To obtain the precise calculation method for the peak energy density and energy evolution properties of rocks subjected to uniaxial compression(UC)before the post-peak stage,particularly at s0.9sc(s denotes stress and...To obtain the precise calculation method for the peak energy density and energy evolution properties of rocks subjected to uniaxial compression(UC)before the post-peak stage,particularly at s0.9sc(s denotes stress and sc is the peak strength),extensive UC and uniaxial graded cyclical loading-unloading(GCLU)tests were performed on four rock types.In the GCLU tests,four unloading stress levels were designated when σ<0.9σc and six unloading stress levels were designated forσ≥0.9σc.The variations in the elastic energy density(ue),dissipative energy density(ud),and energy storage efficiency(C)for the four rock types under GCLU tests were analyzed.Based on the variation of ue whenσ≥0:9σc,a method for calculating the peak energy density was proposed.The energy evolution in rock under UC condition before the post-peak stage was examined.The relationship between C0.9(C atσ≥0:9σc)and mechanical behavior of rocks was explored,and the damage evolution of rock was analyzed in view of energy.Compared with that of the three existing methods,the accuracy of the calculation method of peak energy density proposed in this study is higher.These findings could provide a theoretical foundation for more accurately revealing the failure behavior of rock from an energy perspective.展开更多
The essence of energy system transition is the"energy revolution':The development of the"resource-dominated"energy system with fossil energy as the mainstay has promoted human progress,but it has al...The essence of energy system transition is the"energy revolution':The development of the"resource-dominated"energy system with fossil energy as the mainstay has promoted human progress,but it has also triggered energy crisis and ecological environment crisis,which is not compatible with the new demands of the new round of scientific and technological revolution,industrial transformation,and sustainable human development.It is in urgent need to research and develop a new-type energy system in the context of carbon neutrality.In the framework of"technique-dominated"new green and intelligent energy system with"three new"of new energy,new power and new energy storage as the mainstay,the"super energy basin"concepts with the Ordos Basin,Nw China as a representative will reshape the concept and model of future energy exploration and development.In view of the"six inequalities"in global energy and the resource conditions of"abundant coal,insufficient oil and gas and infinite new energy"in China,it is suggested to deeply boost"China energy revolution',sticking to the six principles of independent energy production,green energy supply,secure energy reserve,efficient energy consumption,intelligent energy management,economical energy cost;enhance"energy scientific and technological innovation"by implementing technique-dominated"four major science and technology innovation projects',namely,clean coal project,oil production stabilization and gas production increasing project,new energy acceleration project,and green-intelligent energy project;implement"energy transition"by accelerating the green-dominated"four-modernization development',namely,fossil energy cleaning,large-scale new energy,coordinated centralized energy distribution,intelligent multi-energy management,so as to promote the exchange of two 80%s"in China's energy structure and construct the new green and intelligent energy system.展开更多
This paper provides an overview of the global wave resource for energy exploration.The most popular metrics and estimators for wave energy resource characterization have been compiled and classified by levels of energ...This paper provides an overview of the global wave resource for energy exploration.The most popular metrics and estimators for wave energy resource characterization have been compiled and classified by levels of energy exploration.A review of existing prospective wave energy resource assessments worldwide is also given,and those studies have been collated and classified by continent.Finally,information about forty existing open sea wave energy test sites worldwide and their characteristics is depicted and displayed on a newly created global map.It has been found that wave power density is still the most consensual metric used for wave energy resource assessment purposes among researchers.Nonetheless,to accomplish a comprehensive wave resource assessment for exploitation,the computation of other metrics at the practicable,technical,and socio-economic levels has also been performed at both spatial and temporal domains.Overall,regions in latitudes between 40°and 60°of both hemispheres are those where the highest wave power density is concentrated.Some areas where the most significant wave power density occurs are in offshore regions of southern Australia,New Zealand,South Africa,Chile,the British Isles,Iceland,and Greenland.However,Europe has been the continent where most research efforts have been done targeting wave energy characterisation for exploitation.展开更多
Complex Field Theory (CFT) proposes that dark matter (DM) and dark energy (DE) are pervasive, complex fields of charged complex masses of equally positive and negative complex charges, respectively. It proposes that e...Complex Field Theory (CFT) proposes that dark matter (DM) and dark energy (DE) are pervasive, complex fields of charged complex masses of equally positive and negative complex charges, respectively. It proposes that each material object, including living creatures, is concomitant with a fraction of the charged complex masses of DM and DE in proportion to its mass. This perception provides new insights into the physics of nature and its constituents from subatomic to cosmic scales. This complex nature of DM and DE explains our inability to see DM or harvest DE for the last several decades. The positive complex DM is responsible for preserving the integrity of galaxies and all material systems. The negative complex charged DE induces a positive repelling force with the positively charged DM and contributes to the universe’s expansion. Both fields are Lorentz invariants in all directions and entangle the whole universe. The paper uses CFT to investigate zero-point energy, particle-wave duality, relativistic mass increase, and entanglement phenomenon and unifies Coulomb’s and Newton’s laws. The paper also verifies the existence of tachyons and explains the spooky action of quantum mechanics at a distance. The paper encourages further research into how CFT might resolve several physical mysteries in physics.展开更多
This review paper examines the various types of electrical generators used to convert wave energy into electrical energy.The focus is on both linear and rotary generators,including their design principles,operational ...This review paper examines the various types of electrical generators used to convert wave energy into electrical energy.The focus is on both linear and rotary generators,including their design principles,operational efficiencies,and technological advancements.Linear generators,such as Induction,permanent magnet synchronous,and switched reluctance types,are highlighted for their direct conversion capability,eliminating the need for mechanical gearboxes.Rotary Induction generators,permanent magnet synchronous generators,and doubly-fed Induction generators are evaluated for their established engineering principles and integration with existing grid infrastructure.The paper discusses the historical development,environmental benefits,and ongoing advancements in wave energy technologies,emphasizing the increasing feasibility and scalability of wave energy as a renewable source.Through a comprehensive analysis,this review provides insights into the current state and future prospects of electrical generators in wave energy conversion,underscoring their potential to significantly reduce reliance on fossil fuels and mitigate environmental impacts.展开更多
This paper presents a novel approach to dynamic pricing and distributed energy management in virtual power plant(VPP)networks using multi-agent reinforcement learning(MARL).As the energy landscape evolves towards grea...This paper presents a novel approach to dynamic pricing and distributed energy management in virtual power plant(VPP)networks using multi-agent reinforcement learning(MARL).As the energy landscape evolves towards greater decentralization and renewable integration,traditional optimization methods struggle to address the inherent complexities and uncertainties.Our proposed MARL framework enables adaptive,decentralized decision-making for both the distribution system operator and individual VPPs,optimizing economic efficiency while maintaining grid stability.We formulate the problem as a Markov decision process and develop a custom MARL algorithm that leverages actor-critic architectures and experience replay.Extensive simulations across diverse scenarios demonstrate that our approach consistently outperforms baseline methods,including Stackelberg game models and model predictive control,achieving an 18.73%reduction in costs and a 22.46%increase in VPP profits.The MARL framework shows particular strength in scenarios with high renewable energy penetration,where it improves system performance by 11.95%compared with traditional methods.Furthermore,our approach demonstrates superior adaptability to unexpected events and mis-predictions,highlighting its potential for real-world implementation.展开更多
Under the guidance of national policies,the“coal to gas”project has become one of the important measures to promote the transformation of energy structure in China.Foshan,an important industrial town in Guangdong pr...Under the guidance of national policies,the“coal to gas”project has become one of the important measures to promote the transformation of energy structure in China.Foshan,an important industrial town in Guangdong province,the implementation of the“coal to gas”policy has demonstrated significance for the optimization of the national energy structure.Through the analysis of the change in Foshan’s energy consumption structure and the implementation of the policy,this paper found that there were some challenges in the policy implementation process,such as high economic cost,lagging infrastructure,low social acceptance,and lack of technical personnel.To address this,suggestions are put forward,including increasing financial subsidies,improving laws and regulations,promoting technological innovation,and encouraging social inclusion policies.These recommendations aim to provide guidance and reference for the remaining“coal to gas”projects and the development of clean energy.展开更多
Energy storage power plants are critical in balancing power supply and demand.However,the scheduling of these plants faces significant challenges,including high network transmission costs and inefficient inter-device ...Energy storage power plants are critical in balancing power supply and demand.However,the scheduling of these plants faces significant challenges,including high network transmission costs and inefficient inter-device energy utilization.To tackle these challenges,this study proposes an optimal scheduling model for energy storage power plants based on edge computing and the improved whale optimization algorithm(IWOA).The proposed model designs an edge computing framework,transferring a large share of data processing and storage tasks to the network edge.This architecture effectively reduces transmission costs by minimizing data travel time.In addition,the model considers demand response strategies and builds an objective function based on the minimization of the sum of electricity purchase cost and operation cost.The IWOA enhances the optimization process by utilizing adaptive weight adjustments and an optimal neighborhood perturbation strategy,preventing the algorithm from converging to suboptimal solutions.Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheduling model maximizes the flexibility of the energy storage plant,facilitating efficient charging and discharging.It successfully achieves peak shaving and valley filling for both electrical and heat loads,promoting the effective utilization of renewable energy sources.The edge-computing framework significantly reduces transmission delays between energy devices.Furthermore,IWOA outperforms traditional algorithms in optimizing the objective function.展开更多
An improved method is proposed for the extraction of the symmetry energy coefficient relative to the temperature,a_(sym)/T,in the heavy-ion reactions near the Fermi energy region,based on the modified Fisher Model.Thi...An improved method is proposed for the extraction of the symmetry energy coefficient relative to the temperature,a_(sym)/T,in the heavy-ion reactions near the Fermi energy region,based on the modified Fisher Model.This method is applied to the primary fragments of antisymmetrized molecular dynamics(AMD)simulations for ^(46)Fe+^(46)Fe,^(40)Ca+^(40)Ca and ^(48)Ca+^(48)Ca at 35 MeV/nucleon,in order to make direct comparison to the results from the K(N,Z)method of Ono et al.In our improved method,the extracted values of a_(sym)/T increase as the size of isotopes increases whereas,in the K(N,Z)method,the results show rather constant behavior.This increase in our result is attributed to the surface contribution of the symmetry energy in finite nuclei.In order to evaluate the surface contribution,the relation a_(sym)/T=[a_(sym)^((V))(1-k_(S/V) A^(-1/3))]/T is applied and k_(S/V)=1.20~1.25 was extracted.This value is smaller than those extracted from the mass table,reflecting the weakened surface contribution at higher temperature regime.Δμ/T,the difference of the neutron-proton chemical potentials relative to the temperature,is also extracted in this method at the same time.The average values of the extractedΔμ/T,Δμ/T show a linear dependence on the proton-neutron a_(sym)metry parameter of the system,δ_(sys),andΔμ/T=(15.1±0.2)δ_(sys)-(0.5±0.1)is obtained.展开更多
Considering the demands,situations and trends in respect to global climate change,carbon neutrality and energy transition,the achievements and significance of the global green energy transition and the new energy revo...Considering the demands,situations and trends in respect to global climate change,carbon neutrality and energy transition,the achievements and significance of the global green energy transition and the new energy revolution of China are summarized,and the“Energy Triangle”theory is proposed.The research indicates that the energy technology revolution is driving a dual transformation in global energy:the black“shale oil and gas revolution”in North America and the green“new energy revolution”in China.The green energy revolution of China has achieved significant milestones in wind-solar-hydrogen-energy storage technologies,leading the world in photovoltaic and wind power.The country has developed the world's largest,most comprehensive,and competitive new energy innovation,industrial and value chains,along with the largest clean power supply system globally.New quality productive forces represent the green productive forces.The green“new energy revolution”of China has accelerated the transformation of its energy structure and the global shift towards clean energy,promoting a new win-win model for the global green and low-carbon transition.Under the backdrop of a carbon-neutral goal-driven energy transition,the“Energy Triangle”theory within the framework of new quality productive forces explains the correlation and development of energy security,economic growth,and environmental sustainability throughout the evolution from fossil fuels to new energy systems,culminating in an energy revolution.Compared to the global energy resource endowment,the energy resources of China are characterized by abundant coal,limited oil and gas,and unlimited wind and photovoltaic energy.Moving forward,the energy strategies of China will focus on the advancement of technologies to clean coal for carbon emission reduction,increase gas output while stabilizing oil production,increase green energy while enhancing new energy,and achieve intelligent integration.Vigorously developing new energy is an essential step in maintaining the energy security of China,and establishing a carbon-neutral“super energy system”is a necessary choice.It is crucial to enhance the international competitiveness of China in new energy development,promote high-quality energy productive forces,support the country's transition to an“energy power”,and strive for“energy independence”.展开更多
Underground Thermal Energy Storage(UTES)store unstable and non-continuous energy underground,releasing stable heat energy on demand.This effectively improve energy utilization and optimize energy allocation.As UTES te...Underground Thermal Energy Storage(UTES)store unstable and non-continuous energy underground,releasing stable heat energy on demand.This effectively improve energy utilization and optimize energy allocation.As UTES technology advances,accommodating greater depth,higher temperature and multi-energy complementarity,new research challenges emerge.This paper comprehensively provides a systematic summary of the current research status of UTES.It categorized different types of UTES systems,analyzes the applicability of key technologies of UTES,and evaluate their economic and environmental benefits.Moreover,this paper identifies existing issues with UTES,such as injection blockage,wellbore scaling and corrosion,seepage and heat transfer in cracks,etc.It suggests deepening the research on blockage formation mechanism and plugging prevention technology,improving the study of anticorrosive materials and water treatment technology,and enhancing the investigation of reservoir fracture network characterization technology and seepage heat transfer.These recommendations serve as valuable references for promoting the high-quality development of UTES.展开更多
Cells undergo metabolic reprogramming to adapt to changes in nutrient availability, cellular activity, and transitions in cell states. The balance between glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration is crucial for energy...Cells undergo metabolic reprogramming to adapt to changes in nutrient availability, cellular activity, and transitions in cell states. The balance between glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration is crucial for energy production, and metabolic reprogramming stipulates a shift in such balance to optimize both bioenergetic efficiency and anabolic requirements. Failure in switching bioenergetic dependence can lead to maladaptation and pathogenesis. While cellular degradation is known to recycle precursor molecules for anabolism, its potential role in regulating energy production remains less explored. The bioenergetic switch between glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration involves transcription factors and organelle homeostasis, which are both regulated by the cellular degradation pathways. A growing body of studies has demonstrated that both stem cells and differentiated cells exhibit bioenergetic switch upon perturbations of autophagic activity or endolysosomal processes. Here, we highlighted the current understanding of the interplay between degradation processes, specifically autophagy and endolysosomes, transcription factors, endolysosomal signaling, and mitochondrial homeostasis in shaping cellular bioenergetics. This review aims to summarize the relationship between degradation processes and bioenergetics, providing a foundation for future research to unveil deeper mechanistic insights into bioenergetic regulation.展开更多
Polymeric microwave actuators combining tissue-like softness with programmablemicrowave-responsive deformation hold great promise for mobile intelligentdevices and bionic soft robots. However, their application is cha...Polymeric microwave actuators combining tissue-like softness with programmablemicrowave-responsive deformation hold great promise for mobile intelligentdevices and bionic soft robots. However, their application is challenged by restricted electromagneticsensitivity and intricate sensing coupling. In this study, a sensitized polymericmicrowave actuator is fabricated by hybridizing a liquid crystal polymer with Ti3C2Tx(MXene). Compared to the initial counterpart, the hybrid polymer exhibits unique spacechargepolarization and interfacial polarization, resulting in significant improvements of230% in the dielectric loss factor and 830% in the apparent efficiency of electromagneticenergy harvest. The sensitized microwave actuation demonstrates as the shortenedresponse time of nearly 10 s, which is merely 13% of that for the initial shape memory polymer. Moreover, the ultra-low content of MXene (upto 0.15 wt%) benefits for maintaining the actuation potential of the hybrid polymer. An innovative self-powered sensing prototype that combinesdriving and piezoelectric polymers is developed, which generates real-time electric potential feedback (open-circuit potential of ~ 3 mV) duringactuation. The polarization-dominant energy conversion mechanism observed in the MXene-polymer hybrid structure furnishes a new approachfor developing efficient electromagnetic dissipative structures and shows potential for advancing polymeric electromagnetic intelligent devices.展开更多
High temperature piezoelectric energy harvester(HTPEH)is an important solution to replace chemical battery to achieve independent power supply of HT wireless sensors.However,simultaneously excellent performances,inclu...High temperature piezoelectric energy harvester(HTPEH)is an important solution to replace chemical battery to achieve independent power supply of HT wireless sensors.However,simultaneously excellent performances,including high figure of merit(FOM),insulation resistivity(ρ)and depolarization temperature(Td)are indispensable but hard to achieve in lead-free piezoceramics,especially operating at 250°C has not been reported before.Herein,well-balanced performances are achieved in BiFeO3–BaTiO3 ceramics via innovative defect engineering with respect to delicate manganese doping.Due to the synergistic effect of enhancing electrostrictive coefficient by polarization configuration optimization,regulating iron ion oxidation state by high valence manganese ion and stabilizing domain orientation by defect dipole,comprehensive excellent electrical performances(Td=340°C,ρ250°C>10^(7)Ωcm and FOM_(250°C)=4905×10^(–15)m^(2)N^(−1))are realized at the solid solubility limit of manganese ions.The HT-PEHs assembled using the rationally designed piezoceramic can allow for fast charging of commercial electrolytic capacitor at 250°C with high energy conversion efficiency(η=11.43%).These characteristics demonstrate that defect engineering tailored BF-BT can satisfy high-end HT-PEHs requirements,paving a new way in developing selfpowered wireless sensors working in HT environments.展开更多
Renewable Energy Systems(RES)provide a sustainable solution to climate warming and environmental pollution by enhancing stability and reliability through status acquisition and analysis on cloud platforms and intellig...Renewable Energy Systems(RES)provide a sustainable solution to climate warming and environmental pollution by enhancing stability and reliability through status acquisition and analysis on cloud platforms and intelligent processing on edge servers(ES).However,securely distributing encrypted data stored in the cloud to terminals that meet decryption requirements has become a prominent research topic.Additionally,managing attributes,including addition,deletion,and modification,is a crucial issue in the access control scheme for RES.To address these security concerns,a trust-based ciphertext-policy attribute-based encryption(CP-ABE)device access control scheme is proposed for RES(TB-CP-ABE).This scheme effectivelymanages the distribution and control of encrypted data on the cloud through robust attribute key management.By introducing trust management mechanisms and outsourced decryption technology,the ES system can effectively assess and manage the trust worthiness of terminal devices,ensuring that only trusted devices can participate in data exchange and access sensitive information.Besides,the ES system dynamically evaluates trust scores to set decryption trust thresholds,thereby regulating device data access permissions and enhancing the system’s security.To validate the security of the proposed TB-CP-ABE against chosen plaintext attacks,a comprehensive formal security analysis is conducted using the widely accepted random oraclemodel under the decisional q-Bilinear Diffie-Hellman Exponent(q-BDHE)assumption.Finally,comparative analysis with other schemes demonstrates that the TB-CP-ABE scheme cuts energy/communication costs by 43%,and scaleswell with rising terminals,maintaining average latency below 50ms,ensuring real-time service feasibility.The proposed scheme not only provides newinsights for the secure management of RES but also lays a foundation for future secure energy solutions.展开更多
A hydrogen energy storage system(HESS)is one of the many risingmodern green innovations,using excess energy to generate hydrogen and storing it for various purposes.With that,there have been many discussions about com...A hydrogen energy storage system(HESS)is one of the many risingmodern green innovations,using excess energy to generate hydrogen and storing it for various purposes.With that,there have been many discussions about commercializing HESS and improving it further.However,the design and sizing process can be overwhelming to comprehend with various sources to examine,and understanding optimal design methodologies is crucial to optimize a HESS design.With that,this review aims to collect and analyse a wide range of HESS studies to summarise recent studies.Two different collections of studies are studied,one was sourced by the main author for preliminary readings,and another was obtained via VOSViewer.The findings from the Web of Science platform were also examined for amore comprehensive understanding.Major findings include the People’sRepublic of China has been active in HESS research,as most works and active organizations originate from this country.HESS has been mainly researched to support power generation and balance load demands,with financial analysis being the common scope of analysis.MATLAB is a common tool used for HESS design,modelling,and optimization as it can handle complex calculations.Artificial neural network(ANN)has the potential to be used to model the HESS,but additional review is required as a formof future work.From a commercialization perspective,pressurized hydrogen tanks are ideal for hydrogen storage in a HESS,but other methods can be considered after additional research and development.From this review,it can be implied that modelling works will be the way forward for HESS research,but extensive collaborations and additional review are needed.Overall,this review summarized various takeaways that future research works on HESS can use.展开更多
A clean environment with low carbon emissions is the goal of research on the development of green and sustainable buildings that use bio-sourced materials in conjunction with solar energy to create more sustainable ci...A clean environment with low carbon emissions is the goal of research on the development of green and sustainable buildings that use bio-sourced materials in conjunction with solar energy to create more sustainable cities.This is particularly true in Africa,where there aren’t many studies on the topic.The current study suggests a 90 m^(2) model of a sustainable building in a dry climate that is movable to address the issue of housing in remote areas,ensures comfort in harsh weather conditions,uses solar renewable resources—which are plentiful in Africa—uses biosourced materials,and examines how these materials relate to temperature and humidity control while emitting minimal carbon emissions.In order to solve the topic under consideration,the work is split into two sections:numerical and experimental approaches.Using TRNSYS and Revit,the suggested prototype building is examined numerically to examine the impact of orientation,envelope composition made of bio-sourced materials,and carbon emissions.Through a hygrothermal investigation,experiments are conducted to evaluate this prototype’s effectiveness.Furthermore,an examination of the photovoltaic system’s production,consumption,and several scenarios used tomaximize battery life is included in the paper.Because the biosourcedmaterial achieves a thermal transmittance of 0.15(W.m^(-2).K^(-1)),the results demonstrate an intriguing finding in terms of comfort.This value satisfies the requirements of passive building,energy autonomy of the dwelling,and injection in-network with an annual value of 15,757 kWh.Additionally,compared to the literature,the heating needs ratio is 6.38(kWh/m^(2).an)and the cooling needs ratio is 49(kWh/m^(2).an),both of which are good values.According to international norms,the inside temperature doesn’t go above 26℃,and the humidity level is within a comfortable range.展开更多
In the context of the“dual carbon”goals,to address issues such as high energy consumption,high costs,and low power quality in the rapid development of electrified railways,this study focused on the China Railways Hi...In the context of the“dual carbon”goals,to address issues such as high energy consumption,high costs,and low power quality in the rapid development of electrified railways,this study focused on the China Railways High-Speed 5 Electric Multiple Unit and proposed a mathematical model and capacity optimization method for an onboard energy storage system using lithium batteries and supercapacitors as storage media.Firstly,considering the electrical characteristics,weight,and volume of the storage media,a mathematical model of the energy storage system was established.Secondly,to tackle problems related to energy consumption and power quality,an energy management strategy was proposed that comprehensively considers peak shaving and valley filling and power quality by controlling the charge/discharge thresholds of the storage system.Thecapacity optimization adopted a bilevel programming model,with the series/parallel number of storage modules as variables,considering constraints imposed by the Direct Current to Direct Current converter,train load,and space.An improved Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm and linear programming solver were used to solve specific cases.The results show that the proposed onboard energy storage system can effectively achieve energy savings,reduce consumption,and improve power qualitywhile meeting the load and space limitations of the train.展开更多
In the independent electro-hydrogen system(IEHS)with hybrid energy storage(HESS),achieving optimal scheduling is crucial.Still,it presents a challenge due to the significant deviations in values ofmultiple optimizatio...In the independent electro-hydrogen system(IEHS)with hybrid energy storage(HESS),achieving optimal scheduling is crucial.Still,it presents a challenge due to the significant deviations in values ofmultiple optimization objective functions caused by their physical dimensions.These deviations seriously affect the scheduling process.A novel standardization fusion method has been established to address this issue by analyzing the variation process of each objective function’s values.The optimal scheduling results of IEHS with HESS indicate that the economy and overall energy loss can be improved 2–3 times under different optimization methods.The proposed method better balances all optimization objective functions and reduces the impact of their dimensionality.When the cost of BESS decreases by approximately 30%,its participation deepens by about 1 time.Moreover,if the price of the electrolyzer is less than 15¥/kWh or if the cost of the fuel cell drops below 4¥/kWh,their participation will increase substantially.This study aims to provide a more reasonable approach to solving multi-objective optimization problems.展开更多
In this paper,a bilevel optimization model of an integrated energy operator(IEO)–load aggregator(LA)is constructed to address the coordinate optimization challenge of multiple stakeholder island integrated energy sys...In this paper,a bilevel optimization model of an integrated energy operator(IEO)–load aggregator(LA)is constructed to address the coordinate optimization challenge of multiple stakeholder island integrated energy system(IIES).The upper level represents the integrated energy operator,and the lower level is the electricity-heatgas load aggregator.Owing to the benefit conflict between the upper and lower levels of the IIES,a dynamic pricing mechanism for coordinating the interests of the upper and lower levels is proposed,combined with factors such as the carbon emissions of the IIES,as well as the lower load interruption power.The price of selling energy can be dynamically adjusted to the lower LA in the mechanism,according to the information on carbon emissions and load interruption power.Mutual benefits and win-win situations are achieved between the upper and lower multistakeholders.Finally,CPLEX is used to iteratively solve the bilevel optimization model.The optimal solution is selected according to the joint optimal discrimination mechanism.Thesimulation results indicate that the sourceload coordinate operation can reduce the upper and lower operation costs.Using the proposed pricingmechanism,the carbon emissions and load interruption power of IEO-LA are reduced by 9.78%and 70.19%,respectively,and the capture power of the carbon capture equipment is improved by 36.24%.The validity of the proposed model and method is verified.展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52104133 and 52304227)the Postdoctoral Foundation of Henan Province(Grant No.HN2022015)are appreciated.
文摘To obtain the precise calculation method for the peak energy density and energy evolution properties of rocks subjected to uniaxial compression(UC)before the post-peak stage,particularly at s0.9sc(s denotes stress and sc is the peak strength),extensive UC and uniaxial graded cyclical loading-unloading(GCLU)tests were performed on four rock types.In the GCLU tests,four unloading stress levels were designated when σ<0.9σc and six unloading stress levels were designated forσ≥0.9σc.The variations in the elastic energy density(ue),dissipative energy density(ud),and energy storage efficiency(C)for the four rock types under GCLU tests were analyzed.Based on the variation of ue whenσ≥0:9σc,a method for calculating the peak energy density was proposed.The energy evolution in rock under UC condition before the post-peak stage was examined.The relationship between C0.9(C atσ≥0:9σc)and mechanical behavior of rocks was explored,and the damage evolution of rock was analyzed in view of energy.Compared with that of the three existing methods,the accuracy of the calculation method of peak energy density proposed in this study is higher.These findings could provide a theoretical foundation for more accurately revealing the failure behavior of rock from an energy perspective.
文摘The essence of energy system transition is the"energy revolution':The development of the"resource-dominated"energy system with fossil energy as the mainstay has promoted human progress,but it has also triggered energy crisis and ecological environment crisis,which is not compatible with the new demands of the new round of scientific and technological revolution,industrial transformation,and sustainable human development.It is in urgent need to research and develop a new-type energy system in the context of carbon neutrality.In the framework of"technique-dominated"new green and intelligent energy system with"three new"of new energy,new power and new energy storage as the mainstay,the"super energy basin"concepts with the Ordos Basin,Nw China as a representative will reshape the concept and model of future energy exploration and development.In view of the"six inequalities"in global energy and the resource conditions of"abundant coal,insufficient oil and gas and infinite new energy"in China,it is suggested to deeply boost"China energy revolution',sticking to the six principles of independent energy production,green energy supply,secure energy reserve,efficient energy consumption,intelligent energy management,economical energy cost;enhance"energy scientific and technological innovation"by implementing technique-dominated"four major science and technology innovation projects',namely,clean coal project,oil production stabilization and gas production increasing project,new energy acceleration project,and green-intelligent energy project;implement"energy transition"by accelerating the green-dominated"four-modernization development',namely,fossil energy cleaning,large-scale new energy,coordinated centralized energy distribution,intelligent multi-energy management,so as to promote the exchange of two 80%s"in China's energy structure and construct the new green and intelligent energy system.
文摘This paper provides an overview of the global wave resource for energy exploration.The most popular metrics and estimators for wave energy resource characterization have been compiled and classified by levels of energy exploration.A review of existing prospective wave energy resource assessments worldwide is also given,and those studies have been collated and classified by continent.Finally,information about forty existing open sea wave energy test sites worldwide and their characteristics is depicted and displayed on a newly created global map.It has been found that wave power density is still the most consensual metric used for wave energy resource assessment purposes among researchers.Nonetheless,to accomplish a comprehensive wave resource assessment for exploitation,the computation of other metrics at the practicable,technical,and socio-economic levels has also been performed at both spatial and temporal domains.Overall,regions in latitudes between 40°and 60°of both hemispheres are those where the highest wave power density is concentrated.Some areas where the most significant wave power density occurs are in offshore regions of southern Australia,New Zealand,South Africa,Chile,the British Isles,Iceland,and Greenland.However,Europe has been the continent where most research efforts have been done targeting wave energy characterisation for exploitation.
文摘Complex Field Theory (CFT) proposes that dark matter (DM) and dark energy (DE) are pervasive, complex fields of charged complex masses of equally positive and negative complex charges, respectively. It proposes that each material object, including living creatures, is concomitant with a fraction of the charged complex masses of DM and DE in proportion to its mass. This perception provides new insights into the physics of nature and its constituents from subatomic to cosmic scales. This complex nature of DM and DE explains our inability to see DM or harvest DE for the last several decades. The positive complex DM is responsible for preserving the integrity of galaxies and all material systems. The negative complex charged DE induces a positive repelling force with the positively charged DM and contributes to the universe’s expansion. Both fields are Lorentz invariants in all directions and entangle the whole universe. The paper uses CFT to investigate zero-point energy, particle-wave duality, relativistic mass increase, and entanglement phenomenon and unifies Coulomb’s and Newton’s laws. The paper also verifies the existence of tachyons and explains the spooky action of quantum mechanics at a distance. The paper encourages further research into how CFT might resolve several physical mysteries in physics.
文摘This review paper examines the various types of electrical generators used to convert wave energy into electrical energy.The focus is on both linear and rotary generators,including their design principles,operational efficiencies,and technological advancements.Linear generators,such as Induction,permanent magnet synchronous,and switched reluctance types,are highlighted for their direct conversion capability,eliminating the need for mechanical gearboxes.Rotary Induction generators,permanent magnet synchronous generators,and doubly-fed Induction generators are evaluated for their established engineering principles and integration with existing grid infrastructure.The paper discusses the historical development,environmental benefits,and ongoing advancements in wave energy technologies,emphasizing the increasing feasibility and scalability of wave energy as a renewable source.Through a comprehensive analysis,this review provides insights into the current state and future prospects of electrical generators in wave energy conversion,underscoring their potential to significantly reduce reliance on fossil fuels and mitigate environmental impacts.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Project of State Grid Sichuan Electric Power Company Chengdu Power Supply Company under Grant No.521904240005.
文摘This paper presents a novel approach to dynamic pricing and distributed energy management in virtual power plant(VPP)networks using multi-agent reinforcement learning(MARL).As the energy landscape evolves towards greater decentralization and renewable integration,traditional optimization methods struggle to address the inherent complexities and uncertainties.Our proposed MARL framework enables adaptive,decentralized decision-making for both the distribution system operator and individual VPPs,optimizing economic efficiency while maintaining grid stability.We formulate the problem as a Markov decision process and develop a custom MARL algorithm that leverages actor-critic architectures and experience replay.Extensive simulations across diverse scenarios demonstrate that our approach consistently outperforms baseline methods,including Stackelberg game models and model predictive control,achieving an 18.73%reduction in costs and a 22.46%increase in VPP profits.The MARL framework shows particular strength in scenarios with high renewable energy penetration,where it improves system performance by 11.95%compared with traditional methods.Furthermore,our approach demonstrates superior adaptability to unexpected events and mis-predictions,highlighting its potential for real-world implementation.
文摘Under the guidance of national policies,the“coal to gas”project has become one of the important measures to promote the transformation of energy structure in China.Foshan,an important industrial town in Guangdong province,the implementation of the“coal to gas”policy has demonstrated significance for the optimization of the national energy structure.Through the analysis of the change in Foshan’s energy consumption structure and the implementation of the policy,this paper found that there were some challenges in the policy implementation process,such as high economic cost,lagging infrastructure,low social acceptance,and lack of technical personnel.To address this,suggestions are put forward,including increasing financial subsidies,improving laws and regulations,promoting technological innovation,and encouraging social inclusion policies.These recommendations aim to provide guidance and reference for the remaining“coal to gas”projects and the development of clean energy.
基金supported by the Changzhou Science and Technology Support Project(CE20235045)Open Subject of Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Power Transmission and Distribution(2021JSSPD12)+1 种基金Talent Projects of Jiangsu University of Technology(KYY20018)Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(SJCX23_1633).
文摘Energy storage power plants are critical in balancing power supply and demand.However,the scheduling of these plants faces significant challenges,including high network transmission costs and inefficient inter-device energy utilization.To tackle these challenges,this study proposes an optimal scheduling model for energy storage power plants based on edge computing and the improved whale optimization algorithm(IWOA).The proposed model designs an edge computing framework,transferring a large share of data processing and storage tasks to the network edge.This architecture effectively reduces transmission costs by minimizing data travel time.In addition,the model considers demand response strategies and builds an objective function based on the minimization of the sum of electricity purchase cost and operation cost.The IWOA enhances the optimization process by utilizing adaptive weight adjustments and an optimal neighborhood perturbation strategy,preventing the algorithm from converging to suboptimal solutions.Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheduling model maximizes the flexibility of the energy storage plant,facilitating efficient charging and discharging.It successfully achieves peak shaving and valley filling for both electrical and heat loads,promoting the effective utilization of renewable energy sources.The edge-computing framework significantly reduces transmission delays between energy devices.Furthermore,IWOA outperforms traditional algorithms in optimizing the objective function.
文摘An improved method is proposed for the extraction of the symmetry energy coefficient relative to the temperature,a_(sym)/T,in the heavy-ion reactions near the Fermi energy region,based on the modified Fisher Model.This method is applied to the primary fragments of antisymmetrized molecular dynamics(AMD)simulations for ^(46)Fe+^(46)Fe,^(40)Ca+^(40)Ca and ^(48)Ca+^(48)Ca at 35 MeV/nucleon,in order to make direct comparison to the results from the K(N,Z)method of Ono et al.In our improved method,the extracted values of a_(sym)/T increase as the size of isotopes increases whereas,in the K(N,Z)method,the results show rather constant behavior.This increase in our result is attributed to the surface contribution of the symmetry energy in finite nuclei.In order to evaluate the surface contribution,the relation a_(sym)/T=[a_(sym)^((V))(1-k_(S/V) A^(-1/3))]/T is applied and k_(S/V)=1.20~1.25 was extracted.This value is smaller than those extracted from the mass table,reflecting the weakened surface contribution at higher temperature regime.Δμ/T,the difference of the neutron-proton chemical potentials relative to the temperature,is also extracted in this method at the same time.The average values of the extractedΔμ/T,Δμ/T show a linear dependence on the proton-neutron a_(sym)metry parameter of the system,δ_(sys),andΔμ/T=(15.1±0.2)δ_(sys)-(0.5±0.1)is obtained.
基金Supported by the National Science and Technology Major Special Project Secretariat(2022-5596510-000064)Petro China Science and Technology Special Project(2021ZZ01-05)。
文摘Considering the demands,situations and trends in respect to global climate change,carbon neutrality and energy transition,the achievements and significance of the global green energy transition and the new energy revolution of China are summarized,and the“Energy Triangle”theory is proposed.The research indicates that the energy technology revolution is driving a dual transformation in global energy:the black“shale oil and gas revolution”in North America and the green“new energy revolution”in China.The green energy revolution of China has achieved significant milestones in wind-solar-hydrogen-energy storage technologies,leading the world in photovoltaic and wind power.The country has developed the world's largest,most comprehensive,and competitive new energy innovation,industrial and value chains,along with the largest clean power supply system globally.New quality productive forces represent the green productive forces.The green“new energy revolution”of China has accelerated the transformation of its energy structure and the global shift towards clean energy,promoting a new win-win model for the global green and low-carbon transition.Under the backdrop of a carbon-neutral goal-driven energy transition,the“Energy Triangle”theory within the framework of new quality productive forces explains the correlation and development of energy security,economic growth,and environmental sustainability throughout the evolution from fossil fuels to new energy systems,culminating in an energy revolution.Compared to the global energy resource endowment,the energy resources of China are characterized by abundant coal,limited oil and gas,and unlimited wind and photovoltaic energy.Moving forward,the energy strategies of China will focus on the advancement of technologies to clean coal for carbon emission reduction,increase gas output while stabilizing oil production,increase green energy while enhancing new energy,and achieve intelligent integration.Vigorously developing new energy is an essential step in maintaining the energy security of China,and establishing a carbon-neutral“super energy system”is a necessary choice.It is crucial to enhance the international competitiveness of China in new energy development,promote high-quality energy productive forces,support the country's transition to an“energy power”,and strive for“energy independence”.
基金supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China under grant No.42272350the Foundation of Shanxi Key Laboratory for Exploration and Exploitation of Geothermal Resources under grant No.SX202202.
文摘Underground Thermal Energy Storage(UTES)store unstable and non-continuous energy underground,releasing stable heat energy on demand.This effectively improve energy utilization and optimize energy allocation.As UTES technology advances,accommodating greater depth,higher temperature and multi-energy complementarity,new research challenges emerge.This paper comprehensively provides a systematic summary of the current research status of UTES.It categorized different types of UTES systems,analyzes the applicability of key technologies of UTES,and evaluate their economic and environmental benefits.Moreover,this paper identifies existing issues with UTES,such as injection blockage,wellbore scaling and corrosion,seepage and heat transfer in cracks,etc.It suggests deepening the research on blockage formation mechanism and plugging prevention technology,improving the study of anticorrosive materials and water treatment technology,and enhancing the investigation of reservoir fracture network characterization technology and seepage heat transfer.These recommendations serve as valuable references for promoting the high-quality development of UTES.
文摘Cells undergo metabolic reprogramming to adapt to changes in nutrient availability, cellular activity, and transitions in cell states. The balance between glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration is crucial for energy production, and metabolic reprogramming stipulates a shift in such balance to optimize both bioenergetic efficiency and anabolic requirements. Failure in switching bioenergetic dependence can lead to maladaptation and pathogenesis. While cellular degradation is known to recycle precursor molecules for anabolism, its potential role in regulating energy production remains less explored. The bioenergetic switch between glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration involves transcription factors and organelle homeostasis, which are both regulated by the cellular degradation pathways. A growing body of studies has demonstrated that both stem cells and differentiated cells exhibit bioenergetic switch upon perturbations of autophagic activity or endolysosomal processes. Here, we highlighted the current understanding of the interplay between degradation processes, specifically autophagy and endolysosomes, transcription factors, endolysosomal signaling, and mitochondrial homeostasis in shaping cellular bioenergetics. This review aims to summarize the relationship between degradation processes and bioenergetics, providing a foundation for future research to unveil deeper mechanistic insights into bioenergetic regulation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52373280,52177014,51977009,52273257)。
文摘Polymeric microwave actuators combining tissue-like softness with programmablemicrowave-responsive deformation hold great promise for mobile intelligentdevices and bionic soft robots. However, their application is challenged by restricted electromagneticsensitivity and intricate sensing coupling. In this study, a sensitized polymericmicrowave actuator is fabricated by hybridizing a liquid crystal polymer with Ti3C2Tx(MXene). Compared to the initial counterpart, the hybrid polymer exhibits unique spacechargepolarization and interfacial polarization, resulting in significant improvements of230% in the dielectric loss factor and 830% in the apparent efficiency of electromagneticenergy harvest. The sensitized microwave actuation demonstrates as the shortenedresponse time of nearly 10 s, which is merely 13% of that for the initial shape memory polymer. Moreover, the ultra-low content of MXene (upto 0.15 wt%) benefits for maintaining the actuation potential of the hybrid polymer. An innovative self-powered sensing prototype that combinesdriving and piezoelectric polymers is developed, which generates real-time electric potential feedback (open-circuit potential of ~ 3 mV) duringactuation. The polarization-dominant energy conversion mechanism observed in the MXene-polymer hybrid structure furnishes a new approachfor developing efficient electromagnetic dissipative structures and shows potential for advancing polymeric electromagnetic intelligent devices.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52272103 and 52072010)Beijing Natural Science Foundation(Grant Nos.2242029 and JL23004).
文摘High temperature piezoelectric energy harvester(HTPEH)is an important solution to replace chemical battery to achieve independent power supply of HT wireless sensors.However,simultaneously excellent performances,including high figure of merit(FOM),insulation resistivity(ρ)and depolarization temperature(Td)are indispensable but hard to achieve in lead-free piezoceramics,especially operating at 250°C has not been reported before.Herein,well-balanced performances are achieved in BiFeO3–BaTiO3 ceramics via innovative defect engineering with respect to delicate manganese doping.Due to the synergistic effect of enhancing electrostrictive coefficient by polarization configuration optimization,regulating iron ion oxidation state by high valence manganese ion and stabilizing domain orientation by defect dipole,comprehensive excellent electrical performances(Td=340°C,ρ250°C>10^(7)Ωcm and FOM_(250°C)=4905×10^(–15)m^(2)N^(−1))are realized at the solid solubility limit of manganese ions.The HT-PEHs assembled using the rationally designed piezoceramic can allow for fast charging of commercial electrolytic capacitor at 250°C with high energy conversion efficiency(η=11.43%).These characteristics demonstrate that defect engineering tailored BF-BT can satisfy high-end HT-PEHs requirements,paving a new way in developing selfpowered wireless sensors working in HT environments.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Project of the State Grid Corporation of China,Grant number 5700-202223189A-1-1-ZN.
文摘Renewable Energy Systems(RES)provide a sustainable solution to climate warming and environmental pollution by enhancing stability and reliability through status acquisition and analysis on cloud platforms and intelligent processing on edge servers(ES).However,securely distributing encrypted data stored in the cloud to terminals that meet decryption requirements has become a prominent research topic.Additionally,managing attributes,including addition,deletion,and modification,is a crucial issue in the access control scheme for RES.To address these security concerns,a trust-based ciphertext-policy attribute-based encryption(CP-ABE)device access control scheme is proposed for RES(TB-CP-ABE).This scheme effectivelymanages the distribution and control of encrypted data on the cloud through robust attribute key management.By introducing trust management mechanisms and outsourced decryption technology,the ES system can effectively assess and manage the trust worthiness of terminal devices,ensuring that only trusted devices can participate in data exchange and access sensitive information.Besides,the ES system dynamically evaluates trust scores to set decryption trust thresholds,thereby regulating device data access permissions and enhancing the system’s security.To validate the security of the proposed TB-CP-ABE against chosen plaintext attacks,a comprehensive formal security analysis is conducted using the widely accepted random oraclemodel under the decisional q-Bilinear Diffie-Hellman Exponent(q-BDHE)assumption.Finally,comparative analysis with other schemes demonstrates that the TB-CP-ABE scheme cuts energy/communication costs by 43%,and scaleswell with rising terminals,maintaining average latency below 50ms,ensuring real-time service feasibility.The proposed scheme not only provides newinsights for the secure management of RES but also lays a foundation for future secure energy solutions.
文摘A hydrogen energy storage system(HESS)is one of the many risingmodern green innovations,using excess energy to generate hydrogen and storing it for various purposes.With that,there have been many discussions about commercializing HESS and improving it further.However,the design and sizing process can be overwhelming to comprehend with various sources to examine,and understanding optimal design methodologies is crucial to optimize a HESS design.With that,this review aims to collect and analyse a wide range of HESS studies to summarise recent studies.Two different collections of studies are studied,one was sourced by the main author for preliminary readings,and another was obtained via VOSViewer.The findings from the Web of Science platform were also examined for amore comprehensive understanding.Major findings include the People’sRepublic of China has been active in HESS research,as most works and active organizations originate from this country.HESS has been mainly researched to support power generation and balance load demands,with financial analysis being the common scope of analysis.MATLAB is a common tool used for HESS design,modelling,and optimization as it can handle complex calculations.Artificial neural network(ANN)has the potential to be used to model the HESS,but additional review is required as a formof future work.From a commercialization perspective,pressurized hydrogen tanks are ideal for hydrogen storage in a HESS,but other methods can be considered after additional research and development.From this review,it can be implied that modelling works will be the way forward for HESS research,but extensive collaborations and additional review are needed.Overall,this review summarized various takeaways that future research works on HESS can use.
文摘A clean environment with low carbon emissions is the goal of research on the development of green and sustainable buildings that use bio-sourced materials in conjunction with solar energy to create more sustainable cities.This is particularly true in Africa,where there aren’t many studies on the topic.The current study suggests a 90 m^(2) model of a sustainable building in a dry climate that is movable to address the issue of housing in remote areas,ensures comfort in harsh weather conditions,uses solar renewable resources—which are plentiful in Africa—uses biosourced materials,and examines how these materials relate to temperature and humidity control while emitting minimal carbon emissions.In order to solve the topic under consideration,the work is split into two sections:numerical and experimental approaches.Using TRNSYS and Revit,the suggested prototype building is examined numerically to examine the impact of orientation,envelope composition made of bio-sourced materials,and carbon emissions.Through a hygrothermal investigation,experiments are conducted to evaluate this prototype’s effectiveness.Furthermore,an examination of the photovoltaic system’s production,consumption,and several scenarios used tomaximize battery life is included in the paper.Because the biosourcedmaterial achieves a thermal transmittance of 0.15(W.m^(-2).K^(-1)),the results demonstrate an intriguing finding in terms of comfort.This value satisfies the requirements of passive building,energy autonomy of the dwelling,and injection in-network with an annual value of 15,757 kWh.Additionally,compared to the literature,the heating needs ratio is 6.38(kWh/m^(2).an)and the cooling needs ratio is 49(kWh/m^(2).an),both of which are good values.According to international norms,the inside temperature doesn’t go above 26℃,and the humidity level is within a comfortable range.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52167013)the Key Program of Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province(24JRRA225)Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province(23JRRA891).
文摘In the context of the“dual carbon”goals,to address issues such as high energy consumption,high costs,and low power quality in the rapid development of electrified railways,this study focused on the China Railways High-Speed 5 Electric Multiple Unit and proposed a mathematical model and capacity optimization method for an onboard energy storage system using lithium batteries and supercapacitors as storage media.Firstly,considering the electrical characteristics,weight,and volume of the storage media,a mathematical model of the energy storage system was established.Secondly,to tackle problems related to energy consumption and power quality,an energy management strategy was proposed that comprehensively considers peak shaving and valley filling and power quality by controlling the charge/discharge thresholds of the storage system.Thecapacity optimization adopted a bilevel programming model,with the series/parallel number of storage modules as variables,considering constraints imposed by the Direct Current to Direct Current converter,train load,and space.An improved Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm and linear programming solver were used to solve specific cases.The results show that the proposed onboard energy storage system can effectively achieve energy savings,reduce consumption,and improve power qualitywhile meeting the load and space limitations of the train.
基金sponsored by R&D Program of Beijing Municipal Education Commission(KM202410009013).
文摘In the independent electro-hydrogen system(IEHS)with hybrid energy storage(HESS),achieving optimal scheduling is crucial.Still,it presents a challenge due to the significant deviations in values ofmultiple optimization objective functions caused by their physical dimensions.These deviations seriously affect the scheduling process.A novel standardization fusion method has been established to address this issue by analyzing the variation process of each objective function’s values.The optimal scheduling results of IEHS with HESS indicate that the economy and overall energy loss can be improved 2–3 times under different optimization methods.The proposed method better balances all optimization objective functions and reduces the impact of their dimensionality.When the cost of BESS decreases by approximately 30%,its participation deepens by about 1 time.Moreover,if the price of the electrolyzer is less than 15¥/kWh or if the cost of the fuel cell drops below 4¥/kWh,their participation will increase substantially.This study aims to provide a more reasonable approach to solving multi-objective optimization problems.
基金supported by the Central Government Guides Local Science and Technology Development Fund Project(2023ZY0020)Key R&D and Achievement Transformation Project in InnerMongolia Autonomous Region(2022YFHH0019)+3 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for Inner Mongolia University of Science&Technology(2022053)Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia(2022LHQN05002)National Natural Science Foundation of China(52067018)Metallurgical Engineering First-Class Discipline Construction Project in Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology,Control Science and Engineering Quality Improvement and Cultivation Discipline Project in Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology。
文摘In this paper,a bilevel optimization model of an integrated energy operator(IEO)–load aggregator(LA)is constructed to address the coordinate optimization challenge of multiple stakeholder island integrated energy system(IIES).The upper level represents the integrated energy operator,and the lower level is the electricity-heatgas load aggregator.Owing to the benefit conflict between the upper and lower levels of the IIES,a dynamic pricing mechanism for coordinating the interests of the upper and lower levels is proposed,combined with factors such as the carbon emissions of the IIES,as well as the lower load interruption power.The price of selling energy can be dynamically adjusted to the lower LA in the mechanism,according to the information on carbon emissions and load interruption power.Mutual benefits and win-win situations are achieved between the upper and lower multistakeholders.Finally,CPLEX is used to iteratively solve the bilevel optimization model.The optimal solution is selected according to the joint optimal discrimination mechanism.Thesimulation results indicate that the sourceload coordinate operation can reduce the upper and lower operation costs.Using the proposed pricingmechanism,the carbon emissions and load interruption power of IEO-LA are reduced by 9.78%and 70.19%,respectively,and the capture power of the carbon capture equipment is improved by 36.24%.The validity of the proposed model and method is verified.
