It is commonly thought that the Michelson-Morley experiment from 1887 and Kennedy-Thorndike experiment from 1932 demonstrated that the universal frame of reference (ether) does not exist and that the velocity of light...It is commonly thought that the Michelson-Morley experiment from 1887 and Kennedy-Thorndike experiment from 1932 demonstrated that the universal frame of reference (ether) does not exist and that the velocity of light in vacuum is absolutely constant. The analysis of this experiment led to the creation of the Special Theory of Relativity (STR). The article explains why Michelson-Morley and Kennedy-Thorndike experiments could not detect the universal frame of reference. In this article, a different transformation of time and position than the Lorentz transformation is derived on the basis of the geometric analysis of the Michelson-Morley and Kennedy-Thorndike experiments. The transformation is derived based on the assumption that the universal frame of reference (UFR) exists. UFR is a frame of reference in which the velocity of light is constant in every direction. In inertial frames of reference moving in the UFR, the velocity of light may be different. The article has derived the formula for relative speed and patterns for the maximum and minimum speed of light that can be measured in the inertial system. Finally, the anisotropy of the microwave background radiation has been explained by using the presented theory. According to the body kinematics model presented in this article, anisotropy of cosmic microwave background is the Doppler effect for observer moving in the UFR.展开更多
针对时间尺度及其转换方法进行了综述、归纳和分类。从建立的基础出发,将时间尺度划分为原子时尺度和世界时尺度2个大类,其中,原子时尺度的彼此转换基于广义相对论框架,世界时尺度的彼此转换基于地球自转和岁差章动模型,而协调世界时是...针对时间尺度及其转换方法进行了综述、归纳和分类。从建立的基础出发,将时间尺度划分为原子时尺度和世界时尺度2个大类,其中,原子时尺度的彼此转换基于广义相对论框架,世界时尺度的彼此转换基于地球自转和岁差章动模型,而协调世界时是连接这2类时间尺度的桥梁。根据各类时间尺度间的转换公式,计算了原子时彼此间的差值序列,以及世界时在IERS(International Earth Rotation and reference systems Service,国际地球自转与参考系服务)1996、2003、2010这3个规范间的差值序列,并分析了这些差值序列的特征。结果表明:地心坐标时与质心坐标时、质心坐标时与质心力学时、地球时与地心坐标时之间的差值序列均随时间呈线性变化关系,且后者差值的增幅远小于前2个差值的增幅;协调世界时与国际原子时之间的差值是不连续的,且增幅逐渐减小;地球时与质心力学时之间的差值序列是以年为周期进行变化的,差值大小在±1.7 ms以内;格林尼治(平)恒星时、赤经章动及其补充项在IERS 2003、2010规范间的差异较小,而在IERS 1996与另外2个规范间的差异较大。这些结论可为相关研究及工程计算中的时间尺度选取提供参考依据。展开更多
时间是一种惯常性的、日用而不知的存在。"教授治校"作为中国大学制度的一个核心治理机制与制度的构建,除了过去与别国经验的参照启发,理念的辨析与"应然"的清晰,具体制度文本的撰写与实施以外,断然不能忽略作为由...时间是一种惯常性的、日用而不知的存在。"教授治校"作为中国大学制度的一个核心治理机制与制度的构建,除了过去与别国经验的参照启发,理念的辨析与"应然"的清晰,具体制度文本的撰写与实施以外,断然不能忽略作为由行动者实践出的制度(practicing institution by actors)的社会性脉络与现实基础。本文引入时间的理论视角,从现代大学制度下的教授治校的微观社会基础出发,从教授的时间与压力、组织时间协调与人际时间协调对真实世界中的中国大学教授治校过程进行分析与评论,为后续研究提供新的理论视角与实证假设。展开更多
文摘It is commonly thought that the Michelson-Morley experiment from 1887 and Kennedy-Thorndike experiment from 1932 demonstrated that the universal frame of reference (ether) does not exist and that the velocity of light in vacuum is absolutely constant. The analysis of this experiment led to the creation of the Special Theory of Relativity (STR). The article explains why Michelson-Morley and Kennedy-Thorndike experiments could not detect the universal frame of reference. In this article, a different transformation of time and position than the Lorentz transformation is derived on the basis of the geometric analysis of the Michelson-Morley and Kennedy-Thorndike experiments. The transformation is derived based on the assumption that the universal frame of reference (UFR) exists. UFR is a frame of reference in which the velocity of light is constant in every direction. In inertial frames of reference moving in the UFR, the velocity of light may be different. The article has derived the formula for relative speed and patterns for the maximum and minimum speed of light that can be measured in the inertial system. Finally, the anisotropy of the microwave background radiation has been explained by using the presented theory. According to the body kinematics model presented in this article, anisotropy of cosmic microwave background is the Doppler effect for observer moving in the UFR.
文摘针对时间尺度及其转换方法进行了综述、归纳和分类。从建立的基础出发,将时间尺度划分为原子时尺度和世界时尺度2个大类,其中,原子时尺度的彼此转换基于广义相对论框架,世界时尺度的彼此转换基于地球自转和岁差章动模型,而协调世界时是连接这2类时间尺度的桥梁。根据各类时间尺度间的转换公式,计算了原子时彼此间的差值序列,以及世界时在IERS(International Earth Rotation and reference systems Service,国际地球自转与参考系服务)1996、2003、2010这3个规范间的差值序列,并分析了这些差值序列的特征。结果表明:地心坐标时与质心坐标时、质心坐标时与质心力学时、地球时与地心坐标时之间的差值序列均随时间呈线性变化关系,且后者差值的增幅远小于前2个差值的增幅;协调世界时与国际原子时之间的差值是不连续的,且增幅逐渐减小;地球时与质心力学时之间的差值序列是以年为周期进行变化的,差值大小在±1.7 ms以内;格林尼治(平)恒星时、赤经章动及其补充项在IERS 2003、2010规范间的差异较小,而在IERS 1996与另外2个规范间的差异较大。这些结论可为相关研究及工程计算中的时间尺度选取提供参考依据。
文摘时间是一种惯常性的、日用而不知的存在。"教授治校"作为中国大学制度的一个核心治理机制与制度的构建,除了过去与别国经验的参照启发,理念的辨析与"应然"的清晰,具体制度文本的撰写与实施以外,断然不能忽略作为由行动者实践出的制度(practicing institution by actors)的社会性脉络与现实基础。本文引入时间的理论视角,从现代大学制度下的教授治校的微观社会基础出发,从教授的时间与压力、组织时间协调与人际时间协调对真实世界中的中国大学教授治校过程进行分析与评论,为后续研究提供新的理论视角与实证假设。
