Disparity in the root morphology of six rice(Oryza sativa L.) genotypes varying in potassium(K) efficiency was studied with three K levels:5 mg/L(low),10 mg/L(moderate) and 40 mg/L(adequate) in hydroponic culture. Mor...Disparity in the root morphology of six rice(Oryza sativa L.) genotypes varying in potassium(K) efficiency was studied with three K levels:5 mg/L(low),10 mg/L(moderate) and 40 mg/L(adequate) in hydroponic culture. Morphological parameters included root length,surface area,volume and count of lateral roots,as well as fine(diameter<0.2 mm) and thick(diameter>0.2 mm) roots. The results indicate that the root growth of all genotypes was reduced under low K,but moderate K deficiency increased the root length of the efficient genotypes. At deficient and moderate K levels,all the efficient rice genotypes developed more fine roots(diameter<0.2 mm) than the inefficient ones. Both fine root count and root surface area were found to be the best parameters to portray K stress in rice. In accordance with the root morphology,higher K concentrations were noted in shoots of the efficient genotypes when grown at moderate and deficient K levels,indicating that root morphology parameters are involved in root uptake for K and in the translocation of K up to shoots. K deficiency affected not only the root morphology,but also the root ultra-structure. The roots of high-efficient genotypes had stronger tolerance to K deficient stress for root membrane damage,and could maintain the developed root architecture to adapt to the low K growth medium.展开更多
[Objective] This study aimed at investigating the effects of consumption of potassium fertilizer on production and biological characteristics of rape and utilizing efficiency of potassium fertilizer.[Method] Taking 0 ...[Objective] This study aimed at investigating the effects of consumption of potassium fertilizer on production and biological characteristics of rape and utilizing efficiency of potassium fertilizer.[Method] Taking 0 kg/hm2 as control,nine consumptions of potassium fertilizer were designed for the experiment using single factor randomized block design with three replications and field experiment in nine rape-producing areas with different ecological types in Yunnan Province.[Result] Appropriately applying potassium fertilizer in Yunnan Province could improve the rapeseed production,the rape production could achieve 3 983-4 151 kg when applied 150-180 kg/hm2 of K2O,which had increased by 4.7-9.1% compared with the control and attained the peak in K165 treatment.When applied 1 kg of K2O,the rapeseed production could enhance 559 kg,the net profit could reach 1 229 yuan/hm2 and the partial productivity of potassium fertilizer could attain 31.32 kg/kg K2O and 3.7 kg/kg K2O,respectively.Applying potassium fertilizer could promote the growth of rape and increase rapeseed production.[Conclusion] The recommended optimal consumptions of potassium fertilizer with high production and high efficiency for rape in Yunnan Province were ranged between 150 and 180 kg K2O/hm2.However,comprehensively considering production and efficiency factors,the consumption of potassium fertilizer in Yunnan Province was around 73.9 kg/hm2,which should be appropriately increased to around 100.0 kg/hm2 in Longchuan,Yulong,Linxiang and other producing areas with similar conditions.展开更多
Plants that grow well while accumulating and transporting less potassium（K） perform better than more-sensitive plants when under deficiency conditions, which makes low-K-input and environmentally friendly agricultur...Plants that grow well while accumulating and transporting less potassium（K） perform better than more-sensitive plants when under deficiency conditions, which makes low-K-input and environmentally friendly agriculture possible. We conducted hydroponics and sand culture experiments to evaluate the efficiency of various apple（Malus domestica Borkh） rootstocks in their K uptake and utilization. Five genotypes were selected which are widely used in China- M. hupehensis Rehd, M. prunifolia Borkh, M. robusta Rehd, M. sieversii Roem, and M. rockii Rehd. Plant heights, root and shoot dry weights, and K concentrations were recorded. These genotypes differed markedly in dry weights, absolute and relative K concentrations, absolute and relative K accumulations, and their K efficiency ratio under deficient K conditions. The last parameter, expressed as relative shoot dry weight, was strongly and positively correlated with the other four parameters in each genotype. Therefore, we suggest that this parameter could serve as an index when selecting K-efficient genotypes. In this study, we have determined that M. sieversiiand M. rockii are K-inefficient genotypes; M. prunifolia is K-efficient genotype; M. hupehensis and M. robusta have moderate levels of potassium efficiency.展开更多
Abiotie stresses including potassium deficiency are limitingfactors for increasing rice yield.Nine rice genotypes(Oryza Sativa L.,indica)differing in sensitivity to low Kstress selected from 200 volume-solution screen...Abiotie stresses including potassium deficiency are limitingfactors for increasing rice yield.Nine rice genotypes(Oryza Sativa L.,indica)differing in sensitivity to low Kstress selected from 200 volume-solution screening wereused in this study to examine accumulation and transloca-tion ofK.The powdery-muddy paddy soil tested contained 30.6mg·kgavailable K(1 N NHAcO extracted),1.92%展开更多
To study the mechanism of plant K use efficiency, both K high and low use efficiency cotton genotypes, 103 and 122, respectively, were selected from 86 cotton cultivars （Gossypium hirsutum L.）. The research was cond...To study the mechanism of plant K use efficiency, both K high and low use efficiency cotton genotypes, 103 and 122, respectively, were selected from 86 cotton cultivars （Gossypium hirsutum L.）. The research was conducted using pot experiment for planting cotton on without K （0.0 g kg-1 soil） and with K （0.4 g kg-1 soil） treatments in 2005. Experimental result showed that, with K deficiency stress, genotype 103 grew much better than genotype 122 except that its lower leaves showed the symptoms of K deficiency, whereas all the leaves of genotype 122 showed the symptoms of K deficiency. Root dry matter weights of treatments for genotype 103 with and without K application were 1.07 and 1.25 times of genotype 122. It indicated that the root system of genotype 103 was well developed and has better nutrition uptake capability than that of genotype 122. The result also showed that the cotton shoots of genotype 103 were 1.07 and 1.13 times over genotype 122 on treatments of with and without K application. It indicated that genotype 103 has stronger transport organs. In genotype 103, plants, dry matter, and potassium were mainly transported to cotton bolls. The boll dry weight of genotype 103 was 2.58 times in without K treatment and 1.90 times in with K treatment over genotype 122. The potassium accumulation in bolls of genotype 122 was only 49.3% of that in genotype 103. Potassium accumulation in the other organs of genotype 103 was relatively low compared with in bolls. This indicated that the distribution of K and organic matter in genotype 103 was more efficient than genotype 122. The main differences between high K efficiency cotton genotype 103 and low K efficiency genotype 122 lie in their potassium nutrition and organic matter using efficiency on uptake, transportation, accumulation, distribution, and utilization.展开更多
Background Under K deficiency the uptake and distribution pattern in plant cells is mediated through different transport proteins and channels which were controlled by specific gene family.Therefore,a hydroponic exper...Background Under K deficiency the uptake and distribution pattern in plant cells is mediated through different transport proteins and channels which were controlled by specific gene family.Therefore,a hydroponic experiment was conducted under control condition for testing the gene expression pattern of the K transporter under adequate and low K supply levels.After that,a 2-year field experiment was conducted to evaluate five selected cotton cultivars(four K-efficient cultivars,viz.,CIM-554,CYTO-124,FH-142,IUB-2013,and one K non-efficient,BH-212) screened from the initial hydroponics culture experiment and two levels of potassium(0 K_(2)O kg·ha^(-1) and 50 K_(2)O kg·ha^(-1)) were tested under reduced irrigation(50% available water content;50 AWC) and normal irrigation conditions(100% available water content;100 AWC).Result Results revealed that the transcript levels of GhHAK5aD in roots were significantly higher in K^(+) efficient cultivars than that in K^(+) non-efficient cultivars.The GhHAK5aD expression upon K^(+) deficiency was higher in roots but lower in shoots,indicating that GhHAK5aD could have a role in K^(+) uptake in roots,instead of transport of K^(+) from root to shoot.Similarly,under field conditions the cultivar FH-142 showed an increase of 22.3%,4.9%,2.4%,and 1.4% as compared with BH-212,IUB-2013,CYTO-124,and CIM-554,respectively,in seed cotton yield(SCY) with K application under reduced irrigation conditions.With applied K,the FH-142 showed an increase in net photosynthetic rate by 57.3% as compared with the rest of the cultivars under reduced irrigation over K control.However,the overall performance indicators of K-efficient cultivars like FH-142,CYTO-124,CIM-554,and IUB-2013 were better than BH-212(K in-efficient) under reduced irrigation conditions with applied K at 50 kg·ha^(-1).Fiber quality trait improved significantly with K application under water deficit.The increase in micronaire was 3.6%,4.7%,7.8%,3.4%,and 6.7% in BH-212,IUB-2013,CIM-554,CYTO-124,and FH-142,respectively,with K application at 50 kg·ha^(-1) over without K application under reduced irrigation conditions during the cotton growing season.Similarly,the cultivars FH-142 increased by 12% with K application under reduced irrigation as compared with other cultivars.The performance of K-efficient cultivars under reduced irrigation conditions was 30% better in SCY and quality traits with the application of K at 50 kg·ha^(-1) as compared with K-non-efficient cultivars.Similarly,water use efficiency(WUE)(40.1%) and potassium use efficiency(KUE)(20.2%) were also noted higher in case of FH-142 as compared with other cultivar with K application under reduced conditions.Conclusion Higher expression of GhHAK5aD gene was observed in K-efficient cultivars as compared with K-nonefficient cultivars in roots indicates that GhHAK5aD may be contributing to genotypic differences for K^(+) efficiency in cotton.K-efficient cotton cultivars can be used for the low-K environments and can also be recommended for general cultivars.展开更多
This study described the use of clay impreg- nated by KI in gas phase elemental mercury （Hg°） removal in flue gas. The effects of KI loading, temperature, 02, SO2 and H20 on Hg°removal were investigated us...This study described the use of clay impreg- nated by KI in gas phase elemental mercury （Hg°） removal in flue gas. The effects of KI loading, temperature, 02, SO2 and H20 on Hg°removal were investigated using a fixed bed reactor. The Hg° removal efficiency of KI-clay with 3% KI loading could maintain at a high level （approxi- mately 80 %） after 3 h. The KI-clay demonstrated to be a potential adsorbent for Hg° removal when compared with activated carbon based adsorbent. 02 was found to be an important factor in improving the Hg° removal. 02 was demonstrated to assist the transfer of KI to I2 on the surface of KI-clay, which could react with Hg° directly. NO and SO2 could slightly improve Hg° removal, while H20 inhibited it greatly. The results indicated that after adsorption, most of the mercury escaped from the surface again. Some of the mercury may have been oxidized as it left the surface. The results demonstrated that the chemical reaction primarily occurred between KI and mercury on the surface of the KI-clay.展开更多
基金Project supported by the Program for Changjiang Scholars andInnovative Research Team in University of China (No. IRT0536)the National Basic Research Program (973) of China (No. 30740011)
文摘Disparity in the root morphology of six rice(Oryza sativa L.) genotypes varying in potassium(K) efficiency was studied with three K levels:5 mg/L(low),10 mg/L(moderate) and 40 mg/L(adequate) in hydroponic culture. Morphological parameters included root length,surface area,volume and count of lateral roots,as well as fine(diameter<0.2 mm) and thick(diameter>0.2 mm) roots. The results indicate that the root growth of all genotypes was reduced under low K,but moderate K deficiency increased the root length of the efficient genotypes. At deficient and moderate K levels,all the efficient rice genotypes developed more fine roots(diameter<0.2 mm) than the inefficient ones. Both fine root count and root surface area were found to be the best parameters to portray K stress in rice. In accordance with the root morphology,higher K concentrations were noted in shoots of the efficient genotypes when grown at moderate and deficient K levels,indicating that root morphology parameters are involved in root uptake for K and in the translocation of K up to shoots. K deficiency affected not only the root morphology,but also the root ultra-structure. The roots of high-efficient genotypes had stronger tolerance to K deficient stress for root membrane damage,and could maintain the developed root architecture to adapt to the low K growth medium.
基金Supported by the National Science and Technology Support Program(2009BADA8B01)Kunming Comprehensive Experimental Station,National Modern Agricultural Industrial Technology System of Rape(NYCYTX-00564)Yunnan Modern Agricultural Industrial Technology System Construction of Rape~~
文摘[Objective] This study aimed at investigating the effects of consumption of potassium fertilizer on production and biological characteristics of rape and utilizing efficiency of potassium fertilizer.[Method] Taking 0 kg/hm2 as control,nine consumptions of potassium fertilizer were designed for the experiment using single factor randomized block design with three replications and field experiment in nine rape-producing areas with different ecological types in Yunnan Province.[Result] Appropriately applying potassium fertilizer in Yunnan Province could improve the rapeseed production,the rape production could achieve 3 983-4 151 kg when applied 150-180 kg/hm2 of K2O,which had increased by 4.7-9.1% compared with the control and attained the peak in K165 treatment.When applied 1 kg of K2O,the rapeseed production could enhance 559 kg,the net profit could reach 1 229 yuan/hm2 and the partial productivity of potassium fertilizer could attain 31.32 kg/kg K2O and 3.7 kg/kg K2O,respectively.Applying potassium fertilizer could promote the growth of rape and increase rapeseed production.[Conclusion] The recommended optimal consumptions of potassium fertilizer with high production and high efficiency for rape in Yunnan Province were ranged between 150 and 180 kg K2O/hm2.However,comprehensively considering production and efficiency factors,the consumption of potassium fertilizer in Yunnan Province was around 73.9 kg/hm2,which should be appropriately increased to around 100.0 kg/hm2 in Longchuan,Yulong,Linxiang and other producing areas with similar conditions.
基金supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(863 Program,2011AA100201)the Earmarked Fund for the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-28)
文摘Plants that grow well while accumulating and transporting less potassium（K） perform better than more-sensitive plants when under deficiency conditions, which makes low-K-input and environmentally friendly agriculture possible. We conducted hydroponics and sand culture experiments to evaluate the efficiency of various apple（Malus domestica Borkh） rootstocks in their K uptake and utilization. Five genotypes were selected which are widely used in China- M. hupehensis Rehd, M. prunifolia Borkh, M. robusta Rehd, M. sieversii Roem, and M. rockii Rehd. Plant heights, root and shoot dry weights, and K concentrations were recorded. These genotypes differed markedly in dry weights, absolute and relative K concentrations, absolute and relative K accumulations, and their K efficiency ratio under deficient K conditions. The last parameter, expressed as relative shoot dry weight, was strongly and positively correlated with the other four parameters in each genotype. Therefore, we suggest that this parameter could serve as an index when selecting K-efficient genotypes. In this study, we have determined that M. sieversiiand M. rockii are K-inefficient genotypes; M. prunifolia is K-efficient genotype; M. hupehensis and M. robusta have moderate levels of potassium efficiency.
文摘Abiotie stresses including potassium deficiency are limitingfactors for increasing rice yield.Nine rice genotypes(Oryza Sativa L.,indica)differing in sensitivity to low Kstress selected from 200 volume-solution screening wereused in this study to examine accumulation and transloca-tion ofK.The powdery-muddy paddy soil tested contained 30.6mg·kgavailable K(1 N NHAcO extracted),1.92%
文摘To study the mechanism of plant K use efficiency, both K high and low use efficiency cotton genotypes, 103 and 122, respectively, were selected from 86 cotton cultivars （Gossypium hirsutum L.）. The research was conducted using pot experiment for planting cotton on without K （0.0 g kg-1 soil） and with K （0.4 g kg-1 soil） treatments in 2005. Experimental result showed that, with K deficiency stress, genotype 103 grew much better than genotype 122 except that its lower leaves showed the symptoms of K deficiency, whereas all the leaves of genotype 122 showed the symptoms of K deficiency. Root dry matter weights of treatments for genotype 103 with and without K application were 1.07 and 1.25 times of genotype 122. It indicated that the root system of genotype 103 was well developed and has better nutrition uptake capability than that of genotype 122. The result also showed that the cotton shoots of genotype 103 were 1.07 and 1.13 times over genotype 122 on treatments of with and without K application. It indicated that genotype 103 has stronger transport organs. In genotype 103, plants, dry matter, and potassium were mainly transported to cotton bolls. The boll dry weight of genotype 103 was 2.58 times in without K treatment and 1.90 times in with K treatment over genotype 122. The potassium accumulation in bolls of genotype 122 was only 49.3% of that in genotype 103. Potassium accumulation in the other organs of genotype 103 was relatively low compared with in bolls. This indicated that the distribution of K and organic matter in genotype 103 was more efficient than genotype 122. The main differences between high K efficiency cotton genotype 103 and low K efficiency genotype 122 lie in their potassium nutrition and organic matter using efficiency on uptake, transportation, accumulation, distribution, and utilization.
文摘Background Under K deficiency the uptake and distribution pattern in plant cells is mediated through different transport proteins and channels which were controlled by specific gene family.Therefore,a hydroponic experiment was conducted under control condition for testing the gene expression pattern of the K transporter under adequate and low K supply levels.After that,a 2-year field experiment was conducted to evaluate five selected cotton cultivars(four K-efficient cultivars,viz.,CIM-554,CYTO-124,FH-142,IUB-2013,and one K non-efficient,BH-212) screened from the initial hydroponics culture experiment and two levels of potassium(0 K_(2)O kg·ha^(-1) and 50 K_(2)O kg·ha^(-1)) were tested under reduced irrigation(50% available water content;50 AWC) and normal irrigation conditions(100% available water content;100 AWC).Result Results revealed that the transcript levels of GhHAK5aD in roots were significantly higher in K^(+) efficient cultivars than that in K^(+) non-efficient cultivars.The GhHAK5aD expression upon K^(+) deficiency was higher in roots but lower in shoots,indicating that GhHAK5aD could have a role in K^(+) uptake in roots,instead of transport of K^(+) from root to shoot.Similarly,under field conditions the cultivar FH-142 showed an increase of 22.3%,4.9%,2.4%,and 1.4% as compared with BH-212,IUB-2013,CYTO-124,and CIM-554,respectively,in seed cotton yield(SCY) with K application under reduced irrigation conditions.With applied K,the FH-142 showed an increase in net photosynthetic rate by 57.3% as compared with the rest of the cultivars under reduced irrigation over K control.However,the overall performance indicators of K-efficient cultivars like FH-142,CYTO-124,CIM-554,and IUB-2013 were better than BH-212(K in-efficient) under reduced irrigation conditions with applied K at 50 kg·ha^(-1).Fiber quality trait improved significantly with K application under water deficit.The increase in micronaire was 3.6%,4.7%,7.8%,3.4%,and 6.7% in BH-212,IUB-2013,CIM-554,CYTO-124,and FH-142,respectively,with K application at 50 kg·ha^(-1) over without K application under reduced irrigation conditions during the cotton growing season.Similarly,the cultivars FH-142 increased by 12% with K application under reduced irrigation as compared with other cultivars.The performance of K-efficient cultivars under reduced irrigation conditions was 30% better in SCY and quality traits with the application of K at 50 kg·ha^(-1) as compared with K-non-efficient cultivars.Similarly,water use efficiency(WUE)(40.1%) and potassium use efficiency(KUE)(20.2%) were also noted higher in case of FH-142 as compared with other cultivar with K application under reduced conditions.Conclusion Higher expression of GhHAK5aD gene was observed in K-efficient cultivars as compared with K-nonefficient cultivars in roots indicates that GhHAK5aD may be contributing to genotypic differences for K^(+) efficiency in cotton.K-efficient cotton cultivars can be used for the low-K environments and can also be recommended for general cultivars.
基金This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No. 51176077）, the Key Project of the Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin （No. 12JCZDJC29300） and the Marine Science and Technology Project from the Tianjin Marine Bureau （No. KJXH2013-05）.
文摘This study described the use of clay impreg- nated by KI in gas phase elemental mercury （Hg°） removal in flue gas. The effects of KI loading, temperature, 02, SO2 and H20 on Hg°removal were investigated using a fixed bed reactor. The Hg° removal efficiency of KI-clay with 3% KI loading could maintain at a high level （approxi- mately 80 %） after 3 h. The KI-clay demonstrated to be a potential adsorbent for Hg° removal when compared with activated carbon based adsorbent. 02 was found to be an important factor in improving the Hg° removal. 02 was demonstrated to assist the transfer of KI to I2 on the surface of KI-clay, which could react with Hg° directly. NO and SO2 could slightly improve Hg° removal, while H20 inhibited it greatly. The results indicated that after adsorption, most of the mercury escaped from the surface again. Some of the mercury may have been oxidized as it left the surface. The results demonstrated that the chemical reaction primarily occurred between KI and mercury on the surface of the KI-clay.
