Owing to its convenience and accuracy in providing detailed information about quantum state populations and angular distributions of reaction products,the velocity map imaging technique has been extensively employed i...Owing to its convenience and accuracy in providing detailed information about quantum state populations and angular distributions of reaction products,the velocity map imaging technique has been extensively employed in crossed beam experiments for product detection.In crossed beam experiments,the two reactant beams always exhibit certain spreads in both magnitude and direction of the velocity,which will blur the scattered product images and lower the resolution of product detection.To systematically investigate the influence of reactant velocity spreads on the resolution of product detection in crossed beam experiments,a general model based on velocity vector analysis is constructed and presented here.The impacts of spreads of the magnitude and direction of the reactant velocities on the image resolution under three typical experimental conditions are analyzed,and ways for improving the resolution are briefly discussed.Guided by the above analysis,a fine adjustment of the Ar^(+)ion beam was performed,and the product image resolution for the charge transfer reaction Ar^(+)(^(2)P_(3/2))+N_(2)is effectively improved,particularly in the backward scattering region,which provides more accurate information on the reaction dynamics.展开更多
The crossed beams scattering dynamics of the F＋HD→HF＋D reaction have been studied at collision energies ranging from 8.19 k J/tool to 18.98 k J/tool using the high resolution H-atom Rydberg tagging time-of-flight m...The crossed beams scattering dynamics of the F＋HD→HF＋D reaction have been studied at collision energies ranging from 8.19 k J/tool to 18.98 k J/tool using the high resolution H-atom Rydberg tagging time-of-flight method. Product rotational state-resolved differential cross sections have been measured. Most of the DF products are backward scattered at low collision energies and then gradually shift to the sideway as the collision energy increases. In addition to the backward and sideway scatterings, we have also observed the DF（v＇=4） product in the forward direction for the first time for this reaction. The forward scattering DF（v=4） product also increases with the collision energy. Angular and collision energy dependence of the product energy disposals in different degrees of freedom have been determined. Collision energy dependence of the vibrational branching ratios has also been examined. Possible dynamical origins of the forward scattering DF（v＇=4） products were discussed.展开更多
We have investigated the dynamics of the F＋C4H6 reaction using the universal crossed molecular beam method. The C4H5F＋H reaction channel was observed in this experiment. Angular resolved time-of-flight spectra have ...We have investigated the dynamics of the F＋C4H6 reaction using the universal crossed molecular beam method. The C4H5F＋H reaction channel was observed in this experiment. Angular resolved time-of-flight spectra have been measured for the C4H5F product. Prod- uct angular distributions as well as kinetic energy distributions were determined for this product channel. Experimental results show that the C4H5F product is largely backward scattered with considerable forward scattering signal, relative to the F atom beam direction. This suggests that the reaction channel mainly proceeds via a long-lived complex formation mechanism, with possible contribution from a direct SN2 type mechanism.展开更多
The dynamics of F＋HD→HF＋D reaction has been studied at ten collision energies ranging from 5.43 kJ/mol to 18.73 kJ/mol using high-resolution H/D atom Rydberg tagging time-of-flight method. Product vibrational and r...The dynamics of F＋HD→HF＋D reaction has been studied at ten collision energies ranging from 5.43 kJ/mol to 18.73 kJ/mol using high-resolution H/D atom Rydberg tagging time-of-flight method. Product vibrational and rotational state-resolved differential cross sections have been determined. The intensity of the HF（v1=2） forward products decreases as the collision energy increases, suggesting that the resonance contribution is reduced as the collision energy increases. The forward peak of HF（vl=3） product has also been observed above the threshold of this product channel. Product energy disposals in different degrees of freedom have been analyzed. The collision energy dependence of the HF vibrational product branching was also determined. This work presents a comprehensive dynamic picture of this resonance mediated reaction in a wide collision energy regime, providing a good test ground for theoretical understandings of this interesting reaction at higher collision energies.展开更多
The dynamics of the Cl＋SiH4 reaction has been studied using the universal crossed molecular beam method. Angular resolved time-of-flight spectra have been measured for the channel SiH3Cl＋H. Product angular distribut...The dynamics of the Cl＋SiH4 reaction has been studied using the universal crossed molecular beam method. Angular resolved time-of-flight spectra have been measured for the channel SiH3Cl＋H. Product angular distributions as well as energy distributions in the center-ofmass frame were determined for the channel. Experimental results show that the SiH3Cl product is mainly backward scattered relative to the Cl atom beam direction, suggesting that the channel takes place via a typical SN2 type reaction mechanism.展开更多
We study the H＋CH4/CD4-＋H2/HD＋CH3/CD3 reactions using the time sliced velocity map ion imaging technique. Ion images of the CH3/CD3 products were measured by the （2＋1） resonance enhanced multi-photon ionization ...We study the H＋CH4/CD4-＋H2/HD＋CH3/CD3 reactions using the time sliced velocity map ion imaging technique. Ion images of the CH3/CD3 products were measured by the （2＋1） resonance enhanced multi-photon ionization （REMPI） detection method. Besides the CH3/CD3 products in the ground state, ion images of the vibrationally excited CH3/CD3 products were also observed at two collision energies of 0.72 and 1.06 eV. It is shown that the angular distribution of the products CH3/CD3 in vibrationally excited states gradually vary from backward scattering to sideways scattering as the collision energy increases. Compared to the CH3/CD3 products in the ground state, the CH3/CD3 products in vibrationally excited states tend to be more sideways scattered, indicating that larger impact parameters play a more important role in the vibrationally excited product channels.展开更多
Crossed beams scattering study was carried out on the F＋HD→DF＋H reaction using high- resolution H-atom Rydberg tagging time-of-flight technique. Vibrational state-resolved differential cross sections were measured,...Crossed beams scattering study was carried out on the F＋HD→DF＋H reaction using high- resolution H-atom Rydberg tagging time-of-flight technique. Vibrational state-resolved differential cross sections were measured, with partial rotational state resolution, at eight collision energies in the range of 2.51-5.60 kJ/mol. Experimental results indicated that the product angular distributions are predominantly backward scattered. As the collision energy increases, the backward scattered peak becomes broader gradually. Dependence of product vibration branching ratios on the collision energy was also determined. The experimental results show that the DF products are highly inverted in the vibrational state distribution and the DF （v＇=3） product is the most populated state. Furthermore, the DF （v＇=l） product has also been observed at collision energy above 3.97 kJ/mol.展开更多
In this paper by means of the exact analytic method [1], the general solution fordynamic response of nonhomogeneous beam with variable cross section is obtained un-der arbitrary resonant load and boundary conditions. ...In this paper by means of the exact analytic method [1], the general solution fordynamic response of nonhomogeneous beam with variable cross section is obtained un-der arbitrary resonant load and boundary conditions. The problem is reduced to solvea non-positive differential equation. Generally, it is not solved by variational method.By the present method, the general solution for this problem may be written as an ana-lytic form. Hence, it is convenient for structure optimizing problem. In this paper, itsconvergence is proved. Numerical examples are given at the end of the paper. which in-dicates satisfactory results can be obtained.展开更多
The reaction of chlorine atom Cl(2P)(Cl(2P3/2)and Cl^*(2P1/2))with D2 was investigated at collision energy from 4.5 kcal/mol to 6.5 kcal/mol with a high-resolution crossed molecular beam apparatus using the technique ...The reaction of chlorine atom Cl(2P)(Cl(2P3/2)and Cl^*(2P1/2))with D2 was investigated at collision energy from 4.5 kcal/mol to 6.5 kcal/mol with a high-resolution crossed molecular beam apparatus using the technique of D-atom Rydberg tagging detection.The contribution from the spin-orbit excited reaction Cl^*(2P1/2)+D2,which is prohibited by Born-Oppenheimer(BO)approximation,was observed.Collision-energy dependence of differential cross sections(DCSs)near the backward scattering direction was measured.The BOforbidden reaction Cl^*+D2 was found to be dominant at lower collision energy.As collision energy increases,reactivity of BO-allowed reaction Cl+D2 increases much faster than that of BO-forbidden reaction and becomes dominant at higher collision energy.Our experiment indicates that the additional energy of spin-orbit excitation in Cl^*facilitates BO-forbidden reaction to pass through the barrier at lower collision energy,while BO approximation is still valid at collision energy near and above the reaction barrier.This tendency of reactivity of Cl/Cl^*+D2 is similar to the isotopic reaction of Cl/Cl^*+H2.展开更多
We presented an experimental apparatus combining the H-atom Rydberg tagging time-of-flight technique and the laser detonation source for studying crossed beam reactions at hyperthermal collision energies. The prelimin...We presented an experimental apparatus combining the H-atom Rydberg tagging time-of-flight technique and the laser detonation source for studying crossed beam reactions at hyperthermal collision energies. The preliminary study of the F+D2→DF+D reaction at hyperthermal collision energy of 23.84 kJ/mol was performed. Two beam sources were used in this study: one is the hyperthermal F beam source produced by a laser detonation process, and the other is D2 beam source generated by liquid-N2 cooled pulsed valve. Vibrational state-resolved di erential cross sections (DCSs) of product for the title reaction were determined. From the product vibrational state-resolved DCS, it can be concluded that products DF(v'=0, 1, 2, 3) are predominantly distributed in the sideway and backward scattering directions at this collision energy. However, the highest vibrational excited product DF(v'=4), is clearly peaked in the forward direction. The probable dynamical origins for these forward scattering products were analyzed and discussed.展开更多
The H+H2 reaction is the simplest chemical reaction system and has long been the prototype model in the study of reaction dynamics. Here we report a high resolution experimental investigation of the state-to-state rea...The H+H2 reaction is the simplest chemical reaction system and has long been the prototype model in the study of reaction dynamics. Here we report a high resolution experimental investigation of the state-to-state reaction dynamics in the H+HD→H2+D reaction by using the crossed molecular beams method and velocity map ion imaging technique at the collision energy of 1.17 eV. D atom products in this reaction were probed by the near threshold 1+1'(vacuum ultraviolet+ultraviolet) laser ionization scheme. The ion image with both high angular and energy resolution were acquired. State-to-state differential cross sections was accurately derived. Fast forward scattering oscillations, relating with interference effects in the scattering process, were clearly observed for H2 products at H2(v'=0,j'=1) and H2(v'=0,j'=3) rovibrational levels. This study further demonstrates the importance of measuring high-resolution differential cross sections in the study of state-to-state reaction dynamics in the gas phase.展开更多
We report the generation of a crossed,focused,optical vortex beam by using a pair of hybrid holograms,which combine the vortex phase and lens phase onto a spatial light modulator.We study the intensity distributions o...We report the generation of a crossed,focused,optical vortex beam by using a pair of hybrid holograms,which combine the vortex phase and lens phase onto a spatial light modulator.We study the intensity distributions of the vortex beam in free propagation space,and the relationship of its dark spot size with the incident Gaussian beam’s waist,the lens’s focal length,and its orbital angular momentum.Our results show that the crossed,focused,vortex beam’s dark spot size can be as small as 16.3μm and adjustable by the quantum number of the orbital angular momentum,and can be used to increase the density of trapped molecules.Furthermore,we calculate the optical potential of the blue-detuned,crossed vortex beam for MgF molecules.It is applicable to cool and trap neutral molecules by intensity-gradient-induced Sisyphus cooling,as the intensity gradient of such vortex beam is extremely high near the focal point.展开更多
The basic physical characteristics of electrons accelerated by two linearly polarized and circularly symmetric crossed Laguerre-Gaussian （LG） laser beams with equal frequency and amplitude in vacuum are studied in d...The basic physical characteristics of electrons accelerated by two linearly polarized and circularly symmetric crossed Laguerre-Gaussian （LG） laser beams with equal frequency and amplitude in vacuum are studied in detail. The condition, under which electrons can be accelerated effectively, and the energy gain are discussed.展开更多
The direct acceleration of electrons by using two linearly polarized crossed Bessel-Gaussian （BG） beams with equal frequency and amplitude in vacuum is proposed and studied. It is shown that two linearly polarized B...The direct acceleration of electrons by using two linearly polarized crossed Bessel-Gaussian （BG） beams with equal frequency and amplitude in vacuum is proposed and studied. It is shown that two linearly polarized BG beams of the same order （0 or 1） with a π-rad phase difference have a resultant non-zero longitudinal electric field on the z-axis and can be used, in principle, to accelerate electrons.展开更多
Detailed understanding of the mechanism of the combustion relevant multichannel reactions of O(3P) with unsaturated hydrocarbons (UHs) requires the identification of all primary reaction products, the determination of...Detailed understanding of the mechanism of the combustion relevant multichannel reactions of O(3P) with unsaturated hydrocarbons (UHs) requires the identification of all primary reaction products, the determination of their branching ratios and assessment of intersystem crossing (ISC) between triplet and singlet potential energy surfaces (PESs). This can be best achieved combining crossed-molecular-beam (CMB) experiments with universal, soft ionization, mass-spectrometric detection and time-of-flight analysis to high-level ab initio electronic structure calculations of triplet/singlet PESs and RRKM/Master Equation computations of branching ratios (BRs) including ISC. This approach has been recently demonstrated to be successful for O(3P) reactions with the simplest UHs (alkynes, alkenes, dienes) containing two or three carbon atoms. Here, we extend the combined CMB/theoretical approach to the next member in the diene series containing four C atoms, namely 1,2-butadiene (methylallene) to explore how product distributions, branching ratios and ISC vary with increasing molecular complexity going from O(3P))+propadiene to O(3P)+1,2-butadiene. In particular, we focus on the most important, dominant molecular channels, those forming propene+CO (with branching ratio ∽0.5) and ethylidene+ketene (with branching ratio ∽0.15), that lead to chain termination, to be contrasted to radical forming channels (branching ratio ∽0.35) which lead to chain propagation in combustion systems.展开更多
A bimorph piezoelectric beam with periodically variable cross-sections is used for the vibration energy harvesting. The effects of two geometrical parameters on the first band gap of this periodic beam are investigate...A bimorph piezoelectric beam with periodically variable cross-sections is used for the vibration energy harvesting. The effects of two geometrical parameters on the first band gap of this periodic beam are investigated by the generalized differential quadrature rule （GDQR） method. The GDQR method is also used to calculate the forced vibration response of the beam and voltage of each piezoelectric layer when the beam is subject to a sinusoidal base excitation. Results obtained from the analytical method are compared with those obtained from the finite element simulation with ANSYS, and good agreement is found. The voltage output of this periodic beam over its first band gap is calculated and compared with the voltage output of the uniform piezoelectric beam. It is concluded that this periodic beam has three advantages over the uniform piezoelectric beam, i.e., generating more voltage outputs over a wide frequency range, absorbing vibration, and being less weight.展开更多
In this paper, a finite element method is developed to numericallyevaluate the shear coefficient of Timoshenko's beam with multiplyconnected cross section. With focus on analyzing shear stressesdistributed at the ...In this paper, a finite element method is developed to numericallyevaluate the shear coefficient of Timoshenko's beam with multiplyconnected cross section. With focus on analyzing shear stressesdistributed at the neutral axis of the beam, an improved definitionof the shear coeffi- cient is presented. Based on this definition, aGalerkin-type finite element formulation is proposed to analyze theshear stresses and shear deflections. Numerical solutions of theexamples for some typical cross-sections are compared with thetheoretical results. The shear coefficient of tower sections of theTsing Ma Bridge is calculated by use of the proposed approach, sothat the finite element modeling of The bridge can be developed withthe accurate values of the sectional properties.展开更多
A cross-correlation detection method to process backscatter signals of multi-laser beams measuring （MLBM） is presented, which can be firstly filtered by the digital filter composed of average median filter and finit...A cross-correlation detection method to process backscatter signals of multi-laser beams measuring （MLBM） is presented, which can be firstly filtered by the digital filter composed of average median filter and finite impulse response （FIR） digital filter. The processing of backscatter signals using single-pulse and three-pulse cross-correlation detection methods is depicted in detail. From calculation results, the multi-pulse cross-correlation detection could effectively improve signal-to-noise ratio （SNR）. Finally, both wind velocity and direction are determined by the peak-delay method based on the correlation function which shows high measuring precision and high SNR of the MLBM system with the assistance of the digital cross- correlation detection.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22373107)Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences(BNLMSCXXM-202406)Hong Gao is also supported by the Innovation Capability Support Program of Shaanxi Province(2023-CX-TD-49).
文摘Owing to its convenience and accuracy in providing detailed information about quantum state populations and angular distributions of reaction products,the velocity map imaging technique has been extensively employed in crossed beam experiments for product detection.In crossed beam experiments,the two reactant beams always exhibit certain spreads in both magnitude and direction of the velocity,which will blur the scattered product images and lower the resolution of product detection.To systematically investigate the influence of reactant velocity spreads on the resolution of product detection in crossed beam experiments,a general model based on velocity vector analysis is constructed and presented here.The impacts of spreads of the magnitude and direction of the reactant velocities on the image resolution under three typical experimental conditions are analyzed,and ways for improving the resolution are briefly discussed.Guided by the above analysis,a fine adjustment of the Ar^(+)ion beam was performed,and the product image resolution for the charge transfer reaction Ar^(+)(^(2)P_(3/2))+N_(2)is effectively improved,particularly in the backward scattering region,which provides more accurate information on the reaction dynamics.
基金This work was supported by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the National Natural Science Foundation of China, and the Ministry of Science and Technology of China.
文摘The crossed beams scattering dynamics of the F＋HD→HF＋D reaction have been studied at collision energies ranging from 8.19 k J/tool to 18.98 k J/tool using the high resolution H-atom Rydberg tagging time-of-flight method. Product rotational state-resolved differential cross sections have been measured. Most of the DF products are backward scattered at low collision energies and then gradually shift to the sideway as the collision energy increases. In addition to the backward and sideway scatterings, we have also observed the DF（v＇=4） product in the forward direction for the first time for this reaction. The forward scattering DF（v=4） product also increases with the collision energy. Angular and collision energy dependence of the product energy disposals in different degrees of freedom have been determined. Collision energy dependence of the vibrational branching ratios has also been examined. Possible dynamical origins of the forward scattering DF（v＇=4） products were discussed.
文摘We have investigated the dynamics of the F＋C4H6 reaction using the universal crossed molecular beam method. The C4H5F＋H reaction channel was observed in this experiment. Angular resolved time-of-flight spectra have been measured for the C4H5F product. Prod- uct angular distributions as well as kinetic energy distributions were determined for this product channel. Experimental results show that the C4H5F product is largely backward scattered with considerable forward scattering signal, relative to the F atom beam direction. This suggests that the reaction channel mainly proceeds via a long-lived complex formation mechanism, with possible contribution from a direct SN2 type mechanism.
基金This work was supported by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the National Natural Science Foundation of China, and the Ministry of Science and Technology of China.
文摘The dynamics of F＋HD→HF＋D reaction has been studied at ten collision energies ranging from 5.43 kJ/mol to 18.73 kJ/mol using high-resolution H/D atom Rydberg tagging time-of-flight method. Product vibrational and rotational state-resolved differential cross sections have been determined. The intensity of the HF（v1=2） forward products decreases as the collision energy increases, suggesting that the resonance contribution is reduced as the collision energy increases. The forward peak of HF（vl=3） product has also been observed above the threshold of this product channel. Product energy disposals in different degrees of freedom have been analyzed. The collision energy dependence of the HF vibrational product branching was also determined. This work presents a comprehensive dynamic picture of this resonance mediated reaction in a wide collision energy regime, providing a good test ground for theoretical understandings of this interesting reaction at higher collision energies.
基金This work is supported by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the Ministry of Science and Technology.
文摘The dynamics of the Cl＋SiH4 reaction has been studied using the universal crossed molecular beam method. Angular resolved time-of-flight spectra have been measured for the channel SiH3Cl＋H. Product angular distributions as well as energy distributions in the center-ofmass frame were determined for the channel. Experimental results show that the SiH3Cl product is mainly backward scattered relative to the Cl atom beam direction, suggesting that the channel takes place via a typical SN2 type reaction mechanism.
文摘We study the H＋CH4/CD4-＋H2/HD＋CH3/CD3 reactions using the time sliced velocity map ion imaging technique. Ion images of the CH3/CD3 products were measured by the （2＋1） resonance enhanced multi-photon ionization （REMPI） detection method. Besides the CH3/CD3 products in the ground state, ion images of the vibrationally excited CH3/CD3 products were also observed at two collision energies of 0.72 and 1.06 eV. It is shown that the angular distribution of the products CH3/CD3 in vibrationally excited states gradually vary from backward scattering to sideways scattering as the collision energy increases. Compared to the CH3/CD3 products in the ground state, the CH3/CD3 products in vibrationally excited states tend to be more sideways scattered, indicating that larger impact parameters play a more important role in the vibrationally excited product channels.
基金V. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Ministry of Science and Technology, and the National Natural Science Foundation of China.
文摘Crossed beams scattering study was carried out on the F＋HD→DF＋H reaction using high- resolution H-atom Rydberg tagging time-of-flight technique. Vibrational state-resolved differential cross sections were measured, with partial rotational state resolution, at eight collision energies in the range of 2.51-5.60 kJ/mol. Experimental results indicated that the product angular distributions are predominantly backward scattered. As the collision energy increases, the backward scattered peak becomes broader gradually. Dependence of product vibration branching ratios on the collision energy was also determined. The experimental results show that the DF products are highly inverted in the vibrational state distribution and the DF （v＇=3） product is the most populated state. Furthermore, the DF （v＇=l） product has also been observed at collision energy above 3.97 kJ/mol.
文摘In this paper by means of the exact analytic method [1], the general solution fordynamic response of nonhomogeneous beam with variable cross section is obtained un-der arbitrary resonant load and boundary conditions. The problem is reduced to solvea non-positive differential equation. Generally, it is not solved by variational method.By the present method, the general solution for this problem may be written as an ana-lytic form. Hence, it is convenient for structure optimizing problem. In this paper, itsconvergence is proved. Numerical examples are given at the end of the paper. which in-dicates satisfactory results can be obtained.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (No.XDB17000000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.21573226,No.21822305,No.21688102).
文摘The reaction of chlorine atom Cl(2P)(Cl(2P3/2)and Cl^*(2P1/2))with D2 was investigated at collision energy from 4.5 kcal/mol to 6.5 kcal/mol with a high-resolution crossed molecular beam apparatus using the technique of D-atom Rydberg tagging detection.The contribution from the spin-orbit excited reaction Cl^*(2P1/2)+D2,which is prohibited by Born-Oppenheimer(BO)approximation,was observed.Collision-energy dependence of differential cross sections(DCSs)near the backward scattering direction was measured.The BOforbidden reaction Cl^*+D2 was found to be dominant at lower collision energy.As collision energy increases,reactivity of BO-allowed reaction Cl+D2 increases much faster than that of BO-forbidden reaction and becomes dominant at higher collision energy.Our experiment indicates that the additional energy of spin-orbit excitation in Cl^*facilitates BO-forbidden reaction to pass through the barrier at lower collision energy,while BO approximation is still valid at collision energy near and above the reaction barrier.This tendency of reactivity of Cl/Cl^*+D2 is similar to the isotopic reaction of Cl/Cl^*+H2.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.21473015, No.21203016, No.41574101, No.21673232, No.21773213)the Foundation for the Author of National Excellent Doctoral Dissertation of China (No.201222)
文摘We presented an experimental apparatus combining the H-atom Rydberg tagging time-of-flight technique and the laser detonation source for studying crossed beam reactions at hyperthermal collision energies. The preliminary study of the F+D2→DF+D reaction at hyperthermal collision energy of 23.84 kJ/mol was performed. Two beam sources were used in this study: one is the hyperthermal F beam source produced by a laser detonation process, and the other is D2 beam source generated by liquid-N2 cooled pulsed valve. Vibrational state-resolved di erential cross sections (DCSs) of product for the title reaction were determined. From the product vibrational state-resolved DCS, it can be concluded that products DF(v'=0, 1, 2, 3) are predominantly distributed in the sideway and backward scattering directions at this collision energy. However, the highest vibrational excited product DF(v'=4), is clearly peaked in the forward direction. The probable dynamical origins for these forward scattering products were analyzed and discussed.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (No.2016YFF0200500)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.21473173, No.21590802, No.21403207, No.21503206)the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (No.XDB17000000)
文摘The H+H2 reaction is the simplest chemical reaction system and has long been the prototype model in the study of reaction dynamics. Here we report a high resolution experimental investigation of the state-to-state reaction dynamics in the H+HD→H2+D reaction by using the crossed molecular beams method and velocity map ion imaging technique at the collision energy of 1.17 eV. D atom products in this reaction were probed by the near threshold 1+1'(vacuum ultraviolet+ultraviolet) laser ionization scheme. The ion image with both high angular and energy resolution were acquired. State-to-state differential cross sections was accurately derived. Fast forward scattering oscillations, relating with interference effects in the scattering process, were clearly observed for H2 products at H2(v'=0,j'=1) and H2(v'=0,j'=3) rovibrational levels. This study further demonstrates the importance of measuring high-resolution differential cross sections in the study of state-to-state reaction dynamics in the gas phase.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11834003 and 91836103).
文摘We report the generation of a crossed,focused,optical vortex beam by using a pair of hybrid holograms,which combine the vortex phase and lens phase onto a spatial light modulator.We study the intensity distributions of the vortex beam in free propagation space,and the relationship of its dark spot size with the incident Gaussian beam’s waist,the lens’s focal length,and its orbital angular momentum.Our results show that the crossed,focused,vortex beam’s dark spot size can be as small as 16.3μm and adjustable by the quantum number of the orbital angular momentum,and can be used to increase the density of trapped molecules.Furthermore,we calculate the optical potential of the blue-detuned,crossed vortex beam for MgF molecules.It is applicable to cool and trap neutral molecules by intensity-gradient-induced Sisyphus cooling,as the intensity gradient of such vortex beam is extremely high near the focal point.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No 10574097）.
文摘The basic physical characteristics of electrons accelerated by two linearly polarized and circularly symmetric crossed Laguerre-Gaussian （LG） laser beams with equal frequency and amplitude in vacuum are studied in detail. The condition, under which electrons can be accelerated effectively, and the energy gain are discussed.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No 10574097）.
文摘The direct acceleration of electrons by using two linearly polarized crossed Bessel-Gaussian （BG） beams with equal frequency and amplitude in vacuum is proposed and studied. It is shown that two linearly polarized BG beams of the same order （0 or 1） with a π-rad phase difference have a resultant non-zero longitudinal electric field on the z-axis and can be used, in principle, to accelerate electrons.
基金supported by “Fondazione Cassa Risparmio Perugia” (Project 2015.0331.021 Scientific & Technological Research)EC COST Action CM1404 (Chemistry of Smart Energy Carriers and Technologies– SMARTCATS)+1 种基金the Università degli Studi di Perugia (“Fondo Ricerca di Base 2017”)Italian MIUR and Università degli Studi di Perugia within the program“Department of Excellence-2018-2022-project AMIS”
文摘Detailed understanding of the mechanism of the combustion relevant multichannel reactions of O(3P) with unsaturated hydrocarbons (UHs) requires the identification of all primary reaction products, the determination of their branching ratios and assessment of intersystem crossing (ISC) between triplet and singlet potential energy surfaces (PESs). This can be best achieved combining crossed-molecular-beam (CMB) experiments with universal, soft ionization, mass-spectrometric detection and time-of-flight analysis to high-level ab initio electronic structure calculations of triplet/singlet PESs and RRKM/Master Equation computations of branching ratios (BRs) including ISC. This approach has been recently demonstrated to be successful for O(3P) reactions with the simplest UHs (alkynes, alkenes, dienes) containing two or three carbon atoms. Here, we extend the combined CMB/theoretical approach to the next member in the diene series containing four C atoms, namely 1,2-butadiene (methylallene) to explore how product distributions, branching ratios and ISC vary with increasing molecular complexity going from O(3P))+propadiene to O(3P)+1,2-butadiene. In particular, we focus on the most important, dominant molecular channels, those forming propene+CO (with branching ratio ∽0.5) and ethylidene+ketene (with branching ratio ∽0.15), that lead to chain termination, to be contrasted to radical forming channels (branching ratio ∽0.35) which lead to chain propagation in combustion systems.
文摘A bimorph piezoelectric beam with periodically variable cross-sections is used for the vibration energy harvesting. The effects of two geometrical parameters on the first band gap of this periodic beam are investigated by the generalized differential quadrature rule （GDQR） method. The GDQR method is also used to calculate the forced vibration response of the beam and voltage of each piezoelectric layer when the beam is subject to a sinusoidal base excitation. Results obtained from the analytical method are compared with those obtained from the finite element simulation with ANSYS, and good agreement is found. The voltage output of this periodic beam over its first band gap is calculated and compared with the voltage output of the uniform piezoelectric beam. It is concluded that this periodic beam has three advantages over the uniform piezoelectric beam, i.e., generating more voltage outputs over a wide frequency range, absorbing vibration, and being less weight.
文摘In this paper, a finite element method is developed to numericallyevaluate the shear coefficient of Timoshenko's beam with multiplyconnected cross section. With focus on analyzing shear stressesdistributed at the neutral axis of the beam, an improved definitionof the shear coeffi- cient is presented. Based on this definition, aGalerkin-type finite element formulation is proposed to analyze theshear stresses and shear deflections. Numerical solutions of theexamples for some typical cross-sections are compared with thetheoretical results. The shear coefficient of tower sections of theTsing Ma Bridge is calculated by use of the proposed approach, sothat the finite element modeling of The bridge can be developed withthe accurate values of the sectional properties.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 60425101-1Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of NSFC under Grant No. 60721001
文摘A cross-correlation detection method to process backscatter signals of multi-laser beams measuring （MLBM） is presented, which can be firstly filtered by the digital filter composed of average median filter and finite impulse response （FIR） digital filter. The processing of backscatter signals using single-pulse and three-pulse cross-correlation detection methods is depicted in detail. From calculation results, the multi-pulse cross-correlation detection could effectively improve signal-to-noise ratio （SNR）. Finally, both wind velocity and direction are determined by the peak-delay method based on the correlation function which shows high measuring precision and high SNR of the MLBM system with the assistance of the digital cross- correlation detection.
