Herein based on literature available a hypothesis is provided about molecular basis for initial events in establishment interactions.This hypothesis asserts that:"recognition and interaction that occur between or...Herein based on literature available a hypothesis is provided about molecular basis for initial events in establishment interactions.This hypothesis asserts that:"recognition and interaction that occur between organisms is prearranged.There are membrane receptors with or without soluble components derived from the respective organisms that bridge specific interactions".Organisms'prearranged recognition theory(OPRT)can be specifically applied to host-microbe interactions where most microbes are coated(opsonised)by soluble components(opsonins)from the host,but there are also some microbes that can bypass host opsonization expressing receptors for the host cells or secreting host’s opsonin-like molecules.The receptors involved in organism's interactions,their specificity and repertoire depend on saccharides from glycoproteins,glycolipids,and polysaccharides(glycans)which are abundant extracellular components.Based in OPRT is possible to explain species-specific interactions and several other phenomena,such as hyper-infectivity,tissue tropism,differential sensitivity to disease depending on type O-blood,and tumoral cell promiscuity.The lipid raft domain in cellular membrane is proposed as the main location where interactions will trigger cellular responses.Possible scientific and biotechnology applications and alternative routes to modify organism's interactions and consequences are discussed.It is a novel hypothesis regarding the degree to which an organism's interactions are prearranged and the role of saccharides epitopes.展开更多
Due to the extensive use of xylooligosaccharides(XOS)as functional food ingredients,many inferior goods and even adulterants are generally found in the market,which may pose a health hazard to certain populations.Chro...Due to the extensive use of xylooligosaccharides(XOS)as functional food ingredients,many inferior goods and even adulterants are generally found in the market,which may pose a health hazard to certain populations.Chromatography method such as high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)and high-performance thin-layer chromatography(HPTLC)is traditionally applied for the quality analysis of XOS.However,it is time consuming due to the prolonged separation and pre-or post-derivatization procedure.In this study,a fast saccharide mapping method based on matrix-assisted laser desorption/time-of-flight mass spectrometry(MALDI-TOF-MS)was developed for the quality consistency analysis of 22 batches of XOS collected from different manufacturers in China.The time needed for saccharides analysis using MALDI-MS was less than 30 min for one plate,at least 6 times faster than that by the traditional HPTLC chromatography method.In addition,MALDI-MS possessed higher resolution for XOS with DP4-DP7 based on the difference of m/z,which is hardly separated using HPTLC.The results showed that XOS were present only in samples XY01-XY11,samples XY12-XY14 only consisted of hex oligosaccharides,and samples XY15-XY22 were free of oligosaccharides.These indicate that the quality consistency of XOS products in the China market was poor,which should be carefully investigated.展开更多
As unsafe components in herbal medicine(HM),saccharides can affect not only the drug appearance and stabilization,but also the drug efficacy and safety.The present study focuses on the in-line monitoring of batch alco...As unsafe components in herbal medicine(HM),saccharides can affect not only the drug appearance and stabilization,but also the drug efficacy and safety.The present study focuses on the in-line monitoring of batch alcohol precipitation processes for saccharide removal using nearinfrared(NIR)spectroscopy.NIR spectra in the 4000–10,000-cm^(-1)wavelength range are acquired in situ using a transflectance probe.These directly acquired spectra allow characterization of the dynamic variation tendency of saccharides during alcohol precipitation.Calibration models based on partial least squares(PLS)regression have been developed for the three saccharide impurities,namely glucose,fructose,and sucrose.Model errors are estimated as the root-meansquare errors of cross-validation(RMSECVs)of internal validation and root-mean-square errors of prediction(RMSEPs)of external validation.The RMSECV values of glucose,fructose,and sucrose were 1.150,1.535,and 3.067 mg·mL^(-1),and the RMSEP values were 0.711,1.547,and 3.740 mg·mL^(-1),respectively.The correlation coeffcients(r)between the NIR predictive and the reference measurement values were all above 0.94.Furthermore,NIR predictions based on the constructed models improved our understanding of sugar removal and helped develop a control strategy for alcohol precipitation.The results demonstrate that,as an alternative process analytical technology(PAT)tool for monitoring batch alcohol precipitation processes,NIR spectroscopy is advantageous for both efficient determination of quality characteristics(fast,in situ,and requiring no toxic reagents)and process stability,and evaluating the repeatability.展开更多
We proposed a new saccharides sensor developed by symmetrical optical waveguide(SOW)-based surface plasmon resonance(SPR).This unique MgF_(2)/Au/MgF_(2)/Analyte film structure results in longer suface plasmon wave(SPW...We proposed a new saccharides sensor developed by symmetrical optical waveguide(SOW)-based surface plasmon resonance(SPR).This unique MgF_(2)/Au/MgF_(2)/Analyte film structure results in longer suface plasmon wave(SPW)propagation lengths and depths,leading to an increment of resolution.In this paper,we managed to decorate the dielectric interface(MgF_(2) layer)by depositing a thin polydopamine film as surface adherent that provides a platform for secondary reactions with the probe molecule.3-Aminophenylboronic acid(3-PBA)is chosen to be the saccharides sense probe molecule in the present work.The aqueous huumnor of Diabetes and Cataract patient whose blood glucose level is normal are analyzed and the results dermonstrated that this sensor shows great potential in monitoring the blood siugar and can be adapted in the field of biological monitoring in the future.展开更多
1-Naphthylboronic acid and 2, 4-dimethylphenylboronic acid can react stereospecif-ically with hydroxy groups of saccharides on the probe tip of a fast atom bombardment mass spectrometer to form characteristic negative...1-Naphthylboronic acid and 2, 4-dimethylphenylboronic acid can react stereospecif-ically with hydroxy groups of saccharides on the probe tip of a fast atom bombardment mass spectrometer to form characteristic negatively-charged boronate ions. On the basis of the relative abundances of these characteristic ions, the epimers of mono- and di-saccharides may be distinguished. This approach was proved to be a simple and effective means for identifying sugars. The collisional activation moss spectra of these characteristic ions are also discussed.展开更多
Microwave-assisted heating has been recently used for extracting nutrient components from food materials. The technique sometimes invokes reactions from nutrient compounds during microwave-irradiation because it activ...Microwave-assisted heating has been recently used for extracting nutrient components from food materials. The technique sometimes invokes reactions from nutrient compounds during microwave-irradiation because it activates water molecules to reach a high temperature. The microwave-irradiation produced 5.3 g maltose per 100 g sweat potatoes in 30 s, which was faster than conventional heating (3.9 g maltose per 100 g in 300 s). Fructose level increased with the longer reaction time under microwave-irradiation (from 1.33 g to 1.65 g in 120s), but decreased with a longer reaction time under conventional heating (from 0.99 g to 0.83 g in 1200 s). This study demonstrates the differences in the reactions and products between microwave-irradiation and conventional heating.展开更多
Polysaccharides exhibit multiple pharmacological activities which are closely related to their structural features.Therefore,quantitatively quality control of polysaccharides based on their chemical charac-teristics i...Polysaccharides exhibit multiple pharmacological activities which are closely related to their structural features.Therefore,quantitatively quality control of polysaccharides based on their chemical charac-teristics is important for their application in biomedical and functional food sciences.However,poly-saccharides are mixed macromolecular compounds that are difficult to isolate and lack standards,making them challenging to quantify directly.In this study,we proposed an improved saccharide mapping method based on the release of specific oligosaccharides for the assessment of Hericium eri-naceus polysaccharides from laboratory cultured and different regions of China.Briefly,a polysaccharide from H.erinaceus was digested by b-(1-3)-glucanase,and the released specific oligosaccharides were labeled with 8-aminopyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic-acid(APTS)and separated by using micellar electrokinetic chromatography(MEKC)coupled with laser induced fluorescence(LIF),and quantitatively estimated.MEKC presented higher resolution compared to polysaccharide analysis using carbohydrate gel elec-trophoresis(PACE),and provided great peak capacity between oligosaccharides with polymerization degree of 2(DP2)and polymerization degree of 6(DP6)in a dextran ladder separation.The results of high performance size exclusion chromatography coupled with multi-angle laser light scattering and refractive index detector(HPSEC-MALLS-RI)showed that 12 h was sufficient for complete digestion of polysaccharides from H.erinaceus.Laminaritriose(DP3)was used as an internal standard for quantifi-cation of all the oligosaccharides.The calibration curve for DP3 showed a good linear regression(R2>0.9988).The limit of detection(LOD)and limit of quantification(LOQ)values were 0.05 mg/mL and 0.2 mg/mL,respectively.The recovery for DP3 was 87.32(±0.03)%in the three independent injections.To sum up,this proposed method is helpful for improving the quality control of polysaccharides from H.erinaceus as well as other materials.展开更多
Polygonati rhizoma is often used in Chinese medicine and as food.In this study,atmospheric pressure matrixassisted laser desorption ionization and quadruple-time-of-flight(MALDI-Q-TOF)mass spectrometry techniques were...Polygonati rhizoma is often used in Chinese medicine and as food.In this study,atmospheric pressure matrixassisted laser desorption ionization and quadruple-time-of-flight(MALDI-Q-TOF)mass spectrometry techniques were applied to P.rhizoma samples from Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua species.Positive ions were mainly detected in the mass range of m/z 200-600,while negative ions were mainly observed in the mass range of m/z 100-450.A total of 263 components were identified and the spatial distribution and changes in saccharides contents during the steaming process of P.rhizoma were investigated.Monosaccharide and disaccharide exhibit a relatively uniform distribution,while the oligosaccharides were mainly found in the bast of fresh P.rhizoma.Although the contents of monosaccharide and disaccharide were increased during steaming,that of trisaccharide,tetrasaccharide,and pentasaccharide were decreased.We used the 5 saccharide types with the greatest variation in content as variables for the principal component analysis(PCA)and cluster analysis.Both PCA and cluster analysis showed that these 5 saccharides can be used as markers in the steaming process of the P.rhizoma.Present study of mass spectrometry imaging provides novel insights into the spatiotemporal accumulation patterns of saccharides in P.rhizoma,improving our understanding of the steaming process.展开更多
Saccharides are a sort of ubiquitous and vital molecules within the whole life.However,the application of saccharides analysis with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry(MALDI-MS)is restricted ...Saccharides are a sort of ubiquitous and vital molecules within the whole life.However,the application of saccharides analysis with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry(MALDI-MS)is restricted by their low ionization efficiency and the instability of the sialic acid fraction.Derivatization strategy based on nonreductive amination provides a good solution,however,this is often time consuming and may result in sample loss due to removal of excessive derivatization reagents.Herein,hydralazine(HZN)was utilized as a reactive matrix for labeling reducing saccharides directly on MALDI target which eliminated tedious sample preparation and avoided sample loss.After optimization,effective and reproducible on-MALDI-target derivatization of neutral and acidic saccharides was achieved in both positive and negative modes.Compared with 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid(DHB)and 9-aminoacridine(9-AA),HZN improved the detection sensitivity of reducing saccharides and provided more abundant fragment ions in MS/MS analysis.Moreover,26 kinds of neutral glycans and 5 kinds of sialic glycans were identified from ovalbumin(OVA)and bovine fetuin,respectively.Combined with the statistical models,this strategy could be used to distinguish and predict samples of 6 brands of beer,and discriminate 2 kinds of beer fermentation modes.In addition,HZN was applied for quantitative analysis of glucose in urine samples,and the obtained urine glucose concentrations of diabetic patients were consistent with the clinical test results,showing the potential of qualitative and quantitative analysis of reducing saccharides in complex samples.展开更多
Saccharide production is critical to the development of biotechnology in the field of food and biofuel.The extraction of saccharide from biomass-based hydrolysate mixtures has become a trend due to low cost and abunda...Saccharide production is critical to the development of biotechnology in the field of food and biofuel.The extraction of saccharide from biomass-based hydrolysate mixtures has become a trend due to low cost and abundant biomass reserves.Compared to conventional methods of fractionation and recovery of saccharides,nanofiltration(NF)has received considerable attention in recent decades because of its high selectivity and low energy consumption and environmental impact.In this review the advantages and challenges of NF based technology in the separation of saccharides are critically evaluated.Hybrid membrane processes,i.e.,combining NF with ultrafiltration,can complement each other to provide an efficient approach for removal of unwanted solutes to obtain higher purity saccharides.However,use of NF membrane separation technology is limited due to irreversible membrane fouling that results in high capital and operating costs.Future development of NF membrane technology should therefore focus on improving material stability,antifouling ability and saccharide targeting selectivity,as well as on engineering aspects such as process optimisation and membrane module design.展开更多
A single boronic acid-based fluorescent probe （compound CSP） for saccharides was designed and synthesized. The probe, with an a,fl-unsaturated ketone conjugated into the coumarin fluorophore, was synthesized by 4 st...A single boronic acid-based fluorescent probe （compound CSP） for saccharides was designed and synthesized. The probe, with an a,fl-unsaturated ketone conjugated into the coumarin fluorophore, was synthesized by 4 steps from the commercial material 4-diethylamino salicylaldehyde. The electron push-pull effect is enhanced with the N,N-diethyl amino as the electron donor and the carbonyl as the electron acceptor. Both the absorption （463 nm） and emission （616 nm） maxima of CSP are in the visible wavelength region with a Stokes shift of about 150 nm, which ensures CSP a potential probe for biological application. Under near physiological conditions, significant fluores- cence enhancement of CSP was observed upon the addition of some saccharides, namely, D-sorbitol, D-fructose, D-glucose, D-mannose and D-galactose. The probe showed relatively high sensitivity towards D-fructose and D-sorbitol, and their detection limits were 0.05 mmol/L and 0.1 mmol/L, respectively.展开更多
In the present work,it was found that aqueous solution of a hydrophilic ionic liquid (IL),1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide ([C4mim][N(CN)2]),could be separated into an aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) by inorgan...In the present work,it was found that aqueous solution of a hydrophilic ionic liquid (IL),1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide ([C4mim][N(CN)2]),could be separated into an aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) by inorganic salts such as K2HPO4 and K3PO4.The top phase is IL-rich,while the bottom phase is phosphate-rich.It was shown that 82.7%-100% bovine serum albumin (BSA) could be enriched into the top phase and almost quantitative saccharides (arabinose,glucose,sucrose,raffinose or dextran) were preferentially extracted into the bottom phase in a single-step extraction by [C4mim][N(CN)2] + K2HPO4 ATPS.The extraction efficiency of BSA from the aqueous saccharide solutions was influenced by the molecular structure of saccharides.The conductivity,dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were combined to investigate the microstructure of the IL-rich top phase and the possible mechanism for the selective separation.It is suggested that the formation of the IL aggregate and the IL aggregate-BSA complex plays a significant role in the separation of BSA from aqueous saccharide solutions.This is the first example for the selective separation by ILs-based ATPSs.It is expected that these findings would have potential applications in bio-analysis,separation,and IL recycle.展开更多
Chemical fingerprinting has been widely used for the quality control of complex natural products including traditional Chinese medicines and botanical drugs. However, there is still lack of appropriate method to monit...Chemical fingerprinting has been widely used for the quality control of complex natural products including traditional Chinese medicines and botanical drugs. However, there is still lack of appropriate method to monitor the batch-to-batch consistency of hydrophilic constituents, such as saccharides and oligosaccharides. In the present study, we developed a novel approach based on high performance liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detector(HPLC-ELSD) for establishing saccharide fingerprinting of Danhong Injection(DHI), which is a widely used botanical drug for treating cardiovascular diseases. Major saccharides in DHI were isolated and four compounds including fructose, glucose and two oligosaccharides were identified. The structures of two novel saccharides named glycerol-1-O-galactfpyranosyl-(1→4)-O-arabmofuranoside, and glycerol-1-O-galactpyranosyl-(1→4)[O-arabmfuranosyl-(1→3)]-O-arabinofuranoside were confirmed by NMR, HR-ESI-MS and GC-MS for the first time. The establishment approach was successfully applied to distinguishing 12 batches of DHI from other botanical drugs with the aid of principle component analysis as well as to evaluating batch-to-batch consistency with the help of calculating similarity of tmgerprints. Our findings indicate that the chemical fingerprint of saccharides can be a useful tool for the quality control of complex natural products.展开更多
The negative ion fast atom bombardment (NIFAB) mass spectra of mono-,di-saccharides and glycosides using phenylboronic acid (PBA) as reagent have been studied.In the ion source,PBA reacts stereospecifically with the m...The negative ion fast atom bombardment (NIFAB) mass spectra of mono-,di-saccharides and glycosides using phenylboronic acid (PBA) as reagent have been studied.In the ion source,PBA reacts stereospecifically with the molecules containing cis-vicinal glycols to form characteristic ions, from which the stereo-isomers of saccharides can be definitely distinguished.Disaccharides and glyco- sides with β-glycosidic linkage seem to be unfavorabale to react with PBA,therefore,by comparison of the abundances of the characteristic ions,the configuration of the glycosidic linkage in these compounds may be inferred.展开更多
Simple saccharides have a variety of biological functions,but their structural diversity and inherent structural features pose a major challenge for rapid analysis.In this work,we developed a derivative-free and ion m...Simple saccharides have a variety of biological functions,but their structural diversity and inherent structural features pose a major challenge for rapid analysis.In this work,we developed a derivative-free and ion mobility-free method for the rapid analysis of monosaccharides and disaccharides using paper spray tandem mass spectrometry.Trimeric cluster ions consisting of saccharide analytes,ligands and transition metal ions are used as precursor ions.We defined the R-value as the ratio of the intensity of the product ion that loses one molecule of ligand over the intensity of the product ion that loses one molecule of saccharide via collision induced dissociation(CID).The species and conformation of simple saccharides can be easily differentiated by calculating this R-value.With the capability of directly analyzing clinical samples using paper spray ionization,our method can be used to rapidly quantify the molar ratio of galactose to glucose in dried plasma samples to aid in the diagnosis of galactosemia.The analytical strategy provided herein has good potential to be applied to a wide range of saccharide analysis applications in the future.展开更多
In order to recover the nutrient resource from restaurant garbage, a complete trial with 2 factors on 5 levels of experiments was carried out. The temperature and heating time are the main factors influencing on hydro...In order to recover the nutrient resource from restaurant garbage, a complete trial with 2 factors on 5 levels of experiments was carried out. The temperature and heating time are the main factors influencing on hydrothermal process （HP） by which improves the degradability and digestibility of the restaurant garbage favorably to make animal feeds or fertilizer. The results showed the variation of protein, saccharide, and oil in the garbage. It showed that protein dissolved and liquefied during hydrothermal process, which made organic nitrogen in solid phase transfer to liquid phase. After heating at 180℃ for 60min, organic nitrogen in liquid phase began to transform into ammonia. It also showed that hydrothermal process could promote the dextrinization, dissolution of the starch and its hydrolysis to reducing sugar, due to that starch in the restaurant garbage decreases and reducing sugar increases. When the temperature reached 140℃, the reducing sugar started to decrease due to chemical reactions. The cellulose was stable at 100-180℃. The floatable oil increased markedly in the hydrothermal process. The suitable condition for de-oil was observed at 160℃ heating for 80 min. Furthermore, the extraction of grease from the solid phase accords with first-order reaction dynamic model.展开更多
This study aimed to investigate the interaction between maltodextrin/starch of different molecular weight distributions and soy protein isolate (SPI)–wheat gluten (WG) matrix during high-moisture extrusion.Two maltod...This study aimed to investigate the interaction between maltodextrin/starch of different molecular weight distributions and soy protein isolate (SPI)–wheat gluten (WG) matrix during high-moisture extrusion.Two maltodextrins (dextrose equivalent (DE):10 and 20) and wheat starch were extruded with SPI–WG blend in a system of 65,70,and 75%moisture to investigate their effects on texture and thermal stability.Incorporating 5%maltodextrin (DE10) in the SPI–WG matrix improved the fiber structure and thermal stability.When wheat starch was thoroughly gelatinized during subsequent sterilization,the fiber structure and thermal stability were also improved.It was found that the plasticization caused by small-molecular weight saccharides and enhanced phase separation caused by large-molecular weight saccharides changed the melting temperature of blends and significantly improved the texture and thermal stability of extrudates.展开更多
A general functionalization strategy was reported,which enables one to conjugate saccharide（SA） on gold nanoparticle（GNP） surface without affecting SA properties.First,disulfide phenylboronic acid（Bor） functiona...A general functionalization strategy was reported,which enables one to conjugate saccharide（SA） on gold nanoparticle（GNP） surface without affecting SA properties.First,disulfide phenylboronic acid（Bor） functionalized GNPs（Bor@GNPs） were synthesized by the reaction of citrate stabilized GNPs of 13 nm in diameter with the mixture of Bor and pentapeptide（Cys-Ala-Leu-Asn-Asn,CALNN）.Subsequently,the SA-GNP conjugates（SA@GNPs） were prepared by coupling SA to the GNP surface via the reaction of phenylboronic acid（PBA） with the cis-diol configuration in SA.The interactions of three SA@GNPs with three lectins have been analyzed by UV-visible spectroscopic and transmission electronic microscopic（TEM） techniques,respectively.The experimental results demonstrate that SA@GNPs can efficiently bind to lectins and show a great promise as optical probes for monitoring specific affinities of lectins for SA,and detecting lectins with high sensitivity.展开更多
A novel method of synthesis of nitro or trifluoromethyl substituted benzimidazolyl phenoxyacetic acid O-acetylglucosyl saccharide esters by the reaction of O-acetylglucosyl bromide with substituted benzimidazolyl phen...A novel method of synthesis of nitro or trifluoromethyl substituted benzimidazolyl phenoxyacetic acid O-acetylglucosyl saccharide esters by the reaction of O-acetylglucosyl bromide with substituted benzimidazolyl phenoxyacetic acid at room temperature was developed. 4 dimethylaminopyridine （DMAP） was used as catalyst, triethylamine （Et3N） was used as deacid reagent, three saccharide esters were synthesized in the system of DMAP/ Et3 N. The catalytic mechanism of DMAP/Et3N was discussed. The results show that DMAP is an effective catalyst, the yields can reach 50%. The test indicates that the title compounds show better antiplantviral activity.展开更多
Cellulose is a kind of saccharide that is the main component in cell walls of plants and therefore is the organic compound that exists in the largest amount in nature. The purpose of this experiment is to convert cell...Cellulose is a kind of saccharide that is the main component in cell walls of plants and therefore is the organic compound that exists in the largest amount in nature. The purpose of this experiment is to convert cellulose to a fuel. Radio frequency (RF) in-liquid plasma is generated in a cellulose distributed solution and a glucose solution, and the generation gas rate is measured. While hydrogen is the main gas generated by the plasma breakdown, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and low-grade flammable gases are also produced. In the glucose water solution or the glucose distributed solution, the solution itself evaporates and decomposes inside the plasma but since the saccharides are non-volatile, they cannot penetrate into the plasma and are not decomposition. However, when the cellulose is at concentrations of 30 wt% or more, it becomes granular and can directly enter the plasma as a solid, where the plasma decomposes the cellulose itself, significantly increasing the amount of gas generated. In addition, the spectrometry of the plasma emission shows the solution after the creation of plasma has the ability to absorb ultraviolet light.展开更多
文摘Herein based on literature available a hypothesis is provided about molecular basis for initial events in establishment interactions.This hypothesis asserts that:"recognition and interaction that occur between organisms is prearranged.There are membrane receptors with or without soluble components derived from the respective organisms that bridge specific interactions".Organisms'prearranged recognition theory(OPRT)can be specifically applied to host-microbe interactions where most microbes are coated(opsonised)by soluble components(opsonins)from the host,but there are also some microbes that can bypass host opsonization expressing receptors for the host cells or secreting host’s opsonin-like molecules.The receptors involved in organism's interactions,their specificity and repertoire depend on saccharides from glycoproteins,glycolipids,and polysaccharides(glycans)which are abundant extracellular components.Based in OPRT is possible to explain species-specific interactions and several other phenomena,such as hyper-infectivity,tissue tropism,differential sensitivity to disease depending on type O-blood,and tumoral cell promiscuity.The lipid raft domain in cellular membrane is proposed as the main location where interactions will trigger cellular responses.Possible scientific and biotechnology applications and alternative routes to modify organism's interactions and consequences are discussed.It is a novel hypothesis regarding the degree to which an organism's interactions are prearranged and the role of saccharides epitopes.
基金funded by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81673389)the National Key R&D Program of China(2019YFC1711300)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Development Fund,Macao SAR(File no.0075/2018/A2,034/2017/A1 and 0017/2019/AKP)the University of Macao(File no.MYRG2018-00083-ICMS,MYRG2019-00128-ICMS,CPG2020-00021-ICMS)。
文摘Due to the extensive use of xylooligosaccharides(XOS)as functional food ingredients,many inferior goods and even adulterants are generally found in the market,which may pose a health hazard to certain populations.Chromatography method such as high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)and high-performance thin-layer chromatography(HPTLC)is traditionally applied for the quality analysis of XOS.However,it is time consuming due to the prolonged separation and pre-or post-derivatization procedure.In this study,a fast saccharide mapping method based on matrix-assisted laser desorption/time-of-flight mass spectrometry(MALDI-TOF-MS)was developed for the quality consistency analysis of 22 batches of XOS collected from different manufacturers in China.The time needed for saccharides analysis using MALDI-MS was less than 30 min for one plate,at least 6 times faster than that by the traditional HPTLC chromatography method.In addition,MALDI-MS possessed higher resolution for XOS with DP4-DP7 based on the difference of m/z,which is hardly separated using HPTLC.The results showed that XOS were present only in samples XY01-XY11,samples XY12-XY14 only consisted of hex oligosaccharides,and samples XY15-XY22 were free of oligosaccharides.These indicate that the quality consistency of XOS products in the China market was poor,which should be carefully investigated.
基金the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province Project(No.2015ZQ022)the Zhejiang TCM Health Science and Technology Project(No.2015KYB110).
文摘As unsafe components in herbal medicine(HM),saccharides can affect not only the drug appearance and stabilization,but also the drug efficacy and safety.The present study focuses on the in-line monitoring of batch alcohol precipitation processes for saccharide removal using nearinfrared(NIR)spectroscopy.NIR spectra in the 4000–10,000-cm^(-1)wavelength range are acquired in situ using a transflectance probe.These directly acquired spectra allow characterization of the dynamic variation tendency of saccharides during alcohol precipitation.Calibration models based on partial least squares(PLS)regression have been developed for the three saccharide impurities,namely glucose,fructose,and sucrose.Model errors are estimated as the root-meansquare errors of cross-validation(RMSECVs)of internal validation and root-mean-square errors of prediction(RMSEPs)of external validation.The RMSECV values of glucose,fructose,and sucrose were 1.150,1.535,and 3.067 mg·mL^(-1),and the RMSEP values were 0.711,1.547,and 3.740 mg·mL^(-1),respectively.The correlation coeffcients(r)between the NIR predictive and the reference measurement values were all above 0.94.Furthermore,NIR predictions based on the constructed models improved our understanding of sugar removal and helped develop a control strategy for alcohol precipitation.The results demonstrate that,as an alternative process analytical technology(PAT)tool for monitoring batch alcohol precipitation processes,NIR spectroscopy is advantageous for both efficient determination of quality characteristics(fast,in situ,and requiring no toxic reagents)and process stability,and evaluating the repeatability.
基金support from NSFC China (grants 61275188,61378089 and 81171375)the key project of Guangdong province (2012A080203008)+1 种基金the Basic Research Program of Shenzhen City (JC201105201121A)State Key Laboratory Open Foundation Issue,China (grant 12K05ESPCT).
文摘We proposed a new saccharides sensor developed by symmetrical optical waveguide(SOW)-based surface plasmon resonance(SPR).This unique MgF_(2)/Au/MgF_(2)/Analyte film structure results in longer suface plasmon wave(SPW)propagation lengths and depths,leading to an increment of resolution.In this paper,we managed to decorate the dielectric interface(MgF_(2) layer)by depositing a thin polydopamine film as surface adherent that provides a platform for secondary reactions with the probe molecule.3-Aminophenylboronic acid(3-PBA)is chosen to be the saccharides sense probe molecule in the present work.The aqueous huumnor of Diabetes and Cataract patient whose blood glucose level is normal are analyzed and the results dermonstrated that this sensor shows great potential in monitoring the blood siugar and can be adapted in the field of biological monitoring in the future.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘1-Naphthylboronic acid and 2, 4-dimethylphenylboronic acid can react stereospecif-ically with hydroxy groups of saccharides on the probe tip of a fast atom bombardment mass spectrometer to form characteristic negatively-charged boronate ions. On the basis of the relative abundances of these characteristic ions, the epimers of mono- and di-saccharides may be distinguished. This approach was proved to be a simple and effective means for identifying sugars. The collisional activation moss spectra of these characteristic ions are also discussed.
文摘Microwave-assisted heating has been recently used for extracting nutrient components from food materials. The technique sometimes invokes reactions from nutrient compounds during microwave-irradiation because it activates water molecules to reach a high temperature. The microwave-irradiation produced 5.3 g maltose per 100 g sweat potatoes in 30 s, which was faster than conventional heating (3.9 g maltose per 100 g in 300 s). Fructose level increased with the longer reaction time under microwave-irradiation (from 1.33 g to 1.65 g in 120s), but decreased with a longer reaction time under conventional heating (from 0.99 g to 0.83 g in 1200 s). This study demonstrates the differences in the reactions and products between microwave-irradiation and conventional heating.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.:81673389)the Science and Technology Development Fund,Macao SAR,China(File Nos.:0075/2018/A2,034/2017/A1 and 0017/2019/AKP)+1 种基金the Guangdong Key Project for Modernization of Lingnan Herbs(Project No.:2020B1111110006)the Multi-Year Research Grant from the University of Macao(File Nos.:MYRG2018-00083-ICMS,MYRG2019-00128-ICMS,and CPG2022-00014-ICMS).
文摘Polysaccharides exhibit multiple pharmacological activities which are closely related to their structural features.Therefore,quantitatively quality control of polysaccharides based on their chemical charac-teristics is important for their application in biomedical and functional food sciences.However,poly-saccharides are mixed macromolecular compounds that are difficult to isolate and lack standards,making them challenging to quantify directly.In this study,we proposed an improved saccharide mapping method based on the release of specific oligosaccharides for the assessment of Hericium eri-naceus polysaccharides from laboratory cultured and different regions of China.Briefly,a polysaccharide from H.erinaceus was digested by b-(1-3)-glucanase,and the released specific oligosaccharides were labeled with 8-aminopyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic-acid(APTS)and separated by using micellar electrokinetic chromatography(MEKC)coupled with laser induced fluorescence(LIF),and quantitatively estimated.MEKC presented higher resolution compared to polysaccharide analysis using carbohydrate gel elec-trophoresis(PACE),and provided great peak capacity between oligosaccharides with polymerization degree of 2(DP2)and polymerization degree of 6(DP6)in a dextran ladder separation.The results of high performance size exclusion chromatography coupled with multi-angle laser light scattering and refractive index detector(HPSEC-MALLS-RI)showed that 12 h was sufficient for complete digestion of polysaccharides from H.erinaceus.Laminaritriose(DP3)was used as an internal standard for quantifi-cation of all the oligosaccharides.The calibration curve for DP3 showed a good linear regression(R2>0.9988).The limit of detection(LOD)and limit of quantification(LOQ)values were 0.05 mg/mL and 0.2 mg/mL,respectively.The recovery for DP3 was 87.32(±0.03)%in the three independent injections.To sum up,this proposed method is helpful for improving the quality control of polysaccharides from H.erinaceus as well as other materials.
基金funded by the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province(2022RC1224,2022ZYC010)the Changsha Science and Technology Program(kh2004018)the Training Program for Excellent Young Innovators of Changsha(kq2206064)。
文摘Polygonati rhizoma is often used in Chinese medicine and as food.In this study,atmospheric pressure matrixassisted laser desorption ionization and quadruple-time-of-flight(MALDI-Q-TOF)mass spectrometry techniques were applied to P.rhizoma samples from Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua species.Positive ions were mainly detected in the mass range of m/z 200-600,while negative ions were mainly observed in the mass range of m/z 100-450.A total of 263 components were identified and the spatial distribution and changes in saccharides contents during the steaming process of P.rhizoma were investigated.Monosaccharide and disaccharide exhibit a relatively uniform distribution,while the oligosaccharides were mainly found in the bast of fresh P.rhizoma.Although the contents of monosaccharide and disaccharide were increased during steaming,that of trisaccharide,tetrasaccharide,and pentasaccharide were decreased.We used the 5 saccharide types with the greatest variation in content as variables for the principal component analysis(PCA)and cluster analysis.Both PCA and cluster analysis showed that these 5 saccharides can be used as markers in the steaming process of the P.rhizoma.Present study of mass spectrometry imaging provides novel insights into the spatiotemporal accumulation patterns of saccharides in P.rhizoma,improving our understanding of the steaming process.
基金supported by a grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22274021,21974021 and 22036001)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(No.2022J01535)the Major Project of Science and Technology of Fujian Province(No.2020HZ06006)。
文摘Saccharides are a sort of ubiquitous and vital molecules within the whole life.However,the application of saccharides analysis with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry(MALDI-MS)is restricted by their low ionization efficiency and the instability of the sialic acid fraction.Derivatization strategy based on nonreductive amination provides a good solution,however,this is often time consuming and may result in sample loss due to removal of excessive derivatization reagents.Herein,hydralazine(HZN)was utilized as a reactive matrix for labeling reducing saccharides directly on MALDI target which eliminated tedious sample preparation and avoided sample loss.After optimization,effective and reproducible on-MALDI-target derivatization of neutral and acidic saccharides was achieved in both positive and negative modes.Compared with 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid(DHB)and 9-aminoacridine(9-AA),HZN improved the detection sensitivity of reducing saccharides and provided more abundant fragment ions in MS/MS analysis.Moreover,26 kinds of neutral glycans and 5 kinds of sialic glycans were identified from ovalbumin(OVA)and bovine fetuin,respectively.Combined with the statistical models,this strategy could be used to distinguish and predict samples of 6 brands of beer,and discriminate 2 kinds of beer fermentation modes.In addition,HZN was applied for quantitative analysis of glucose in urine samples,and the obtained urine glucose concentrations of diabetic patients were consistent with the clinical test results,showing the potential of qualitative and quantitative analysis of reducing saccharides in complex samples.
基金Dr.X.Li thanks the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program for funding under Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No.713683(COFUNDfellowsDTU).
文摘Saccharide production is critical to the development of biotechnology in the field of food and biofuel.The extraction of saccharide from biomass-based hydrolysate mixtures has become a trend due to low cost and abundant biomass reserves.Compared to conventional methods of fractionation and recovery of saccharides,nanofiltration(NF)has received considerable attention in recent decades because of its high selectivity and low energy consumption and environmental impact.In this review the advantages and challenges of NF based technology in the separation of saccharides are critically evaluated.Hybrid membrane processes,i.e.,combining NF with ultrafiltration,can complement each other to provide an efficient approach for removal of unwanted solutes to obtain higher purity saccharides.However,use of NF membrane separation technology is limited due to irreversible membrane fouling that results in high capital and operating costs.Future development of NF membrane technology should therefore focus on improving material stability,antifouling ability and saccharide targeting selectivity,as well as on engineering aspects such as process optimisation and membrane module design.
文摘A single boronic acid-based fluorescent probe （compound CSP） for saccharides was designed and synthesized. The probe, with an a,fl-unsaturated ketone conjugated into the coumarin fluorophore, was synthesized by 4 steps from the commercial material 4-diethylamino salicylaldehyde. The electron push-pull effect is enhanced with the N,N-diethyl amino as the electron donor and the carbonyl as the electron acceptor. Both the absorption （463 nm） and emission （616 nm） maxima of CSP are in the visible wavelength region with a Stokes shift of about 150 nm, which ensures CSP a potential probe for biological application. Under near physiological conditions, significant fluores- cence enhancement of CSP was observed upon the addition of some saccharides, namely, D-sorbitol, D-fructose, D-glucose, D-mannose and D-galactose. The probe showed relatively high sensitivity towards D-fructose and D-sorbitol, and their detection limits were 0.05 mmol/L and 0.1 mmol/L, respectively.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (20873036)the Innovation Scientists and Technicians Troop Construction Projects of Henan Province (084200510015)
文摘In the present work,it was found that aqueous solution of a hydrophilic ionic liquid (IL),1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide ([C4mim][N(CN)2]),could be separated into an aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) by inorganic salts such as K2HPO4 and K3PO4.The top phase is IL-rich,while the bottom phase is phosphate-rich.It was shown that 82.7%-100% bovine serum albumin (BSA) could be enriched into the top phase and almost quantitative saccharides (arabinose,glucose,sucrose,raffinose or dextran) were preferentially extracted into the bottom phase in a single-step extraction by [C4mim][N(CN)2] + K2HPO4 ATPS.The extraction efficiency of BSA from the aqueous saccharide solutions was influenced by the molecular structure of saccharides.The conductivity,dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were combined to investigate the microstructure of the IL-rich top phase and the possible mechanism for the selective separation.It is suggested that the formation of the IL aggregate and the IL aggregate-BSA complex plays a significant role in the separation of BSA from aqueous saccharide solutions.This is the first example for the selective separation by ILs-based ATPSs.It is expected that these findings would have potential applications in bio-analysis,separation,and IL recycle.
基金Supported by the National Key Scientific and Technological Project of China(No.2017ZX09301012)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81822047)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(No.2019XZZX004-16).
文摘Chemical fingerprinting has been widely used for the quality control of complex natural products including traditional Chinese medicines and botanical drugs. However, there is still lack of appropriate method to monitor the batch-to-batch consistency of hydrophilic constituents, such as saccharides and oligosaccharides. In the present study, we developed a novel approach based on high performance liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detector(HPLC-ELSD) for establishing saccharide fingerprinting of Danhong Injection(DHI), which is a widely used botanical drug for treating cardiovascular diseases. Major saccharides in DHI were isolated and four compounds including fructose, glucose and two oligosaccharides were identified. The structures of two novel saccharides named glycerol-1-O-galactfpyranosyl-(1→4)-O-arabmofuranoside, and glycerol-1-O-galactpyranosyl-(1→4)[O-arabmfuranosyl-(1→3)]-O-arabinofuranoside were confirmed by NMR, HR-ESI-MS and GC-MS for the first time. The establishment approach was successfully applied to distinguishing 12 batches of DHI from other botanical drugs with the aid of principle component analysis as well as to evaluating batch-to-batch consistency with the help of calculating similarity of tmgerprints. Our findings indicate that the chemical fingerprint of saccharides can be a useful tool for the quality control of complex natural products.
文摘The negative ion fast atom bombardment (NIFAB) mass spectra of mono-,di-saccharides and glycosides using phenylboronic acid (PBA) as reagent have been studied.In the ion source,PBA reacts stereospecifically with the molecules containing cis-vicinal glycols to form characteristic ions, from which the stereo-isomers of saccharides can be definitely distinguished.Disaccharides and glyco- sides with β-glycosidic linkage seem to be unfavorabale to react with PBA,therefore,by comparison of the abundances of the characteristic ions,the configuration of the glycosidic linkage in these compounds may be inferred.
基金supported by NNSF China(No.82072247)Research Projects of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine(Nos.2021-JYB-XJSJJ-001,XJYS21005 and 2021-SYJS-007)。
文摘Simple saccharides have a variety of biological functions,but their structural diversity and inherent structural features pose a major challenge for rapid analysis.In this work,we developed a derivative-free and ion mobility-free method for the rapid analysis of monosaccharides and disaccharides using paper spray tandem mass spectrometry.Trimeric cluster ions consisting of saccharide analytes,ligands and transition metal ions are used as precursor ions.We defined the R-value as the ratio of the intensity of the product ion that loses one molecule of ligand over the intensity of the product ion that loses one molecule of saccharide via collision induced dissociation(CID).The species and conformation of simple saccharides can be easily differentiated by calculating this R-value.With the capability of directly analyzing clinical samples using paper spray ionization,our method can be used to rapidly quantify the molar ratio of galactose to glucose in dried plasma samples to aid in the diagnosis of galactosemia.The analytical strategy provided herein has good potential to be applied to a wide range of saccharide analysis applications in the future.
基金The Cross Project from Beijing Government (No. 2004536)
文摘In order to recover the nutrient resource from restaurant garbage, a complete trial with 2 factors on 5 levels of experiments was carried out. The temperature and heating time are the main factors influencing on hydrothermal process （HP） by which improves the degradability and digestibility of the restaurant garbage favorably to make animal feeds or fertilizer. The results showed the variation of protein, saccharide, and oil in the garbage. It showed that protein dissolved and liquefied during hydrothermal process, which made organic nitrogen in solid phase transfer to liquid phase. After heating at 180℃ for 60min, organic nitrogen in liquid phase began to transform into ammonia. It also showed that hydrothermal process could promote the dextrinization, dissolution of the starch and its hydrolysis to reducing sugar, due to that starch in the restaurant garbage decreases and reducing sugar increases. When the temperature reached 140℃, the reducing sugar started to decrease due to chemical reactions. The cellulose was stable at 100-180℃. The floatable oil increased markedly in the hydrothermal process. The suitable condition for de-oil was observed at 160℃ heating for 80 min. Furthermore, the extraction of grease from the solid phase accords with first-order reaction dynamic model.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32202081)the National Key Research and Development Plan of China (2021YFC2101402)。
文摘This study aimed to investigate the interaction between maltodextrin/starch of different molecular weight distributions and soy protein isolate (SPI)–wheat gluten (WG) matrix during high-moisture extrusion.Two maltodextrins (dextrose equivalent (DE):10 and 20) and wheat starch were extruded with SPI–WG blend in a system of 65,70,and 75%moisture to investigate their effects on texture and thermal stability.Incorporating 5%maltodextrin (DE10) in the SPI–WG matrix improved the fiber structure and thermal stability.When wheat starch was thoroughly gelatinized during subsequent sterilization,the fiber structure and thermal stability were also improved.It was found that the plasticization caused by small-molecular weight saccharides and enhanced phase separation caused by large-molecular weight saccharides changed the melting temperature of blends and significantly improved the texture and thermal stability of extrudates.
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(No.2011CB935800)the Project of the Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Department,China(No.20100701)
文摘A general functionalization strategy was reported,which enables one to conjugate saccharide（SA） on gold nanoparticle（GNP） surface without affecting SA properties.First,disulfide phenylboronic acid（Bor） functionalized GNPs（Bor@GNPs） were synthesized by the reaction of citrate stabilized GNPs of 13 nm in diameter with the mixture of Bor and pentapeptide（Cys-Ala-Leu-Asn-Asn,CALNN）.Subsequently,the SA-GNP conjugates（SA@GNPs） were prepared by coupling SA to the GNP surface via the reaction of phenylboronic acid（PBA） with the cis-diol configuration in SA.The interactions of three SA@GNPs with three lectins have been analyzed by UV-visible spectroscopic and transmission electronic microscopic（TEM） techniques,respectively.The experimental results demonstrate that SA@GNPs can efficiently bind to lectins and show a great promise as optical probes for monitoring specific affinities of lectins for SA,and detecting lectins with high sensitivity.
文摘A novel method of synthesis of nitro or trifluoromethyl substituted benzimidazolyl phenoxyacetic acid O-acetylglucosyl saccharide esters by the reaction of O-acetylglucosyl bromide with substituted benzimidazolyl phenoxyacetic acid at room temperature was developed. 4 dimethylaminopyridine （DMAP） was used as catalyst, triethylamine （Et3N） was used as deacid reagent, three saccharide esters were synthesized in the system of DMAP/ Et3 N. The catalytic mechanism of DMAP/Et3N was discussed. The results show that DMAP is an effective catalyst, the yields can reach 50%. The test indicates that the title compounds show better antiplantviral activity.
文摘Cellulose is a kind of saccharide that is the main component in cell walls of plants and therefore is the organic compound that exists in the largest amount in nature. The purpose of this experiment is to convert cellulose to a fuel. Radio frequency (RF) in-liquid plasma is generated in a cellulose distributed solution and a glucose solution, and the generation gas rate is measured. While hydrogen is the main gas generated by the plasma breakdown, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and low-grade flammable gases are also produced. In the glucose water solution or the glucose distributed solution, the solution itself evaporates and decomposes inside the plasma but since the saccharides are non-volatile, they cannot penetrate into the plasma and are not decomposition. However, when the cellulose is at concentrations of 30 wt% or more, it becomes granular and can directly enter the plasma as a solid, where the plasma decomposes the cellulose itself, significantly increasing the amount of gas generated. In addition, the spectrometry of the plasma emission shows the solution after the creation of plasma has the ability to absorb ultraviolet light.
