Effects of different methods of tillage and mulch on soil moisture at fallow stage were studied in rainy andrain-deficient years. Soil moisture content per 20 cm was measured vertically within 0-300 cm soil layers in ...Effects of different methods of tillage and mulch on soil moisture at fallow stage were studied in rainy andrain-deficient years. Soil moisture content per 20 cm was measured vertically within 0-300 cm soil layers in anexperiment with five treatments: deep-loosening tillage (DLT), traditional tillage (TT), plastic mulch (PM),straw mulch (SM) and plastic plus straw mulch (PSM). All mulch treatments were under no tillage conditions.Total storage of precipitation in soil from 0 to 300 cm was determined before sowing. Results showed thatthe new methods of tillage and mulch were the basic ways to improve water condition in dryland wheat fields.In a rainy year, PM with no tillage played a significant role in storing and conserving precipitation, while ina rain-deficient year, the role was not significant. Due to evaporation, DLT did not promote the storage ofsoil moisture. SM was the best way to store and conserve soil moisture. In SM treatment the wheat yieldsincreased by more than 20%.展开更多
This paper takes 30 hm2 wheat sprinkling irrigation land of Yunguo Family Farm in Yanzhou, Shandong Province, China as a sample, and draws a conclusion by comparing it with other households (including individual and l...This paper takes 30 hm2 wheat sprinkling irrigation land of Yunguo Family Farm in Yanzhou, Shandong Province, China as a sample, and draws a conclusion by comparing it with other households (including individual and large households). The conclusions are as follows: wheat sprinkling irrigation has a remarkable water-saving effect and comparative revenue. Water saving efficiency can reach 61.54% and a comprehensive income-increase rate can reach 38.67%. The main factors of increasing income and incentives of saving irrigation by sprinkling irrigation ranks as the following: saving land consolidation and water monitoring labors (accounts for 62.50%), saving land area of wheat bed to increase production and income (accounts for 23.44%), saving water bills (accounts for 14.06%). The incentive effect of water saving is not obvious mainly because the water price is low. The main obstacles to the promotion of sprinkling irrigation by individual household are the uneconomical scale and the barriers of coordination of proxy irrigation. Other large household’s (family farm) obstacles are mainly the instability of land tenure and mixed management. Suggestions on promoting sprinkling irrigation in wheat field: Accelerate land circulation and promote agricultural scale management to create basic scale conditions for spreading sprinkling irrigation;stabilizing farmland management rights as stabilizing farmland contractual rights, thus giving long-term business interests to all kinds of large household owners;guide the development of “scale + specialization” modern family farms;appropriate water saving subsidies should be given according to the positive externality of household water saving;confirm agricultural water rights to household and allow compensated transfer of “surplus water rights”.展开更多
The irrigation method used in winter wheat fields affects micro-environment factors, such as relative humidity（RH） within canopy, soil temperature, topsoil bulk density, soil matric potential, and soil nutrients, an...The irrigation method used in winter wheat fields affects micro-environment factors, such as relative humidity（RH） within canopy, soil temperature, topsoil bulk density, soil matric potential, and soil nutrients, and these changes may affect plant root growth.An experiment was carried out to explore the effects of irrigation method on micro-environments and root distribution in a winter wheat field in the 2007–2008 and 2008–2009 growing seasons.The results showed that border irrigation（BI）, sprinkler irrigation（SI）, and surface drip irrigation（SDI） had no significant effects on soil temperature.Topsoil bulk density, RH within the canopy, soil available N distribution, and soil matric potential were significantly affected by the three treatments.The change in soil matric potential was the key reason for the altered root profile distribution patterns.Additionally, more fine roots were produced in the BI treatment when soil water content was low and topsoil bulk density was high.Root growth was most stimulated in the top soil layers and inhibited in the deep layers in the SDI treatment, followed by SI and BI, which was due to the different water application frequencies.As a result, the root profile distribution differed, depending on the irrigation method used.The root distribution pattern changes could be described by the power level variation in the exponential function.A good knowledge of root distribution patterns is important when attempting to model water and nutrient movements and when studying soil-plant interactions.展开更多
Tillage practices during the fallow period benefit water storage and yield in dryland wheat crops.However,there is currently no clarity on the responses of soil organic carbon(SOC),total nitrogen(TN),and available nut...Tillage practices during the fallow period benefit water storage and yield in dryland wheat crops.However,there is currently no clarity on the responses of soil organic carbon(SOC),total nitrogen(TN),and available nutrients to tillage practices within the growing season.This study evaluated the effects of three tillage practices(NT,no tillage;SS,subsoil tillage;DT,deep tillage)over five years on soil physicochemical properties.Soil samples at harvest stage from the fifth year were analyzed to determine the soil aggregate and aggregate-associated C and N fractions.The results indicated that SS and DT improved grain yield,straw biomass and straw carbon return of wheat compared with NT.In contrast to DT and NT,SS favored SOC and TN concentrations and stocks by increasing the soil organic carbon sequestration rate(SOCSR)and soil nitrogen sequestration rate(TNSR)in the 0-40 cm layer.Higher SOC levels under SS and NT were associated with greater aggregate-associated C fractions,while TN was positively associated with soluble organic nitrogen(SON).Compared with DT,the NT and SS treatments improved soil available nutrients in the 0-20 cm layer.These findings suggest that SS is an excellent practice for increasing soil carbon,nitrogen and nutrient availability in dryland wheat fields in North China.展开更多
As a conventional farming practice, tillage has lasted for thousands of years in Loess Plateau, China. Although recent studies show that tillage is a prominent culprit to soil carbon loss in croplands, few studies hav...As a conventional farming practice, tillage has lasted for thousands of years in Loess Plateau, China. Although recent studies show that tillage is a prominent culprit to soil carbon loss in croplands, few studies have investigated the influences of tillage on the responses of soil CO2 efflux （SCE） to soil temperature and moisture. Using a multi-channel automated CO2 efflux chamber system, we measured SCE in situ continuously before and after the conventional tillage in a rain fed wheat field of Loess Plateau, China. The changes in soil temperature and moisture sensitivities of SCE, denoted by the Q10 value and linear regression slope respectively, were compared in the same range of soil temperature and moisture before and after the tillage. The results showed that, after the tillage, SCE increased by 1.2-2.2 times; the soil temperature sensitivity increased by 36.1%-37.5%; and the soil moisture sensitivity increased by 140%-166%. Thus, the tillage-induced increase in SCE might partially be attributed to the increases in temperature and moisture sensitivity of SCE.展开更多
The experiment on energy and mass exchanges, which include CO2 flux, water evapotranspiration, sensible heat, net radiation and soil heat flux, was conducted in the wheat field of Lhasa. Xizang. The result was analyze...The experiment on energy and mass exchanges, which include CO2 flux, water evapotranspiration, sensible heat, net radiation and soil heat flux, was conducted in the wheat field of Lhasa. Xizang. The result was analyzed and compared with those obtained in the wheat fields of other two climatic regions. The canopy net photosynthesis rate in the Xi2ang Plateau is the largest in the three climatic regions. The canopy net photosynthesis rate increases linearly with the intensity of net radiation. But when the net radiation is greater than 700 W/m2, the increasing rate of net photosynthesis begin to decrease. During a day, water use efficiency of the canopy net photosynthesis is the highest just after sunrise and the lowest just before sunset. The total daily energies of net radiation and evapotranspiration in the wheat field of Xizang (Tibet) are the largest in the three regions, but their intensities in the late afternoon are the lowest.展开更多
The aim of this study was to test the impact of Rhizophagus irregularis, an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF), on durum wheat growth and soil microbial functionalities in a field inoculation trial conducted in Moroc...The aim of this study was to test the impact of Rhizophagus irregularis, an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF), on durum wheat growth and soil microbial functionalities in a field inoculation trial conducted in Morocco. The results showed that i) the R. irregularis inoculum effectively improved wheat growth, ii) wheat growth promotion depended on the soil mycorrhizal infectivity and iii) functional abilities of soil microflora depended on AMF inoculation. This study confirms that field AMF inoculation can be proposed as an effective agronomic practice in wheat production and as a sustainable cultural practice to manage soil biofunctioning. To fully promote inoculation practices, a better knowledge of AMF ecology has to be acquired to better adapt AMF inoculation to environmental conditions, and thus warrant better yields and agricultural sustainability.展开更多
Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia) is an international wheat pest and was first recorded in South Africa in 1978 in the Bethlehem area in the Eastern Free State. Le-sotho lies adjacent to one of the largest wheat p...Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia) is an international wheat pest and was first recorded in South Africa in 1978 in the Bethlehem area in the Eastern Free State. Le-sotho lies adjacent to one of the largest wheat producing areas in South Africa, the Eastern Free State, where winter wheat and facultative types are cultivated under dry land conditions. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an important crop adapted to all agro-ecological zones of Lesotho. Russian wheat aphid may have a significant impact on wheat yield. No monitoring or pest control is being done in Lesotho and at this stage there is very little information on the Russian wheat aphid resistance of wheat culti-vars cultivated in Lesotho. In view of this it is important to monitor the distribution of Russian wheat aphid biotypes in Lesotho and determine the level of Russian wheat aphid resistance in local Lesotho wheat cultivars. Two local Lesotho wheat cultivars, Bolane and Makalaote were screened together with South African cultivars Elands, Matlabas, Senqu, PAN3379, PAN3118 and SST387, in the glasshouse against all four known biotypes that occur in South Africa. All these cultivars were also planted in 5 m plots in the field at two localities Leribe and Roma in the lowlands of Lesotho. These cultivars were screened in the field for Russian wheat aphid resistance. The predomi-nant Russian wheat aphid biotypes in these areas were also determined. The Lesotho cultivar, Bolane had resistance against RWASA2 in the glasshouse, while Makalaote did not have any Russian wheat aphid resistance in either the glasshouse or field screenings. To contribute to food security an increasing wheat yield potential is a high priority. Russian wheat aphid has been included in the list of important international cereal pests. Russian wheat aphid adapts to changing environments and taking their ecology, distribution, virulence patterns, and variability into account is important in minimizing the gap between actual and attainable yields. Current management prac-tices for winter wheat in South Africa include the use of resistant cultivars, which is the most economical management strategy for Russian wheat aphid. Introducing Russian wheat aphid resistant cultivars in Lesotho will improve overall yield and as a result food security. This will also result in lower Russian wheat aphid pest pressure in the adjacent wheat production areas in the Eastern Free State, South Africa.展开更多
【目的】明确不同培肥措施对麦玉轮作模式下作物产量、氮肥利用率及农田氮损失的影响,为土壤培肥提供科学依据。【方法】以中国麦玉轮作区为研究区域,在中国知网、Web of Science平台,搜集并筛选出64篇文献,提取其中的产量、氮素损失(...【目的】明确不同培肥措施对麦玉轮作模式下作物产量、氮肥利用率及农田氮损失的影响,为土壤培肥提供科学依据。【方法】以中国麦玉轮作区为研究区域,在中国知网、Web of Science平台,搜集并筛选出64篇文献,提取其中的产量、氮素损失(氨挥发、N2O排放、硝态氮淋溶)数据,采用整合分析(Metaanalysis)方法,对比分析常规单施化肥、常规化肥配合秸秆还田(秸秆还田)、有机肥替代部分化肥(有机替代)以及秸秆还田+有机替代4种施肥措施对作物产量、氮肥利用率以及农田氮损失的影响。【结果】常规单施化肥措施下,小麦和玉米产量均值分别为6.06和7.79 t/hm^(2),氮肥利用率分别为36.3%和34.2%;农田氮损失以淋溶和NH3挥发为主,且农田氮损失主要发生在玉米季,约占全年氮损失的57.7%。与常规单施化肥相比,秸秆还田显著提高小麦产量21.8%、玉米产量6.1%,但增加NH3挥发和N2O排放的风险。与常规单施化肥相比,有机替代显著降低了农田硝态氮淋失(小麦季39.6%、玉米季27.7%)和玉米季N2O排放(21.2%),但小麦产量存在较大波动,以20%~40%的替代比例增产效果最佳(3.6%)。与常规单施化肥相比,秸秆还田+有机替代小麦平均增产16.4%、玉米产量提高17.7%,玉米季硝态氮淋溶降低24.1%;与秸秆还田相比,秸秆还田+有机替代虽然显著提高了作物产量(小麦5.7%、玉米13.4%),但增加了玉米季N_(2)O排放(61.9%)。【结论】常规化肥措施下,秸秆还田、有机替代及秸秆还田+有机替代措施均能提高麦玉轮作体系的作物产量。不同措施的环境效应存在差异:秸秆还田虽能增产,但会导致农田氮排放量增加;有机替代措施具有较好的氮减排效果,但需合适的替代比例才能实现增产与减排的双重效益。值得注意的是,秸秆还田结合有机替代的增产效果最佳,但其农田氮减排效果相关研究较少,减排效果和机制尚不明确,有待进一步探究。展开更多
文摘Effects of different methods of tillage and mulch on soil moisture at fallow stage were studied in rainy andrain-deficient years. Soil moisture content per 20 cm was measured vertically within 0-300 cm soil layers in anexperiment with five treatments: deep-loosening tillage (DLT), traditional tillage (TT), plastic mulch (PM),straw mulch (SM) and plastic plus straw mulch (PSM). All mulch treatments were under no tillage conditions.Total storage of precipitation in soil from 0 to 300 cm was determined before sowing. Results showed thatthe new methods of tillage and mulch were the basic ways to improve water condition in dryland wheat fields.In a rainy year, PM with no tillage played a significant role in storing and conserving precipitation, while ina rain-deficient year, the role was not significant. Due to evaporation, DLT did not promote the storage ofsoil moisture. SM was the best way to store and conserve soil moisture. In SM treatment the wheat yieldsincreased by more than 20%.
文摘This paper takes 30 hm2 wheat sprinkling irrigation land of Yunguo Family Farm in Yanzhou, Shandong Province, China as a sample, and draws a conclusion by comparing it with other households (including individual and large households). The conclusions are as follows: wheat sprinkling irrigation has a remarkable water-saving effect and comparative revenue. Water saving efficiency can reach 61.54% and a comprehensive income-increase rate can reach 38.67%. The main factors of increasing income and incentives of saving irrigation by sprinkling irrigation ranks as the following: saving land consolidation and water monitoring labors (accounts for 62.50%), saving land area of wheat bed to increase production and income (accounts for 23.44%), saving water bills (accounts for 14.06%). The incentive effect of water saving is not obvious mainly because the water price is low. The main obstacles to the promotion of sprinkling irrigation by individual household are the uneconomical scale and the barriers of coordination of proxy irrigation. Other large household’s (family farm) obstacles are mainly the instability of land tenure and mixed management. Suggestions on promoting sprinkling irrigation in wheat field: Accelerate land circulation and promote agricultural scale management to create basic scale conditions for spreading sprinkling irrigation;stabilizing farmland management rights as stabilizing farmland contractual rights, thus giving long-term business interests to all kinds of large household owners;guide the development of “scale + specialization” modern family farms;appropriate water saving subsidies should be given according to the positive externality of household water saving;confirm agricultural water rights to household and allow compensated transfer of “surplus water rights”.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51109214,31101074 and 51309211)the National Key Technology Research and Development Program of China(2011BAD32B)the Basic Scientific Research Foundation of National Non-Profit Scientific Institute of China(BSRF201303)
文摘The irrigation method used in winter wheat fields affects micro-environment factors, such as relative humidity（RH） within canopy, soil temperature, topsoil bulk density, soil matric potential, and soil nutrients, and these changes may affect plant root growth.An experiment was carried out to explore the effects of irrigation method on micro-environments and root distribution in a winter wheat field in the 2007–2008 and 2008–2009 growing seasons.The results showed that border irrigation（BI）, sprinkler irrigation（SI）, and surface drip irrigation（SDI） had no significant effects on soil temperature.Topsoil bulk density, RH within the canopy, soil available N distribution, and soil matric potential were significantly affected by the three treatments.The change in soil matric potential was the key reason for the altered root profile distribution patterns.Additionally, more fine roots were produced in the BI treatment when soil water content was low and topsoil bulk density was high.Root growth was most stimulated in the top soil layers and inhibited in the deep layers in the SDI treatment, followed by SI and BI, which was due to the different water application frequencies.As a result, the root profile distribution differed, depending on the irrigation method used.The root distribution pattern changes could be described by the power level variation in the exponential function.A good knowledge of root distribution patterns is important when attempting to model water and nutrient movements and when studying soil-plant interactions.
基金financially supported by the Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U22A20609)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD1901102-4)+2 种基金the State Key Laboratory of Integrative Sustainable Dryland Agriculture(in preparation)the Shanxi Agricultural University,China(202003-3)the Open Fund from the State Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Nutrient Resources of Shanxi Province,China(2020002)。
文摘Tillage practices during the fallow period benefit water storage and yield in dryland wheat crops.However,there is currently no clarity on the responses of soil organic carbon(SOC),total nitrogen(TN),and available nutrients to tillage practices within the growing season.This study evaluated the effects of three tillage practices(NT,no tillage;SS,subsoil tillage;DT,deep tillage)over five years on soil physicochemical properties.Soil samples at harvest stage from the fifth year were analyzed to determine the soil aggregate and aggregate-associated C and N fractions.The results indicated that SS and DT improved grain yield,straw biomass and straw carbon return of wheat compared with NT.In contrast to DT and NT,SS favored SOC and TN concentrations and stocks by increasing the soil organic carbon sequestration rate(SOCSR)and soil nitrogen sequestration rate(TNSR)in the 0-40 cm layer.Higher SOC levels under SS and NT were associated with greater aggregate-associated C fractions,while TN was positively associated with soluble organic nitrogen(SON).Compared with DT,the NT and SS treatments improved soil available nutrients in the 0-20 cm layer.These findings suggest that SS is an excellent practice for increasing soil carbon,nitrogen and nutrient availability in dryland wheat fields in North China.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.71003092)the National Basic Research Program (973) of China (No.2010CB833504-2)
文摘As a conventional farming practice, tillage has lasted for thousands of years in Loess Plateau, China. Although recent studies show that tillage is a prominent culprit to soil carbon loss in croplands, few studies have investigated the influences of tillage on the responses of soil CO2 efflux （SCE） to soil temperature and moisture. Using a multi-channel automated CO2 efflux chamber system, we measured SCE in situ continuously before and after the conventional tillage in a rain fed wheat field of Loess Plateau, China. The changes in soil temperature and moisture sensitivities of SCE, denoted by the Q10 value and linear regression slope respectively, were compared in the same range of soil temperature and moisture before and after the tillage. The results showed that, after the tillage, SCE increased by 1.2-2.2 times; the soil temperature sensitivity increased by 36.1%-37.5%; and the soil moisture sensitivity increased by 140%-166%. Thus, the tillage-induced increase in SCE might partially be attributed to the increases in temperature and moisture sensitivity of SCE.
文摘The experiment on energy and mass exchanges, which include CO2 flux, water evapotranspiration, sensible heat, net radiation and soil heat flux, was conducted in the wheat field of Lhasa. Xizang. The result was analyzed and compared with those obtained in the wheat fields of other two climatic regions. The canopy net photosynthesis rate in the Xi2ang Plateau is the largest in the three climatic regions. The canopy net photosynthesis rate increases linearly with the intensity of net radiation. But when the net radiation is greater than 700 W/m2, the increasing rate of net photosynthesis begin to decrease. During a day, water use efficiency of the canopy net photosynthesis is the highest just after sunrise and the lowest just before sunset. The total daily energies of net radiation and evapotranspiration in the wheat field of Xizang (Tibet) are the largest in the three regions, but their intensities in the late afternoon are the lowest.
文摘The aim of this study was to test the impact of Rhizophagus irregularis, an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF), on durum wheat growth and soil microbial functionalities in a field inoculation trial conducted in Morocco. The results showed that i) the R. irregularis inoculum effectively improved wheat growth, ii) wheat growth promotion depended on the soil mycorrhizal infectivity and iii) functional abilities of soil microflora depended on AMF inoculation. This study confirms that field AMF inoculation can be proposed as an effective agronomic practice in wheat production and as a sustainable cultural practice to manage soil biofunctioning. To fully promote inoculation practices, a better knowledge of AMF ecology has to be acquired to better adapt AMF inoculation to environmental conditions, and thus warrant better yields and agricultural sustainability.
文摘Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia) is an international wheat pest and was first recorded in South Africa in 1978 in the Bethlehem area in the Eastern Free State. Le-sotho lies adjacent to one of the largest wheat producing areas in South Africa, the Eastern Free State, where winter wheat and facultative types are cultivated under dry land conditions. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an important crop adapted to all agro-ecological zones of Lesotho. Russian wheat aphid may have a significant impact on wheat yield. No monitoring or pest control is being done in Lesotho and at this stage there is very little information on the Russian wheat aphid resistance of wheat culti-vars cultivated in Lesotho. In view of this it is important to monitor the distribution of Russian wheat aphid biotypes in Lesotho and determine the level of Russian wheat aphid resistance in local Lesotho wheat cultivars. Two local Lesotho wheat cultivars, Bolane and Makalaote were screened together with South African cultivars Elands, Matlabas, Senqu, PAN3379, PAN3118 and SST387, in the glasshouse against all four known biotypes that occur in South Africa. All these cultivars were also planted in 5 m plots in the field at two localities Leribe and Roma in the lowlands of Lesotho. These cultivars were screened in the field for Russian wheat aphid resistance. The predomi-nant Russian wheat aphid biotypes in these areas were also determined. The Lesotho cultivar, Bolane had resistance against RWASA2 in the glasshouse, while Makalaote did not have any Russian wheat aphid resistance in either the glasshouse or field screenings. To contribute to food security an increasing wheat yield potential is a high priority. Russian wheat aphid has been included in the list of important international cereal pests. Russian wheat aphid adapts to changing environments and taking their ecology, distribution, virulence patterns, and variability into account is important in minimizing the gap between actual and attainable yields. Current management prac-tices for winter wheat in South Africa include the use of resistant cultivars, which is the most economical management strategy for Russian wheat aphid. Introducing Russian wheat aphid resistant cultivars in Lesotho will improve overall yield and as a result food security. This will also result in lower Russian wheat aphid pest pressure in the adjacent wheat production areas in the Eastern Free State, South Africa.
文摘【目的】明确不同培肥措施对麦玉轮作模式下作物产量、氮肥利用率及农田氮损失的影响,为土壤培肥提供科学依据。【方法】以中国麦玉轮作区为研究区域,在中国知网、Web of Science平台,搜集并筛选出64篇文献,提取其中的产量、氮素损失(氨挥发、N2O排放、硝态氮淋溶)数据,采用整合分析(Metaanalysis)方法,对比分析常规单施化肥、常规化肥配合秸秆还田(秸秆还田)、有机肥替代部分化肥(有机替代)以及秸秆还田+有机替代4种施肥措施对作物产量、氮肥利用率以及农田氮损失的影响。【结果】常规单施化肥措施下,小麦和玉米产量均值分别为6.06和7.79 t/hm^(2),氮肥利用率分别为36.3%和34.2%;农田氮损失以淋溶和NH3挥发为主,且农田氮损失主要发生在玉米季,约占全年氮损失的57.7%。与常规单施化肥相比,秸秆还田显著提高小麦产量21.8%、玉米产量6.1%,但增加NH3挥发和N2O排放的风险。与常规单施化肥相比,有机替代显著降低了农田硝态氮淋失(小麦季39.6%、玉米季27.7%)和玉米季N2O排放(21.2%),但小麦产量存在较大波动,以20%~40%的替代比例增产效果最佳(3.6%)。与常规单施化肥相比,秸秆还田+有机替代小麦平均增产16.4%、玉米产量提高17.7%,玉米季硝态氮淋溶降低24.1%;与秸秆还田相比,秸秆还田+有机替代虽然显著提高了作物产量(小麦5.7%、玉米13.4%),但增加了玉米季N_(2)O排放(61.9%)。【结论】常规化肥措施下,秸秆还田、有机替代及秸秆还田+有机替代措施均能提高麦玉轮作体系的作物产量。不同措施的环境效应存在差异:秸秆还田虽能增产,但会导致农田氮排放量增加;有机替代措施具有较好的氮减排效果,但需合适的替代比例才能实现增产与减排的双重效益。值得注意的是,秸秆还田结合有机替代的增产效果最佳,但其农田氮减排效果相关研究较少,减排效果和机制尚不明确,有待进一步探究。
