Ending poverty is a top priority of the international development agenda,and governments worldwide have attached great importance to poverty alleviation measures.However,poverty reduction policies have mostly focused ...Ending poverty is a top priority of the international development agenda,and governments worldwide have attached great importance to poverty alleviation measures.However,poverty reduction policies have mostly focused on men,which has widened the gap in productivity and income between men and women and increased gender inequality.This paper aims to determine the impacts of a multi-component program on women's empowerment and poverty reduction,and explore the role empowered women play in poverty reduction.The dataset used in this study was collected in nine poor counties of Ulanqab City in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China at the end of 2014,yielding a sample of 900 households.Recall questions were used to reconstruct the baseline data and build a panel dataset.Smaller groups of rural households were further identified to better target the women in the beneficiary group.To control the selection bias,propensity score matching,inverse probability weighting,and the difference-in-differences matching method were used to analyze the effect of the program and undertake robust checks.The results show that the program has positive effects on women's empowerment and poverty reduction simultaneously.Empowering women also has positive effects on poverty reduction,and the women who were the beneficiaries have contributed to increasing the incomes and living standards of households.Training,microfinance,and associations are common means or strategies to empower women to address poverty.This paper provides new empirical evidence that women can benefit from a gender-focus program through portfolio intervention such as training,cooperatives,and credit.Empowered women further improve the livelihoods of poor households and help lift them out of poverty.The results suggest that researchers and policymakers need to pay more attention to poverty issues from the perspective of gender.展开更多
Tourism resources are important foundation for the development of tourism industry.Grassland is not only a kind of important resource but also a great attraction to visitors.Therefore,the integrated development and su...Tourism resources are important foundation for the development of tourism industry.Grassland is not only a kind of important resource but also a great attraction to visitors.Therefore,the integrated development and sustainable utilization of grassland tourism resources are of great significance.This paper,based on the analysis of literatures and the current problems existing in grassland tourism,summarizes the speciality of grassland tourism development,deals nation as example and carries out empirical research.Based on the status quo of grassland tourism resources in Inner Mongolia,this study analyzes the characteristics of grassland tourism resources,the necessity and feasibility of integrated development,then proposes the following suggestions： idea for development,mode of development,regional cooperation,tourism products development,especially the three modes of development based on the resources conditions - the mode of relying on market,the mode of combination aggregation and the mode of relying on quality.展开更多
Based on the household survey data concerning herdsmen's families in Xianghuang Banner, Xilin Gol League, Inner Mongolia, we analyze the income and consumption structure of herdsmen's families in the western r...Based on the household survey data concerning herdsmen's families in Xianghuang Banner, Xilin Gol League, Inner Mongolia, we analyze the income and consumption structure of herdsmen's families in the western regions during the period 2008-2009. The results show that the herdsman's source of income is single, mainly focusing on livestock sale, with poor ability to resist risks; the share of purchase expenses of forage in the consumer spending is the greatest, growing rapidly, followed by spending on food, education and health care; there are many policy subsidies for housing. The characteristics of herdsman's income and consumption are jointly determined by natural factors, market factors, policy factors and personal factors. Based on this, corresponding recommendations are put forth in order to increase herdsman's income and improve the consumption structure: the herdsman should strengthen breeding techniques to improve scientific breeding and increase income, change consumer attitudes, save moderately, and strengthen ability to resist risks; the government should increase the policy subsidies for pastoral areas, strengthen education, training, health care for herdsman, and promote herdsman's quality.展开更多
Self-diiviiig tour is one of the most important wajrs for people to travel, and network travel notes actually reflect the traveling information of self-driving tourists. In this paper, witii the network travel notes o...Self-diiviiig tour is one of the most important wajrs for people to travel, and network travel notes actually reflect the traveling information of self-driving tourists. In this paper, witii the network travel notes of self-driving tourists as the tesearch object^ methods such as text analysis and visualization were adopted to study behavior patterns of self-driving tourists, tourism experience, time-space migration, and distribution of tourism resources in Inner Mongolia, fi：om the multiple dimensions of mobile drivers, perceived, dimensions, and spatial migration. The results showed tiiat ①self-cidviiig tourists had a variety of motivations for traveling, in which love for nature dominated; ②self-driving tour destinations were mainly Hulunbuir, Ordos, and Alxa League; ③spatial migration was characterized by obvious seasonal fluctuations. The fesearch on the behavior of self-driving tourists in Inner Mongolia is an important part of the study of the connection between tourism resources and market connection in Inner Mongolia, and is of significance for guiding the theory, practice and poliqr foimuktion of self-doving tours in Inner Mongolia.展开更多
Based on digital seismic waveform data from Inner Mongolia Digital Seismic Network,the source spectrum parameters of 182 small and moderate earthquakes from January,2009to September,2016 are derived,and the seismic mo...Based on digital seismic waveform data from Inner Mongolia Digital Seismic Network,the source spectrum parameters of 182 small and moderate earthquakes from January,2009to September,2016 are derived,and the seismic momentmoment magnitude MW of the earthquakes are calculated.Theand the relationship between stress drop and magnitude are obtained using the linear regression method.It is clear that incorporating the moment magnitude into the seismic quick report catalog and the official earthquake catalog can enrich earthquake observation report content,thus providing better service for earthquake emergency and earthquake scientific research.展开更多
The terrain of Inner Mongolia is long and narrow, and the geological structure is complicated. The South China crustal velocity model and Inner Mongolias optimal crustal velocity model 2015 cannot fully meet the ear...The terrain of Inner Mongolia is long and narrow, and the geological structure is complicated. The South China crustal velocity model and Inner Mongolias optimal crustal velocity model 2015 cannot fully meet the earthquake location requirements of Inner Mongolia. Based on the seismological observations produced by Inner Mongolia Seismic Digital Network from 2009 to 2016,the initial model was obtained by using the linear fit of the seismic phases and the converted travel time curve. The Hyposat results of 225 earthquakes that occurred in western Inner Mongolia were scanned using this model,and the velocity model for western Inner Mongolia was determined as follows: V1= 6. 06 km/s;VPb= 6. 61 km/s; Vn= 8. 12 km/s; H1= 30 m; and the Moho depth H = 44 km. Comparison of the test results of the new model and the reference model shows that the residual error of the new model and the mean deviation of the epicenter location have obviously decreased.展开更多
"The Silk Road Economic Belt" is a great strategic thought, through which China deepens allround reform and opening up, especially in the major move of opening up to the west. Inner Mongolia autonomous regio..."The Silk Road Economic Belt" is a great strategic thought, through which China deepens allround reform and opening up, especially in the major move of opening up to the west. Inner Mongolia autonomous region owns the superior geographical position and was closely related to the Silk Road in ancient times. In the new stage, Inner Mongolia autonomous region should seize the opportunity of the development strategy, and strive to develop economic construction under the background of the belt of Prairie Silk Road, and play an important role in the economic belt of the "Prairie Silk Road".展开更多
Recent researches have primarily focused on the relationship between livelihood strategies and livelihood capital,with few empirical studies on the sensitivity of livelihood strategies to livestock production and mark...Recent researches have primarily focused on the relationship between livelihood strategies and livelihood capital,with few empirical studies on the sensitivity of livelihood strategies to livestock production and marketization in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China.This study used an income distribution approach to categorize livelihood strategies of the respondents(n=394)into three types,i.e.,herder livelihood strategy(LS1),petty-herder livelihood strategy(LS2),and non-herder livelihood strategy(LS3).Using the multinomial logistic regression model,we compared livestock production and marketization across the three livelihood strategies.Our findings showed that(1)livestock production and marketization tended to favor LS1;(2)an increase in the land asset(contracted and rented grassland)and off-take rate increased the probability of households choosing LS1;(3)stocking rate was higher for LS1;and(4)the higher critical market-related risks perceived by herders were animal price and hay and corn price.Moreover,higher livestock price acted as a deterrent to diversifying into other livelihood strategies(LS2 and LS3).Finally,this study advocates for policies that will promote the land transfer market,adopt modern techniques in animal husbandry,improve the medium for disseminating market information to herders,and provide incentives for long-term livelihood transformation.展开更多
On June 23,the Fourth Tourism Ministerial Conference of China,Russia and Mongolia was held in Ulanqab,a city in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region?At the Conference,the representatives of the three countries shared ...On June 23,the Fourth Tourism Ministerial Conference of China,Russia and Mongolia was held in Ulanqab,a city in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region?At the Conference,the representatives of the three countries shared their achievements of cultural and tourist cooperation,and visualized the direction and modality of their trilateral cultural and tourist cooperation in the future.展开更多
Background:Hinggan League is located in the Northeast of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,the historically endemic area of animal and human brucellosis.In this study,the epidemiological characteristics of human br...Background:Hinggan League is located in the Northeast of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,the historically endemic area of animal and human brucellosis.In this study,the epidemiological characteristics of human brucellosis were analyzed,and the genotypic profile and antimicrobial susceptibilities of Brucella melitensis strains isolated from humans in Hinggan League were investigated.Methods:The epidemic characteristics were described using case number,constituent ratio,and rate.The 418 human blood samples were collected and tested by bacteriology,and suspect colonies were isolated and identified by conventional biotyping assays,the VITEK 2.0 microbial identification system,and AMOS(Brucella abortus,B.melitensis,B.ovis,and B.suis)-PCR.Subsequently,all strains were genotyped using multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis(MLVA)assays,and the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Brucella strains against the 10 most commonly used antibiotics was determined by microdilution method.Results:A total of 22848 cases of human brucellosis were reported from 2004 to 2019,with an annual average incidence of 87.2/100000.The incidence rates in developed areas of animal husbandry(Horqin Youyi Qianqi[161.2/100000]and Horqin Youyi Zhongqi[112.1/100000])were significantly higher than those in forest areas(Arxan[19.2/100000])(χ2=32.561,P<0.001).In addition,peak morbidity occurred during May–August,accounting for 72.6%(16582/22848)of cases.The highest number of cases occurred in the 40+age group,accounting for 44.4%(10137/22484)of cases,and morbidity in males was significantly higher than that in females in all age groups(χ2=299.97,P<0.001),the most common occupation was farmers.A total of 54 B.melitensis strains were divided into 37 genotypes(GT1–37)with 80–100%genetic similarity.All 25 strains were sensitive to seven tested antibiotics,phenotypic resistance to cotrimoxazole and azithromycin was observed in 5(20%)and 25(100%)of the isolates,respectively.Conclusions:Human brucellosis exhibited a significant increasing trend and B.melitensis is the main pathogen responsible for human brucellosis in this region.Improved surveillance of infected animals(sheep)and limiting their transfer and trade are optional strategies for decreasing the incidence of this disease.展开更多
Petrological,mineralogical and geochemical studies carried out on kaolinite deposits in Haerwusu surface mine,Jungar Coalfield,northern Ordos Basin,North China,define their characteristics,ore genesis and economic int...Petrological,mineralogical and geochemical studies carried out on kaolinite deposits in Haerwusu surface mine,Jungar Coalfield,northern Ordos Basin,North China,define their characteristics,ore genesis and economic interest.Based on the crystalline size,two different types of kaolinite rocks,cryptocrystalline and grainy,were identified under the microscope.XRD data show that kaolinite is the predominant mineral,associated with boehmite,magnesite,anatase,pyrite,diaspore and calcite.However,high boehmite content(mean 70%)shows up in the middle layers.Kaolinite minerals present homogeneous shape and a good crystallinity(HI=0.96–1.26).Geochemical studies show that the SiO_(2)/Al_(2)O_(3)molar ratio of kaolinite is close to the theoretical value,and the contents of Na_(2)O,K_(2)O,CaO,Mg O are less,suggesting a strong chemical weathering environment.The REE and Eu anomalies show a close relationship between kaolinite and the Yinshan Oldland granite.A Ce anomaly reflects a continental sedimentary environment with shallow water.A temperature range of 26.7–34℃was calculated on the basis of the isotopic signatures(δ18O,δD)of the kaolinite rocks.All these data indicate that the formation of the kaolinite is caused mainly by the dissolution,coagulation,precipitation and recrystallization of aluminosilicate clastics in acidic conditions.The formation of boehmite in the middle layers indicates that the source rocks have changed.Boehmite is mainly formed by dehydration and compaction of an aluminum-rich colloid which transported into peat swamp during diagenesis.In addition,it formed by desiliconization of kaolinite under acidic conditions.Due to its high kaolinite content(up to 90%)and low iron mineral content(less than 1%),and good crystallinity,kaolinite deposits occurred at Haerwusu surface mine probably have great economical value in the future.展开更多
基金supported by the People’s Republic of China Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Rural Advancement Programme led by IFADthe National Natural Sciences Foundation of China(71661147001)the Special Fund for Basic Scientific Research in Agricultural Information Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(2020JKY040)。
文摘Ending poverty is a top priority of the international development agenda,and governments worldwide have attached great importance to poverty alleviation measures.However,poverty reduction policies have mostly focused on men,which has widened the gap in productivity and income between men and women and increased gender inequality.This paper aims to determine the impacts of a multi-component program on women's empowerment and poverty reduction,and explore the role empowered women play in poverty reduction.The dataset used in this study was collected in nine poor counties of Ulanqab City in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China at the end of 2014,yielding a sample of 900 households.Recall questions were used to reconstruct the baseline data and build a panel dataset.Smaller groups of rural households were further identified to better target the women in the beneficiary group.To control the selection bias,propensity score matching,inverse probability weighting,and the difference-in-differences matching method were used to analyze the effect of the program and undertake robust checks.The results show that the program has positive effects on women's empowerment and poverty reduction simultaneously.Empowering women also has positive effects on poverty reduction,and the women who were the beneficiaries have contributed to increasing the incomes and living standards of households.Training,microfinance,and associations are common means or strategies to empower women to address poverty.This paper provides new empirical evidence that women can benefit from a gender-focus program through portfolio intervention such as training,cooperatives,and credit.Empowered women further improve the livelihoods of poor households and help lift them out of poverty.The results suggest that researchers and policymakers need to pay more attention to poverty issues from the perspective of gender.
基金This work is supported by Chinese National Programs for Science and Technology Development （GrantNo.2005BA807B10）； National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No. 40571059）.
文摘Tourism resources are important foundation for the development of tourism industry.Grassland is not only a kind of important resource but also a great attraction to visitors.Therefore,the integrated development and sustainable utilization of grassland tourism resources are of great significance.This paper,based on the analysis of literatures and the current problems existing in grassland tourism,summarizes the speciality of grassland tourism development,deals nation as example and carries out empirical research.Based on the status quo of grassland tourism resources in Inner Mongolia,this study analyzes the characteristics of grassland tourism resources,the necessity and feasibility of integrated development,then proposes the following suggestions： idea for development,mode of development,regional cooperation,tourism products development,especially the three modes of development based on the resources conditions - the mode of relying on market,the mode of combination aggregation and the mode of relying on quality.
基金Supported by Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation(70933004)The Special Fund of Chinese Central Government for Basic Scientific Research Operations in Commonweal Research Institutes (2009-JL-1,1610332012015,1610332011008)
文摘Based on the household survey data concerning herdsmen's families in Xianghuang Banner, Xilin Gol League, Inner Mongolia, we analyze the income and consumption structure of herdsmen's families in the western regions during the period 2008-2009. The results show that the herdsman's source of income is single, mainly focusing on livestock sale, with poor ability to resist risks; the share of purchase expenses of forage in the consumer spending is the greatest, growing rapidly, followed by spending on food, education and health care; there are many policy subsidies for housing. The characteristics of herdsman's income and consumption are jointly determined by natural factors, market factors, policy factors and personal factors. Based on this, corresponding recommendations are put forth in order to increase herdsman's income and improve the consumption structure: the herdsman should strengthen breeding techniques to improve scientific breeding and increase income, change consumer attitudes, save moderately, and strengthen ability to resist risks; the government should increase the policy subsidies for pastoral areas, strengthen education, training, health care for herdsman, and promote herdsman's quality.
基金Sponsored by Scientific Research Projects of Colleges and Universities in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(NJSY018)
文摘Self-diiviiig tour is one of the most important wajrs for people to travel, and network travel notes actually reflect the traveling information of self-driving tourists. In this paper, witii the network travel notes of self-driving tourists as the tesearch object^ methods such as text analysis and visualization were adopted to study behavior patterns of self-driving tourists, tourism experience, time-space migration, and distribution of tourism resources in Inner Mongolia, fi：om the multiple dimensions of mobile drivers, perceived, dimensions, and spatial migration. The results showed tiiat ①self-cidviiig tourists had a variety of motivations for traveling, in which love for nature dominated; ②self-driving tour destinations were mainly Hulunbuir, Ordos, and Alxa League; ③spatial migration was characterized by obvious seasonal fluctuations. The fesearch on the behavior of self-driving tourists in Inner Mongolia is an important part of the study of the connection between tourism resources and market connection in Inner Mongolia, and is of significance for guiding the theory, practice and poliqr foimuktion of self-doving tours in Inner Mongolia.
基金sponsored by the Major Science and Technology Projects in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region “Research,Development,Popularization and Demonstration of Earthquake Prediction and Early Warning Technology in Key Areas”
文摘Based on digital seismic waveform data from Inner Mongolia Digital Seismic Network,the source spectrum parameters of 182 small and moderate earthquakes from January,2009to September,2016 are derived,and the seismic momentmoment magnitude MW of the earthquakes are calculated.Theand the relationship between stress drop and magnitude are obtained using the linear regression method.It is clear that incorporating the moment magnitude into the seismic quick report catalog and the official earthquake catalog can enrich earthquake observation report content,thus providing better service for earthquake emergency and earthquake scientific research.
基金jointly funded by “Research,Development,Demonstration and Promotion Pilot Project of Earthquake Prediction and Early Warning Technology in Key Earthquake Areas” of the Science and Technology Major Projects of Inner Mongolia
文摘The terrain of Inner Mongolia is long and narrow, and the geological structure is complicated. The South China crustal velocity model and Inner Mongolias optimal crustal velocity model 2015 cannot fully meet the earthquake location requirements of Inner Mongolia. Based on the seismological observations produced by Inner Mongolia Seismic Digital Network from 2009 to 2016,the initial model was obtained by using the linear fit of the seismic phases and the converted travel time curve. The Hyposat results of 225 earthquakes that occurred in western Inner Mongolia were scanned using this model,and the velocity model for western Inner Mongolia was determined as follows: V1= 6. 06 km/s;VPb= 6. 61 km/s; Vn= 8. 12 km/s; H1= 30 m; and the Moho depth H = 44 km. Comparison of the test results of the new model and the reference model shows that the residual error of the new model and the mean deviation of the epicenter location have obviously decreased.
文摘"The Silk Road Economic Belt" is a great strategic thought, through which China deepens allround reform and opening up, especially in the major move of opening up to the west. Inner Mongolia autonomous region owns the superior geographical position and was closely related to the Silk Road in ancient times. In the new stage, Inner Mongolia autonomous region should seize the opportunity of the development strategy, and strive to develop economic construction under the background of the belt of Prairie Silk Road, and play an important role in the economic belt of the "Prairie Silk Road".
基金the Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Scholarship(2017Y90100124)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(71774162)the National Key Basic Research Program of China(2014CB138806).
文摘Recent researches have primarily focused on the relationship between livelihood strategies and livelihood capital,with few empirical studies on the sensitivity of livelihood strategies to livestock production and marketization in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China.This study used an income distribution approach to categorize livelihood strategies of the respondents(n=394)into three types,i.e.,herder livelihood strategy(LS1),petty-herder livelihood strategy(LS2),and non-herder livelihood strategy(LS3).Using the multinomial logistic regression model,we compared livestock production and marketization across the three livelihood strategies.Our findings showed that(1)livestock production and marketization tended to favor LS1;(2)an increase in the land asset(contracted and rented grassland)and off-take rate increased the probability of households choosing LS1;(3)stocking rate was higher for LS1;and(4)the higher critical market-related risks perceived by herders were animal price and hay and corn price.Moreover,higher livestock price acted as a deterrent to diversifying into other livelihood strategies(LS2 and LS3).Finally,this study advocates for policies that will promote the land transfer market,adopt modern techniques in animal husbandry,improve the medium for disseminating market information to herders,and provide incentives for long-term livelihood transformation.
文摘On June 23,the Fourth Tourism Ministerial Conference of China,Russia and Mongolia was held in Ulanqab,a city in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region?At the Conference,the representatives of the three countries shared their achievements of cultural and tourist cooperation,and visualized the direction and modality of their trilateral cultural and tourist cooperation in the future.
基金This study was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2019YFC1200705)the China Special Grant for the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases(Grant Nos.2018ZX10734401 and 2018ZX10734404)the Nature Science Fund of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(Grant No.2018MS08004).
文摘Background:Hinggan League is located in the Northeast of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,the historically endemic area of animal and human brucellosis.In this study,the epidemiological characteristics of human brucellosis were analyzed,and the genotypic profile and antimicrobial susceptibilities of Brucella melitensis strains isolated from humans in Hinggan League were investigated.Methods:The epidemic characteristics were described using case number,constituent ratio,and rate.The 418 human blood samples were collected and tested by bacteriology,and suspect colonies were isolated and identified by conventional biotyping assays,the VITEK 2.0 microbial identification system,and AMOS(Brucella abortus,B.melitensis,B.ovis,and B.suis)-PCR.Subsequently,all strains were genotyped using multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis(MLVA)assays,and the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Brucella strains against the 10 most commonly used antibiotics was determined by microdilution method.Results:A total of 22848 cases of human brucellosis were reported from 2004 to 2019,with an annual average incidence of 87.2/100000.The incidence rates in developed areas of animal husbandry(Horqin Youyi Qianqi[161.2/100000]and Horqin Youyi Zhongqi[112.1/100000])were significantly higher than those in forest areas(Arxan[19.2/100000])(χ2=32.561,P<0.001).In addition,peak morbidity occurred during May–August,accounting for 72.6%(16582/22848)of cases.The highest number of cases occurred in the 40+age group,accounting for 44.4%(10137/22484)of cases,and morbidity in males was significantly higher than that in females in all age groups(χ2=299.97,P<0.001),the most common occupation was farmers.A total of 54 B.melitensis strains were divided into 37 genotypes(GT1–37)with 80–100%genetic similarity.All 25 strains were sensitive to seven tested antibiotics,phenotypic resistance to cotrimoxazole and azithromycin was observed in 5(20%)and 25(100%)of the isolates,respectively.Conclusions:Human brucellosis exhibited a significant increasing trend and B.melitensis is the main pathogen responsible for human brucellosis in this region.Improved surveillance of infected animals(sheep)and limiting their transfer and trade are optional strategies for decreasing the incidence of this disease.
基金supported financially by the Science and Technology Major Projects of Shanxi Province of China(grant No.20181101003)the National Key R&D Program of China(grant No.2019YFC1904903)。
文摘Petrological,mineralogical and geochemical studies carried out on kaolinite deposits in Haerwusu surface mine,Jungar Coalfield,northern Ordos Basin,North China,define their characteristics,ore genesis and economic interest.Based on the crystalline size,two different types of kaolinite rocks,cryptocrystalline and grainy,were identified under the microscope.XRD data show that kaolinite is the predominant mineral,associated with boehmite,magnesite,anatase,pyrite,diaspore and calcite.However,high boehmite content(mean 70%)shows up in the middle layers.Kaolinite minerals present homogeneous shape and a good crystallinity(HI=0.96–1.26).Geochemical studies show that the SiO_(2)/Al_(2)O_(3)molar ratio of kaolinite is close to the theoretical value,and the contents of Na_(2)O,K_(2)O,CaO,Mg O are less,suggesting a strong chemical weathering environment.The REE and Eu anomalies show a close relationship between kaolinite and the Yinshan Oldland granite.A Ce anomaly reflects a continental sedimentary environment with shallow water.A temperature range of 26.7–34℃was calculated on the basis of the isotopic signatures(δ18O,δD)of the kaolinite rocks.All these data indicate that the formation of the kaolinite is caused mainly by the dissolution,coagulation,precipitation and recrystallization of aluminosilicate clastics in acidic conditions.The formation of boehmite in the middle layers indicates that the source rocks have changed.Boehmite is mainly formed by dehydration and compaction of an aluminum-rich colloid which transported into peat swamp during diagenesis.In addition,it formed by desiliconization of kaolinite under acidic conditions.Due to its high kaolinite content(up to 90%)and low iron mineral content(less than 1%),and good crystallinity,kaolinite deposits occurred at Haerwusu surface mine probably have great economical value in the future.
