhancer in fish diet for Koi carp,Cyprinus carpio.The 60 days feeding experiment was done by using feed incorporated with mangrove associated marine yeast Rhodotorula paludigena VA242.Greater pigmentation in the scales of fishes fed with experimental feed was observed than that fed with the control diet(normal pellet feed).Furthermore the improved growth rate and general wellbeing in fishes fed with experimental feed provides scope for further studies in this field with respect to the growth and survival of fishes.
文摘At Baiyin dairy farm, the Chinese herbal additive was added into feed which was then fed to dairy cows from August to October, 2014, and the changes in milk production and quality were observed. The test showed that the additive added into the feed had obvious milk-increasing effect, the milk production was im- proved by 12.67%-17.26%, and the milk quality was improved. The additive has the effects of preventing miscarriage, expelling parasite and preventing diseases. The nutritional components in the feed additive were determined, and the results showed that the contents of protein, crude fat, Ca and P in the additive were 12.29%, 2.66%, 1.8% and 0.22%, respectively.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2019YFD0900201)by the National Research Council of Italy(CNR)in the contest of the bilateral project(CNR Prot.n.0082796/2020)between CNRthe Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China(MOST).
文摘Modern aquaculture must be sustainable in terms of energy consumption, raw materials used, and environmental impact, so alternatives are needed to replace fish feed with other raw materials. Enzyme use in the agri-food industry is based on their efficiency, safety, and protection of the environment, which aligns with the requirements of a resource-saving production system. Enzyme supplementation in fish feed can improve digestibility and absorption of both plant- and animal-derived ingredients, increasing the growth parameters of aquacultural animals. Herein we summarized the recent literature that reported the use of digestive enzymes (amylases, lipases, proteases, cellulases, and hemicellulases) and non-digestive enzymes (phytases, glucose oxidase, and lysozyme) in fish feed. In addition, we analyzed how critical steps of the pelleting process, including microencapsulation and immobilization, can interfere with enzyme activity in the final fish feed product.
文摘The aim of this work was to compare the efficacy of a commercially available phytogenic feed additive(PFA) and an antibiotic growth promoter, which was bacitracin methylene disalicylate(BMD), on performance, nutrient retention, caecal colonization of bacteria and humoral immune responses against Newcastle disease in broiler chickens challenged orally with Salmonella enteritidis and Escherichia coli.One-day-old male Cobb 400 broiler chicks(n = 120) were fed with 1) a negative control(NC) diet, which is the basal diet without any added growth promoter, 2) a positive control(PC) diet, the basal diet supplemented with BMD, 500 mg/kg and 3) a diet supplemented with PFA(150 mg/kg) for 39 days and the birds were inoculated with S. enteritidis and E. coli on d 28. Supplementation of PFA improved body weight, feed conversion ratio, retention of N and crude fiber, increased fecal moisture content and decreased digesta transit time as compared with the NC and PC groups(P <0.01). Both the PC and the PFA was found to be equally effective in controlling the surge in numbers of Salmonella and E. coli following oral inoculation of these bacteria as compared with the NC group(P <0.05) at 24 h past inoculation. Caecal content analysis on d 39 indicated lower numbers of Salmonella, E. coli and Clostridium in the PC and PFA groups as compared with the NC group(P <0.05). The number of Lactobacillus in the PFA group was higher than those in the NC and PC groups(P <0.05). Humoral immune response,measured as hemagglutination inhibition titer against Newcastle disease, was better in the PC and PFA groups compared with the NC group(P <0.05) at d 21 but the difference did not last till d 39. The heterophil to lymphocyte ratio was narrower(P <0.001) and alkaline phosphatase activity was higher(P <0.01) in the PFA group as compared with the NC and PC groups on d 39. It was concluded that the PFA, which is animal, environment and consumer friendly, may be used as an effective replacement for common in-feed antibiotics like BMD to enhance broiler performance especially when the birds are exposed to heavy infections on fields.
