A dynamic spherical cavity-expansion penetration model is suggested herein to predict the penetration and perforation of concrete targets struck normally by ogivalnosed projectiles.Shear dilatancy as well as compressi...A dynamic spherical cavity-expansion penetration model is suggested herein to predict the penetration and perforation of concrete targets struck normally by ogivalnosed projectiles.Shear dilatancy as well as compressibility of the material in comminuted region are considered in the paper by introducing a dilatant-kinematic relation.A procedure is first presented to compute the radial stress at the cavity surface and then a numerical method is used to calculate the results of penetration and perforation with friction being taken into account.The influences of various target parameters such as shear strength,bulk modulus,density,Poisson＇s ratio and tensile strength on the depth of penetration are delineated.It is shown that the model predictions are in good agreement with available experimental data.It is also shown that the shear strength plays a dominant role in the target resistance to penetration.展开更多
In order to improve the underwater acoustic target strength of comer reflectors,according to the principle of acoustic impedance mismatch of the boundary layer,the method of using air cavity to increase the underwater...In order to improve the underwater acoustic target strength of comer reflectors,according to the principle of acoustic impedance mismatch of the boundary layer,the method of using air cavity to increase the underwater acoustic target strength of corner reflectors is proposed.The acoustic reflection coefficients of underwater air layer and single layer metal sheet are calculated and compared.The results show that the reflection coefficient of single layer metal sheet is greatly affected by frequency and incidence angle,and the reflection coefficient of air layer in water is large and little affected by frequency and incidence angle.On this basis,a new kind of airfilled cavity corner reflector is designed.The acoustic scattering characteristics of underwater airfilled cavity comer reflector are calculated cumulatively,and the results are compared with the monolayer metal sheet corner reflector.The simulation results show that the acoustic reflection effect of the airfilled cavity corner reflector is better.In order to verify the correctness of the method,the test was carried out in the silencing tank.The experimental results show that the simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental results,and the airfilled cavity can improve on acoustic reflection performance of the underwater corner reflector.展开更多
Analytical solutions for the dynamic cylindrical cavity expansion in a com-pressible elastic-plastic cylinder with a finite radius are developed by taking into account of the effect of lateral free boundary, which are...Analytical solutions for the dynamic cylindrical cavity expansion in a com-pressible elastic-plastic cylinder with a finite radius are developed by taking into account of the effect of lateral free boundary, which are different from the traditional cavity expan-sion models for targets with infinite dimensions. The finite cylindrical cavity expansion process begins with an elastic-plastic stage followed by a plastic stage. The elastic-plastic stage ends and the plastic stage starts when the plastic wave front reaches the lateral free boundary. Approximate solutions of radial stress on cavity wall are derived by using the Von-Mise yield criterion and Forrestal’s similarity transformation method. The effects of the lateral free boundary and finite radius on the radial stress on the cavity wall are discussed, and comparisons are also conducted with the finite cylindrical cavity expansion in incompressible elastic-plastic materials. Numerical results show that the lateral free boundary has significant influence on the cavity expansion process and the radial stress on the cavity wall of metal cylinder with a finite radius.展开更多
Steel-tube-confined concrete(STCC) targets are provided with excellent anti-penetration performance over semi-infinite concrete(SIC) targets since the steel tube imposes passive restraint on the in-filled concrete dur...Steel-tube-confined concrete(STCC) targets are provided with excellent anti-penetration performance over semi-infinite concrete(SIC) targets since the steel tube imposes passive restraint on the in-filled concrete during the penetration process. Grid STCC system with square steel tubes is a potential solution to protective structures. In this paper, experiments of 9-cell grid STCC targets penetrated by 12.7 mm Armor Piercing Projectile(APP) were performed. The influence of side length and thickness of steel tube,steel ratio and impact velocity on anti-penetration performance were taken into account. Additionally,single-cell square STCC targets were also designed and tested for comparison with the 9-cell grid STCC targets. Damage modes and parameters of the tested targets were measured and discussed. Moreover,the stiffness of radial confinement of grid STCC targets is achieved according to the elastic solution of infinite cylindrical shell in Winkler medium. Furthermore, the penetration resistance and depth of penetration(DOP) for grid STCC targets are obtained on the basis of the dynamic finite spherical cavityexpansion(FSCE) models including radial confinement effect. It is shown that the 9-cell grid STCC targets with optimal dimension match of thickness and side length of steel tube can reduce the DOP by about17 % and 23 % in comparison with the SIC targets and single-cell square STCC targets, respectively, due to both the confinement of square steel tube to concrete in the impacted cell and the additional confinement of the surrounding cells to the impacted cell;the penetration resistance and DOP of the grid and cellular STCC targets with similar steel ratio is close, and thus the grid STCC targets with simpler manufacturing process and excellent in-plane expandability are preferred in engineering practice;moreover, the predicted results of DOP model based on the FSCE models agree well with the tested results with the maximum disparity less than 12 % and the proposed model is more applicable to the grid and cellular STCC targets with high radial confinement.展开更多
为明确印度不同产地红茶香气关键代谢物,利用非靶向代谢组学结合顶空固相微萃取、气相色谱-质谱联用技术对印度不同产地红茶香气代谢物进行分析。结果表明,在印度红茶中共鉴定出140种香气成分,根据其化学结构分为醇类、酸类、醛类、酮...为明确印度不同产地红茶香气关键代谢物,利用非靶向代谢组学结合顶空固相微萃取、气相色谱-质谱联用技术对印度不同产地红茶香气代谢物进行分析。结果表明,在印度红茶中共鉴定出140种香气成分,根据其化学结构分为醇类、酸类、醛类、酮类、酯类、烯烃类、杂环类化合物等12类物质。大吉岭红茶醇类物质相对含量为40.58%,酯类相对含量为14.33%,显著高于阿萨姆红茶;而阿萨姆红茶中醛类(13.70%)、酮类(13.51%)和烷烃类(10.47%)等物质的相对含量均高于大吉岭红茶。感官审评结果表明,阿萨姆红茶具有甜香、清香细锐及薄荷香特征,香气持久;大吉岭红茶普遍具有甜香,个别具有花香和麝香、清香特征,T2-4红茶香气感官评分最高(94.0)。正交偏最小二乘法判别分析(orthogonal partial least squares-discrimination analysis,OPLS-DA)表明,不同产地印度红茶分别聚类到不同的区域,香气代谢物差异比较明显。香气重要贡献度因子(variable importance in projection,VIP)>1的香气代谢物有27种,包括芳樟醇、(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛、苯乙醛、戊酸、苯甲醛、十八烷、十三烷、(E)-6,10-二甲基-5,9-十一烯-2-酮等,其中具有香气活性(气味活性值>1)的物质包括芳樟醇、苯乙醇、苯乙醛、水杨酸甲酯、戊酸、己醛、1-甲基萘、香叶醇8种。在阿萨姆红茶中己醛、苯乙醇、戊酸、苯乙醛、1-甲基萘是区别于大吉岭红茶的关键活性香气代谢物;而大吉岭红茶中,芳樟醇、水杨酸甲酯、香叶醇是区别于阿萨姆红茶的关键活性香气代谢物。展开更多
黑火药是一种经典的点火药,但其在低气压环境(高空)下的燃烧性能却鲜有研究。为了了解黑火药的低压燃烧性能,采用光-电靶法测试了不同药柱密度、不同温度和不同低压条件下高密度压实黑火药柱的燃速。研究结果表明,黑火药柱的燃速随环境...黑火药是一种经典的点火药,但其在低气压环境(高空)下的燃烧性能却鲜有研究。为了了解黑火药的低压燃烧性能,采用光-电靶法测试了不同药柱密度、不同温度和不同低压条件下高密度压实黑火药柱的燃速。研究结果表明,黑火药柱的燃速随环境压力的下降快速变小,燃速与环境压力呈线性关系。当环境压力下降到20 k Pa时,黑火药柱会出现瞎火或断火的现象;药柱密度增大,黑火药柱燃速逐渐变小,药柱密度对黑火药柱燃速的影响会随着环境压力的降低逐渐变大;温度升高,黑火药柱的燃速缓慢变大,同时温度对黑火药柱燃速的影响会随着环境压力的降低逐渐变小。也就是说,低压环境中,环境压力对黑火药柱燃速的影响比药柱密度和温度对黑火药柱燃速的影响要更大。通过双因素的数学拟合,建立了黑火药柱的燃速随环境压力和温度的变化规律。展开更多
文摘A dynamic spherical cavity-expansion penetration model is suggested herein to predict the penetration and perforation of concrete targets struck normally by ogivalnosed projectiles.Shear dilatancy as well as compressibility of the material in comminuted region are considered in the paper by introducing a dilatant-kinematic relation.A procedure is first presented to compute the radial stress at the cavity surface and then a numerical method is used to calculate the results of penetration and perforation with friction being taken into account.The influences of various target parameters such as shear strength,bulk modulus,density,Poisson＇s ratio and tensile strength on the depth of penetration are delineated.It is shown that the model predictions are in good agreement with available experimental data.It is also shown that the shear strength plays a dominant role in the target resistance to penetration.
文摘In order to improve the underwater acoustic target strength of comer reflectors,according to the principle of acoustic impedance mismatch of the boundary layer,the method of using air cavity to increase the underwater acoustic target strength of corner reflectors is proposed.The acoustic reflection coefficients of underwater air layer and single layer metal sheet are calculated and compared.The results show that the reflection coefficient of single layer metal sheet is greatly affected by frequency and incidence angle,and the reflection coefficient of air layer in water is large and little affected by frequency and incidence angle.On this basis,a new kind of airfilled cavity corner reflector is designed.The acoustic scattering characteristics of underwater airfilled cavity comer reflector are calculated cumulatively,and the results are compared with the monolayer metal sheet corner reflector.The simulation results show that the acoustic reflection effect of the airfilled cavity corner reflector is better.In order to verify the correctness of the method,the test was carried out in the silencing tank.The experimental results show that the simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental results,and the airfilled cavity can improve on acoustic reflection performance of the underwater corner reflector.
基金Project supported by the Research Project of National University of Defense Technology(No.S130901)
文摘Analytical solutions for the dynamic cylindrical cavity expansion in a com-pressible elastic-plastic cylinder with a finite radius are developed by taking into account of the effect of lateral free boundary, which are different from the traditional cavity expan-sion models for targets with infinite dimensions. The finite cylindrical cavity expansion process begins with an elastic-plastic stage followed by a plastic stage. The elastic-plastic stage ends and the plastic stage starts when the plastic wave front reaches the lateral free boundary. Approximate solutions of radial stress on cavity wall are derived by using the Von-Mise yield criterion and Forrestal’s similarity transformation method. The effects of the lateral free boundary and finite radius on the radial stress on the cavity wall are discussed, and comparisons are also conducted with the finite cylindrical cavity expansion in incompressible elastic-plastic materials. Numerical results show that the lateral free boundary has significant influence on the cavity expansion process and the radial stress on the cavity wall of metal cylinder with a finite radius.
基金the projects supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province, China (No. 2018JJ2470 and 2021JJ30776)。
文摘Steel-tube-confined concrete(STCC) targets are provided with excellent anti-penetration performance over semi-infinite concrete(SIC) targets since the steel tube imposes passive restraint on the in-filled concrete during the penetration process. Grid STCC system with square steel tubes is a potential solution to protective structures. In this paper, experiments of 9-cell grid STCC targets penetrated by 12.7 mm Armor Piercing Projectile(APP) were performed. The influence of side length and thickness of steel tube,steel ratio and impact velocity on anti-penetration performance were taken into account. Additionally,single-cell square STCC targets were also designed and tested for comparison with the 9-cell grid STCC targets. Damage modes and parameters of the tested targets were measured and discussed. Moreover,the stiffness of radial confinement of grid STCC targets is achieved according to the elastic solution of infinite cylindrical shell in Winkler medium. Furthermore, the penetration resistance and depth of penetration(DOP) for grid STCC targets are obtained on the basis of the dynamic finite spherical cavityexpansion(FSCE) models including radial confinement effect. It is shown that the 9-cell grid STCC targets with optimal dimension match of thickness and side length of steel tube can reduce the DOP by about17 % and 23 % in comparison with the SIC targets and single-cell square STCC targets, respectively, due to both the confinement of square steel tube to concrete in the impacted cell and the additional confinement of the surrounding cells to the impacted cell;the penetration resistance and DOP of the grid and cellular STCC targets with similar steel ratio is close, and thus the grid STCC targets with simpler manufacturing process and excellent in-plane expandability are preferred in engineering practice;moreover, the predicted results of DOP model based on the FSCE models agree well with the tested results with the maximum disparity less than 12 % and the proposed model is more applicable to the grid and cellular STCC targets with high radial confinement.
文摘为明确印度不同产地红茶香气关键代谢物,利用非靶向代谢组学结合顶空固相微萃取、气相色谱-质谱联用技术对印度不同产地红茶香气代谢物进行分析。结果表明,在印度红茶中共鉴定出140种香气成分,根据其化学结构分为醇类、酸类、醛类、酮类、酯类、烯烃类、杂环类化合物等12类物质。大吉岭红茶醇类物质相对含量为40.58%,酯类相对含量为14.33%,显著高于阿萨姆红茶;而阿萨姆红茶中醛类(13.70%)、酮类(13.51%)和烷烃类(10.47%)等物质的相对含量均高于大吉岭红茶。感官审评结果表明,阿萨姆红茶具有甜香、清香细锐及薄荷香特征,香气持久;大吉岭红茶普遍具有甜香,个别具有花香和麝香、清香特征,T2-4红茶香气感官评分最高(94.0)。正交偏最小二乘法判别分析(orthogonal partial least squares-discrimination analysis,OPLS-DA)表明,不同产地印度红茶分别聚类到不同的区域,香气代谢物差异比较明显。香气重要贡献度因子(variable importance in projection,VIP)>1的香气代谢物有27种,包括芳樟醇、(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛、苯乙醛、戊酸、苯甲醛、十八烷、十三烷、(E)-6,10-二甲基-5,9-十一烯-2-酮等,其中具有香气活性(气味活性值>1)的物质包括芳樟醇、苯乙醇、苯乙醛、水杨酸甲酯、戊酸、己醛、1-甲基萘、香叶醇8种。在阿萨姆红茶中己醛、苯乙醇、戊酸、苯乙醛、1-甲基萘是区别于大吉岭红茶的关键活性香气代谢物;而大吉岭红茶中,芳樟醇、水杨酸甲酯、香叶醇是区别于阿萨姆红茶的关键活性香气代谢物。
文摘黑火药是一种经典的点火药,但其在低气压环境(高空)下的燃烧性能却鲜有研究。为了了解黑火药的低压燃烧性能,采用光-电靶法测试了不同药柱密度、不同温度和不同低压条件下高密度压实黑火药柱的燃速。研究结果表明,黑火药柱的燃速随环境压力的下降快速变小,燃速与环境压力呈线性关系。当环境压力下降到20 k Pa时,黑火药柱会出现瞎火或断火的现象;药柱密度增大,黑火药柱燃速逐渐变小,药柱密度对黑火药柱燃速的影响会随着环境压力的降低逐渐变大;温度升高,黑火药柱的燃速缓慢变大,同时温度对黑火药柱燃速的影响会随着环境压力的降低逐渐变小。也就是说,低压环境中,环境压力对黑火药柱燃速的影响比药柱密度和温度对黑火药柱燃速的影响要更大。通过双因素的数学拟合,建立了黑火药柱的燃速随环境压力和温度的变化规律。
