Leaf senescence,the last stage of leaf development,is a type of postmitotic senescence and is characterized by the functional transition from nutrient assimilation to nutrient remobilization which is essential for pla...Leaf senescence,the last stage of leaf development,is a type of postmitotic senescence and is characterized by the functional transition from nutrient assimilation to nutrient remobilization which is essential for plants’fitness.The initiation and progression of leaf senescence are regulated by a variety of internal and external factors such as age,phytohormones,and environmental stresses.Significant breakthroughs in dissecting the molecular mechanisms underpinning leaf senescence have benefited from the identification of senescence-altered mutants through forward genetic screening and functional assessment of hundreds of senescence-associated genes(SAGs)via reverse genetic research in model plant Arabidopsis thaliana as well as in crop plants.Leaf senescence involves highly complex genetic programs that are tightly tuned by multiple layers of regulation,including chromatin and transcription regulation,post-transcriptional,translational and post-translational regulation.Due to the significant impact of leaf senescence on photosynthesis,nutrient remobilization,stress responses,and productivity,much effort has been made in devising strategies based on known senescence regulatory mechanisms to manipulate the initiation and progression of leaf senescence,aiming for higher yield,better quality,or improved horticultural performance in crop plants.This review aims to provide an overview of leaf senescence and discuss recent advances in multi-dimensional regulation of leaf senescence from genetic and molecular network perspectives.We also put forward the key issues that need to be addressed,including the nature of leaf age,functional stay-green trait,coordination between different regulatory pathways,source-sink relationship and nutrient remobilization,as well as translational researches on leaf senescence.展开更多
Actinidia eriantha is a characteristic fruit tree featuring with great potential for its abundant vitamin C and strong disease resistance.It has been used in a wide range of breeding programs and functional genomics s...Actinidia eriantha is a characteristic fruit tree featuring with great potential for its abundant vitamin C and strong disease resistance.It has been used in a wide range of breeding programs and functional genomics studies.Previously published genome assemblies of A.eriantha are quite fragmented and not highly contiguous.Using multiple sequencing strategies,we get the haplotype-resolved and gap-free genomes of an elite breeding line“Midao 31”(MD),termed MDHAPA and MDHAPB.The new assemblies anchored to 29 pseudochromosome pairs with a length of 619.3 Mb and 611.7 Mb,as well as resolved 27 and 28 gap-close chromosomes in a telomere-to-telomere(T2T)manner.Based on the haplotype-resolved genome,we found that most alleles experienced purifying selection and coordinately expressed.Owing to the high continuity of assemblies,we defined the centromeric regions of A.eriantha,and identified the major repeating monomer,which is designated as Ae-CEN153.This resource lays a solid foundation for further functional genomics study and horticultural traits improvement in kiwifruit.展开更多
Genetic map is a linear arrangement of the relative positions of sites in the chromosome or genome based on the recombination frequency between genetic markers.It is the important basis for genetic analysis.Several ki...Genetic map is a linear arrangement of the relative positions of sites in the chromosome or genome based on the recombination frequency between genetic markers.It is the important basis for genetic analysis.Several kinds of software have been designed for genetic mapping,but all these tools require users to write or edit code,making it time-costing and difficult for researchers without programming skills to handle with.Here,MG2C,a new online tool was designed,based on PERL and SVG languages.Users can get a standard genetic map,only by providing the location of genes(or quantitative trait loci)and the length of the chromosome,without writing additional code.The operation interface of MG2C contains three sections:data input,data output and parameters.There are 33 attribute parameters in MG2C,which are further divided into 8 modules.Values of the parameters can be changed according to the users’requirements.The information submitted by users will be transformed into the genetic map in SVG file,which can be further modified by other image processing tools.MG2C is a user-friendly and time-saving online tool for drawing genetic maps,especially for those without programming skills.The tool has been running smoothly since 2015,and updated to version 2.1.It significantly lowers the technical barriers for the users,and provides great convenience for the researchers.展开更多
The Streptococcus-derived CRISPR/Cas9 system can introduce precise and predictable modifications into the plant genome to obtain the desired traits.As one of the most advanced tools for editing crop genomes,the CRISPR...The Streptococcus-derived CRISPR/Cas9 system can introduce precise and predictable modifications into the plant genome to obtain the desired traits.As one of the most advanced tools for editing crop genomes,the CRISPR/Cas9 system has been expanding rapidly and has been widely applied to determine gene function and improve agronomic traits in horticultural crops such as fruits and vegetables(Ma et al.2023).展开更多
Carotenoids are isoprenoid metabolites synthesized de novo in all photosynthetic organisms.Carotenoids are essential for plants with diverse functions in photosynthesis,photoprotection,pigmentation,phytohormone synthe...Carotenoids are isoprenoid metabolites synthesized de novo in all photosynthetic organisms.Carotenoids are essential for plants with diverse functions in photosynthesis,photoprotection,pigmentation,phytohormone synthesis,and signaling.They are also critically important for humans as precursors of vitamin A synthesis and as dietary antioxidants.The vital roles of carotenoids to plants and humans have prompted significant progress toward our understanding of carotenoid metabolism and regulation.New regulators and novel roles of carotenoid metabolites are continuously revealed.This review focuses on current status of carotenoid metabolism and highlights recent advances in comprehension of the intrinsic and multi-dimensional regulation of carotenoid accumulation.We also discuss the functional evolution of carotenoids,the agricultural and horticultural application,and some key areas for future research.展开更多
Over the past decade,systems biology and plant-omics have increasingly become the main stream in plant biology research.New developments in mass spectrometry and bioinformatics tools,and methodological schema to inte-...Over the past decade,systems biology and plant-omics have increasingly become the main stream in plant biology research.New developments in mass spectrometry and bioinformatics tools,and methodological schema to inte-grate multi-omics data have leveraged recent advances in proteomics and metabolomics.These progresses are driv-ing a rapid evolution in the field of plant research,greatly facilitating our understanding of the mechanistic aspects of plant metabolisms and the interactions of plants with their external environment.Here,we review the recent progresses in MS-based proteomics and metabolomics tools and workflows with a special focus on their applications to plant biology research using several case studies related to mechanistic understanding of stress response,gene/protein function characterization,metabolic and signaling pathways exploration,and natural product discovery.We also present a projection concerning future perspectives in MS-based proteomics and metabolomics development including their applications to and challenges for system biology.This review is intended to provide readers with an overview of how advanced MS technology,and integrated application of proteomics and metabolomics can be used to advance plant system biology research.展开更多
The current kiwifruit industry is mainly based on the cultivars derived from the species Actinidia chinensis(Ac)which may bring risks such as canker disease.Introgression of desired traits from wild relatives is an im...The current kiwifruit industry is mainly based on the cultivars derived from the species Actinidia chinensis(Ac)which may bring risks such as canker disease.Introgression of desired traits from wild relatives is an important method for improving kiwifruit cultivars.Actinidia eriantha(Ae)is a particularly important taxon used for hybridization or introgressive breeding of new kiwifruit cultivars because of its valued species-specific traits.Here,we assembled a chromosome-scale high-quality genome of a Ae sample which was directly collected from its wild populations.Our analysis revealed that 41.3%of the genome consists of repetitive elements,comparable to the percentage in Ac and Ae cultivar“White”genomes.The genomic structural variation,including the presence/absence-variation(PAV)of genes,is distinct between Ae and Ac,despite both sharing the same two kiwifruit-specific whole genome duplication(WGD)events.This suggests that a post-WGD divergence mechanism occurred during their evolution.We further investigated genes involved in ascorbic acid biosynthesis and disease-resistance of Ae,and we found introgressive genome could contribute to the complex relationship between Ae and other representative kiwifruit taxa.Collectively,the Ae genome offers valuable genetic resource to accelerate kiwifruit breeding applications.展开更多
The disease caused by pathogenic fungi is the main cause of postharvest loss of fresh fruits.The formulation of disease control strategies greatly depends on the understanding of pathogenic mechanism of fungal pathoge...The disease caused by pathogenic fungi is the main cause of postharvest loss of fresh fruits.The formulation of disease control strategies greatly depends on the understanding of pathogenic mechanism of fungal pathogens and control strategy.In recent years,based on the application of various combinatorial research methods,some pathogenic genes of important postharvest fungal pathogens in fruit have been revealed,and their functions and molecular regulatory networks of virulence have been explored.These progresses not only provide a new perspective for understanding the molecular basis and regulation mechanism of pathogenicity of postharvest pathogenic fungi,but also are beneficial to giving theoretical guidance for the creation of new technologies of postharvest disease control.Here,we synthesized these recent advances and illustrated conceptual frameworks,and identified several issues on the focus of future studies.展开更多
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats(CRISPR)/Cas12a system,also known as CRISPR/Cpf1,has been successfully harnessed for genome engineering in many plants,but not in grapevine yet.Here we develope...Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats(CRISPR)/Cas12a system,also known as CRISPR/Cpf1,has been successfully harnessed for genome engineering in many plants,but not in grapevine yet.Here we developed and demonstrated the efficacy of CRISPR/Cas12a from Lachnospiraceae bacterium ND2006(LbCas12a)in inducing targeted mutagenesis by targeting the tonoplastic monosaccharide transporter1(TMT1)and dihydroflavonol-4-reductase 1(DFR1)genes in 41B cells.Knockout of DFR1 gene altered flavonoid accumulation in dfr1 mutant cells.Heat treatment(34℃)improved the editing efficiencies of CRISPR/LbCas12a system,and the editing efficiencies of TMT1-crRNA1 and TMT1-crRNA2 increased from 35.3%to 44.6%and 29.9%to 37.3%after heat treatment,respectively.Moreover,the sequences of crRNAs were found to be predominant factor affecting editing efficiencies irrespective of the positions within the crRNA array designed for multiplex genome editing.In addition,genome editing with truncated crRNAs(trucrRNAs)showed that trucrRNAs with 20 nt guide sequences were as effective as original crRNAs with 24 nt guides in generating targeted mutagenesis,whereas trucrRNAs with shorter regions of target complementarity≤18 nt in length may not induce detectable mutations in 41B cells.All these results provide evidence for further applications of CRISPR/LbCas12a system in grapevine as a powerful tool for genome engineering.展开更多
Although it is well established that nitrogen(N)deficiency induces leaf senescence,the molecular mechanism of N deficiency-induced leaf senescence remains largely unknown.Here,we show that an abscisic acid(ABA)-respon...Although it is well established that nitrogen(N)deficiency induces leaf senescence,the molecular mechanism of N deficiency-induced leaf senescence remains largely unknown.Here,we show that an abscisic acid(ABA)-responsive NAC transcription factor(TF)is involved in N deficiency-induced leaf senescence.The overexpression of MdNAC4 led to increased ABA levels in apple calli by directly activating the transcription of the ABA biosynthesis gene MdNCED2.In addition,MdNAC4 overexpression promoted N deficiency-induced leaf senescence.Further investigation showed that MdNAC4 directly bound the promoter of the senescence-associated gene(SAG)MdSAG39 and upregulated its expression.Interestingly,the function of MdNAC4 in promoting N deficiency-induced leaf senescence was enhanced in the presence of ABA.Furthermore,we identified an interaction between the ABA receptor protein MdPYL4 and the MdNAC4 protein.Moreover,MdPYL4 showed a function similar to that of MdNAC4 in ABA-mediated N deficiencyinduced leaf senescence.These findings suggest that ABA plays a central role in N deficiency-induced leaf senescence and that MdPYL4 interacts with MdNAC4 to enhance the response of the latter to N deficiency,thus promoting N deficiency-induced leaf senescence.In conclusion,our results provide new insight into how MdNAC4 regulates N deficiency-induced leaf senescence.展开更多
Storage or transportation temperature is very important for preserving the quality of fruit.However,low temperature in sensitive fruit such as peach can induce loss of quality.Fruit exposed to a specific range of temp...Storage or transportation temperature is very important for preserving the quality of fruit.However,low temperature in sensitive fruit such as peach can induce loss of quality.Fruit exposed to a specific range of temperatures and for a longer period can show chilling injury(CI)symptoms.The susceptibility to CI at low temperature varies among cultivars and genetic backgrounds.Along with agronomic management,appropriate postharvest management can limit quality losses.The importance of correct temperature management during postharvest handling has been widely demonstrated.Nowadays,due to long-distance markets and complex logistics that require multiple actors,the management of storage/transportation conditions is crucial for the quality of products reaching the consumer.Peach fruit exposed to low temperatures activate a suite of physiological,metabolomic,and molecular changes that attempt to counteract the negative effects of chilling stress.In this review an overview of the factors involved,and plant responses is presented and critically discussed.Physiological disorders associated with CI generally only appear after the storage/transportation,hence early detection methods are needed to monitor quality and detect internal changes which will lead to CI development.CI detection tools are assessed:they need to be easy to use,and preferably non-destructive to avoid loss of products.展开更多
Volatile terpenes are important compounds that influence fruit flavour and aroma of kiwifruit.Terpenes in plants also impact on the floral bouquet and defence against pests and pathogens in leaves and fruit.To better ...Volatile terpenes are important compounds that influence fruit flavour and aroma of kiwifruit.Terpenes in plants also impact on the floral bouquet and defence against pests and pathogens in leaves and fruit.To better understand the overlapping roles that terpenes may fulfil in plants,a systematic gene,chemical and biochemical analysis of terpenes and terpene synthases(TPS)was undertaken in Red5 kiwifruit(Actinidia spp.).Analysis of the Red5 genome shows it contains only 22 TPS gene models,of which fifteen encode full-length TPS.Thirteen TPS can account for the major terpene volatiles produced in different tissues of Red5 kiwifruit and in response to different stimuli.The small Red5 TPS family displays surprisingly high functional redundancy with five TPS producing linalool/nerolidol.Treatment of leaves and fruit with methyl jasmonate enhanced expression of a subset of defence-related TPS genes and stimulated the release of terpenes.Six TPS genes were induced upon herbivory of leaves by the economically important insect pest Ctenopseustis obliquana(brown-headed leaf roller)and emission,but not accumulation,of(E)-and(Z)-nerolidol was strongly linked to herbivory.Our results provide a framework to understand the overlapping biological and ecological roles of terpenes in Actinidia and other horticultural crops.展开更多
Some cultivars of pear(Pyrus L.)show attractive red fruit skin due to anthocyanin accumulation.This pigmentation can be affected by environmental conditions,especially light.To explore the light-induced regulation net...Some cultivars of pear(Pyrus L.)show attractive red fruit skin due to anthocyanin accumulation.This pigmentation can be affected by environmental conditions,especially light.To explore the light-induced regulation network for anthocyanin biosynthesis and fruit coloration in pear,small RNA libraries and mRNA libraries from fruit skins of‘Yunhongyihao’pear were constructed to compare the difference between bagging and debagging treatments.Analysis of RNA-seq of fruit skins with limited light(bagged)and exposed to light(debagged),showed that PyPIF5 was down-regulated after bag removal.PymiR156a was also differentially expressed between bagged and debagged fruit skins.We found that PyPIF5 negatively regulated PymiR156a expression in bagged fruits by directly binding to the G-box motif in its promoter.In addition,PymiR156a overexpression promoted anthocyanin accumulation in both pear skin and apple calli.We confirmed that PymiR156a mediated the cleavage of PySPL9,and that the target PySPL9 protein could form heterodimers with two key anthocyanin regulators(PyMYB114/PyMYB10).We proposed a new module of PyPIF5-PymiR156a-PySPL9-PyMYB114/MYB10.When the bagged fruits were re-exposed to light,PyPIF5 was down-regulated and its inhibitory effect on PymiR156a was weakened,which leads to degradation of the target PySPL,thus eliminating the blocking effect of PySPL on the formation of the regulatory MYB complexes.Ultimately,this promotes anthocyanin biosynthesis in pear skin.展开更多
The ribosomal protein contains complex structures that belong to polypeptide glycoprotein family,which are involved in plant growth and responses to various stresses.In this study,we found that capsicum annuum 40S rib...The ribosomal protein contains complex structures that belong to polypeptide glycoprotein family,which are involved in plant growth and responses to various stresses.In this study,we found that capsicum annuum 40S ribosomal protein SA-like(CaSLP)was extensively accumulated in the cell nucleus and cell membrane,and the expression level of CaSLP was up-regulated by Salicylic acid(SA)and drought treatment.Significantly fewer peppers plants could withstand drought stress after CaSLP gene knockout.The transient expression of CaSLP leads to drought tolerance in pepper,and Arabidopsis’s ability to withstand drought stress was greatly improved by overexpressing the CaSLP gene.Exogenous application of SA during spraying season enhanced drought tolerance.CaSLP-knockdown pepper plants demonstrated a decreased resistance of Pseudomonas syringae PV.tomato(Pst)DC3000(Pst.DC3000),whereas ectopic expression of CaSLP increased the Pst.DC3000 stress resistance in Arabidopsis.Yeast two-hybrid(Y2H)and bimolecular fluorescence complementation(BiFC)results showed that CaNAC035 physically interacts with CaSLP in the cell nucleus.CaNAC035 was identified as an upstream partner of the CaPR1 promoter and activated transcription.Collectively the findings demonstrated that CaSLP plays an essential role in the regulation of drought and Pst.DC3000 stress resistance.展开更多
The quantitative control of FLOWERING LOCUS T(FT)activation is important for the floral transition in flowering plants.However,the flowering regulation mechanisms in the day-neutral,summer-flowering chrysanthemum plan...The quantitative control of FLOWERING LOCUS T(FT)activation is important for the floral transition in flowering plants.However,the flowering regulation mechanisms in the day-neutral,summer-flowering chrysanthemum plant remain unclear.In this study,the chrysanthemum BBX7 homolog CmBBX7 was isolated and its flowering function was identified.The expression of CmBBX7 showed a diurnal rhythm and CmBBX7 exhibited higher expression levels than CmBBX8.Overexpression of CmBBX7 in transgenic chrysanthemum accelerated flowering,whereas lines transfected with a chimeric repressor(pSRDX-CmBBX7)exhibited delayed flowering.Yeast single hybridization,luciferase,electrophoretic mobility shift,and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that CmBBX7 directly targets CmFTL1.In addition,we found that CmBBX7 and CmBBX8 interact to positively regulate the expression of CmFTL1 through binding to its promoter.Collectively,these results highlight CmBBX7 as a key cooperator in the BBX8–FT module to control chrysanthemum flowering.展开更多
Fruit crops,consist of climacteric and non-climacteric fruits,are the major sources of nutrients and fiber for human diet.Since 2013,CRISPR/Cas(Clustered Regularly Interspersed Short Palindromic Repeats and CRISPR-Ass...Fruit crops,consist of climacteric and non-climacteric fruits,are the major sources of nutrients and fiber for human diet.Since 2013,CRISPR/Cas(Clustered Regularly Interspersed Short Palindromic Repeats and CRISPR-Associated Protein)genome editing system has been widely employed in different plants,leading to unprecedented progress in the genetic improvement of many agronomically important fruit crops.Here,we summarize latest advancements in CRISPR/Cas genome editing of fruit crops,including efforts to decipher the mechanisms behind plant development and plant immunity,We also highlight the potential challenges and improvements in the application of genome editing tools to fruit crops,including optimizing the expression of CRISPR/Cas cassette,improving the delivery efficiency of CRISPR/Cas reagents,increasing the specificity of genome editing,and optimizing the transformation and regeneration system.In addition,we propose the perspectives on the application of genome editing in crop breeding especially in fruit crops and highlight the potential challenges.It is worth noting that efforts to manipulate fruit crops with genome editing systems are urgently needed for fruit crops breeding and demonstration.展开更多
Carotenoids,as natural tetraterpenes,play a pivotal role in the yellow coloration of peaches and contribute to human dietary health.Despite a relatively clear understanding of the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway,the r...Carotenoids,as natural tetraterpenes,play a pivotal role in the yellow coloration of peaches and contribute to human dietary health.Despite a relatively clear understanding of the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway,the regulatory mechanism of miRNAs involved in carotenoid synthesis in yellow peaches remain poorly elucidated.This study investigated a total of 14 carotenoids and 40 xanthophyll lipids,including six differentially accumulated carotenoids:violaxanthin,neoxanthin,lutein,zeaxanthin,cryptoxanthin,and(E/Z)-phytoene.An integrated analysis of RNA-seq,miRNA-seq and degradome sequencing revealed that miRNAs could modulate structural genes such as PSY2,CRTISO,ZDS1,CHYB,VDE,ZEP,NCED1,NCED3 and the transcription factors NAC,ARF,WRKY,MYB,and bZIP,thereby participating in carotenoid biosynthesis and metabolism.The authenticity of miRNAs and target gene was corroborated through quantitative real-time PCR.Moreover,through weighted gene coexpression network analysis and a phylogenetic evolutionary study,coexpressed genes and MYB transcription factors potentially implicated in carotenoid synthesis were identified.The results of transient expression experiments indicated that mdm-miR858 inhibited the expression of PpMYB9 through targeted cleavage.Building upon these findings,a regulatory network governing miRNA-mediated carotenoid synthesis was proposed.In summary,this study comprehensively identified miRNAs engaged in carotenoid biosynthesis and their putative target genes,thus enhancing the understanding of carotenoid accumulation and regulatory mechanism in yellow peach peel and expanding the gene regulatory network of carotenoid synthesis.展开更多
Cytokinins(CKs)are a class of adenine-derived plant hormones that plays pervasive roles in plant growth and development including cell division,morphogenesis,lateral bud outgrowth,leaf expansion and senescence.CKs as ...Cytokinins(CKs)are a class of adenine-derived plant hormones that plays pervasive roles in plant growth and development including cell division,morphogenesis,lateral bud outgrowth,leaf expansion and senescence.CKs as a“fountain of youth”prolongs leaf longevity by inhibiting leaf senescence,and therefore must be catabolized for senescence to occur.AtNAP,a senescence-specific transcription factor has a key role in promoting leaf senescence.The role of AtNAP in regulating CK catabolism is unknown.Here we report the identification and characterization of AtNAP-AtCKX3(cytokinin oxidase 3)module by which CKs are catabolized during leaf senescence in Arabidopsis.Like AtNAP,AtCKX3 is highly upregulated during leaf senescence.When AtNAP is chemically induced AtCKX3 is co-induced;and when AtNAP is knocked out,the expression of AtCKX3 is abolished.AtNAP physically binds to the cis element of the AtCKX3 promoter to direct its expression as revealed by yeast one-hybrid assays and in planta experiments.Leaves of the atckx3 knockout lines have higher CK concentrations and a delayed senescence phenotype compared with those of WT.In contrast,leaves with inducible expression of AtCKX3 have lower CK concentrations and exhibit a precocious senescence phenotype compared with WT.This research reveals that AtNAP transcription factor˗AtCKX3 module regulates leaf senescence by connecting two antagonist plant hormones abscisic acid and CKs.展开更多
Muskmelon(Cucumis melo L.)is one of the important horticultural crops of the Cucurbitaceae family.Global production of melon fruits was approximately 27 million tons,with the United States production yielding 616,050 ...Muskmelon(Cucumis melo L.)is one of the important horticultural crops of the Cucurbitaceae family.Global production of melon fruits was approximately 27 million tons,with the United States production yielding 616,050 tons(FAO 2018).Melon is diploid(2n=24)and has an approximate genome size of 450 Mbp(Arumuganathan and Earle 1991).A high-quality reference genome of melon(DHL92 v4.0)covers 358 Mbp pseudomolecules(Castanera et al.2019).展开更多
We review the latest information related to the control of fruit softening in tomato and where relevant compare the events with texture changes in other fleshy fruits.Development of an acceptable texture is essential ...We review the latest information related to the control of fruit softening in tomato and where relevant compare the events with texture changes in other fleshy fruits.Development of an acceptable texture is essential for consumer acceptance,but also determines the postharvest life of fruits.The complex modern supply chain demands effective control of shelf life in tomato without compromising colour and flavour.The control of softening and ripening in tomato(Solanum lycopersicum)are discussed with respect to hormonal cues,epigenetic regulation and transcriptional modulation of cell wall structure-related genes.In the last section we focus on the biochemical changes closely linked with softening in tomato including key aspects of cell wall disassembly.Some important elements of the softening process have been identified,but our understanding of the mechanistic basis of the process in tomato and other fruits remains incomplete,especially the precise relationship between changes in cell wall structure and alterations in fruit texture.展开更多
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31970196 to Z.L.,31570286 to H.G.,31670277 to K.Z.,31770318 to Y.M.)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2019YFA0903904)+2 种基金Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(KQTD20190929173906742)to H.G.Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(15JC1400800 to G.R.)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of China,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(ASTIP-TRI02 to Y.G.).
文摘Leaf senescence,the last stage of leaf development,is a type of postmitotic senescence and is characterized by the functional transition from nutrient assimilation to nutrient remobilization which is essential for plants’fitness.The initiation and progression of leaf senescence are regulated by a variety of internal and external factors such as age,phytohormones,and environmental stresses.Significant breakthroughs in dissecting the molecular mechanisms underpinning leaf senescence have benefited from the identification of senescence-altered mutants through forward genetic screening and functional assessment of hundreds of senescence-associated genes(SAGs)via reverse genetic research in model plant Arabidopsis thaliana as well as in crop plants.Leaf senescence involves highly complex genetic programs that are tightly tuned by multiple layers of regulation,including chromatin and transcription regulation,post-transcriptional,translational and post-translational regulation.Due to the significant impact of leaf senescence on photosynthesis,nutrient remobilization,stress responses,and productivity,much effort has been made in devising strategies based on known senescence regulatory mechanisms to manipulate the initiation and progression of leaf senescence,aiming for higher yield,better quality,or improved horticultural performance in crop plants.This review aims to provide an overview of leaf senescence and discuss recent advances in multi-dimensional regulation of leaf senescence from genetic and molecular network perspectives.We also put forward the key issues that need to be addressed,including the nature of leaf age,functional stay-green trait,coordination between different regulatory pathways,source-sink relationship and nutrient remobilization,as well as translational researches on leaf senescence.
基金Open access funding provided by Shanghai Jiao Tong Universitysupported by funds from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31972474,31471157).
文摘Actinidia eriantha is a characteristic fruit tree featuring with great potential for its abundant vitamin C and strong disease resistance.It has been used in a wide range of breeding programs and functional genomics studies.Previously published genome assemblies of A.eriantha are quite fragmented and not highly contiguous.Using multiple sequencing strategies,we get the haplotype-resolved and gap-free genomes of an elite breeding line“Midao 31”(MD),termed MDHAPA and MDHAPB.The new assemblies anchored to 29 pseudochromosome pairs with a length of 619.3 Mb and 611.7 Mb,as well as resolved 27 and 28 gap-close chromosomes in a telomere-to-telomere(T2T)manner.Based on the haplotype-resolved genome,we found that most alleles experienced purifying selection and coordinately expressed.Owing to the high continuity of assemblies,we defined the centromeric regions of A.eriantha,and identified the major repeating monomer,which is designated as Ae-CEN153.This resource lays a solid foundation for further functional genomics study and horticultural traits improvement in kiwifruit.
基金This work was funded by Science Foundation for Young Scholars of Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(2017B06)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program(ASTIPTRIC02)China Tobacco Genome Project(Grant No.202013-KN274).
文摘Genetic map is a linear arrangement of the relative positions of sites in the chromosome or genome based on the recombination frequency between genetic markers.It is the important basis for genetic analysis.Several kinds of software have been designed for genetic mapping,but all these tools require users to write or edit code,making it time-costing and difficult for researchers without programming skills to handle with.Here,MG2C,a new online tool was designed,based on PERL and SVG languages.Users can get a standard genetic map,only by providing the location of genes(or quantitative trait loci)and the length of the chromosome,without writing additional code.The operation interface of MG2C contains three sections:data input,data output and parameters.There are 33 attribute parameters in MG2C,which are further divided into 8 modules.Values of the parameters can be changed according to the users’requirements.The information submitted by users will be transformed into the genetic map in SVG file,which can be further modified by other image processing tools.MG2C is a user-friendly and time-saving online tool for drawing genetic maps,especially for those without programming skills.The tool has been running smoothly since 2015,and updated to version 2.1.It significantly lowers the technical barriers for the users,and provides great convenience for the researchers.
基金Open access funding provided by Shanghai Jiao Tong Universitysupported by grants from the National Key R&D Project(2019YFD1000900)+4 种基金a Project from Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Bureau(201904020033 and 2023B03J0991)the Natural Science Foundation of China(31772289)Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture Project(NT2021004,2021TDQD003)supported by the earmarked fund for CARS(CARS-31)funded by the Key Realm R&D Program of Guangdong Province(2020B0202090005).
文摘The Streptococcus-derived CRISPR/Cas9 system can introduce precise and predictable modifications into the plant genome to obtain the desired traits.As one of the most advanced tools for editing crop genomes,the CRISPR/Cas9 system has been expanding rapidly and has been widely applied to determine gene function and improve agronomic traits in horticultural crops such as fruits and vegetables(Ma et al.2023).
基金This work was supported by Agriculture and Food Research Initiative competitive award grant no.2019-67013-29162(to LL)and 2021-67013-33841(to LL and TS)from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture and USDA-ARS base fund.
文摘Carotenoids are isoprenoid metabolites synthesized de novo in all photosynthetic organisms.Carotenoids are essential for plants with diverse functions in photosynthesis,photoprotection,pigmentation,phytohormone synthesis,and signaling.They are also critically important for humans as precursors of vitamin A synthesis and as dietary antioxidants.The vital roles of carotenoids to plants and humans have prompted significant progress toward our understanding of carotenoid metabolism and regulation.New regulators and novel roles of carotenoid metabolites are continuously revealed.This review focuses on current status of carotenoid metabolism and highlights recent advances in comprehension of the intrinsic and multi-dimensional regulation of carotenoid accumulation.We also discuss the functional evolution of carotenoids,the agricultural and horticultural application,and some key areas for future research.
基金This research was supported by the Key Realm R&D Program of Guangdong Province(No.2020B0202090005)the Science and Technology Program of Guangdong Province(2021A0505030050)+2 种基金the Project of Collaborative Innovation Center of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences(XTXM202203)the Special Fund for Scientific Innovation Strategy-construction of High-Level Academy of Agriculture Science(No.R2020PY-JX019,R2021YJ-QG004)two USDA grants(No.8062-21000-046-00D and No.8062-21000-047-00D)。
文摘Over the past decade,systems biology and plant-omics have increasingly become the main stream in plant biology research.New developments in mass spectrometry and bioinformatics tools,and methodological schema to inte-grate multi-omics data have leveraged recent advances in proteomics and metabolomics.These progresses are driv-ing a rapid evolution in the field of plant research,greatly facilitating our understanding of the mechanistic aspects of plant metabolisms and the interactions of plants with their external environment.Here,we review the recent progresses in MS-based proteomics and metabolomics tools and workflows with a special focus on their applications to plant biology research using several case studies related to mechanistic understanding of stress response,gene/protein function characterization,metabolic and signaling pathways exploration,and natural product discovery.We also present a projection concerning future perspectives in MS-based proteomics and metabolomics development including their applications to and challenges for system biology.This review is intended to provide readers with an overview of how advanced MS technology,and integrated application of proteomics and metabolomics can be used to advance plant system biology research.
基金This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2018YFD1000105)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31870198 and 31770374).
文摘The current kiwifruit industry is mainly based on the cultivars derived from the species Actinidia chinensis(Ac)which may bring risks such as canker disease.Introgression of desired traits from wild relatives is an important method for improving kiwifruit cultivars.Actinidia eriantha(Ae)is a particularly important taxon used for hybridization or introgressive breeding of new kiwifruit cultivars because of its valued species-specific traits.Here,we assembled a chromosome-scale high-quality genome of a Ae sample which was directly collected from its wild populations.Our analysis revealed that 41.3%of the genome consists of repetitive elements,comparable to the percentage in Ac and Ae cultivar“White”genomes.The genomic structural variation,including the presence/absence-variation(PAV)of genes,is distinct between Ae and Ac,despite both sharing the same two kiwifruit-specific whole genome duplication(WGD)events.This suggests that a post-WGD divergence mechanism occurred during their evolution.We further investigated genes involved in ascorbic acid biosynthesis and disease-resistance of Ae,and we found introgressive genome could contribute to the complex relationship between Ae and other representative kiwifruit taxa.Collectively,the Ae genome offers valuable genetic resource to accelerate kiwifruit breeding applications.
基金This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant numbers 31930086,31530057,31671910,31722043).
文摘The disease caused by pathogenic fungi is the main cause of postharvest loss of fresh fruits.The formulation of disease control strategies greatly depends on the understanding of pathogenic mechanism of fungal pathogens and control strategy.In recent years,based on the application of various combinatorial research methods,some pathogenic genes of important postharvest fungal pathogens in fruit have been revealed,and their functions and molecular regulatory networks of virulence have been explored.These progresses not only provide a new perspective for understanding the molecular basis and regulation mechanism of pathogenicity of postharvest pathogenic fungi,but also are beneficial to giving theoretical guidance for the creation of new technologies of postharvest disease control.Here,we synthesized these recent advances and illustrated conceptual frameworks,and identified several issues on the focus of future studies.
基金Open access funding provided by Shanghai Jiao Tong Universitysupported by grants from the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA24030404-3)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32001994)the Agricultural Breeding Project of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region(NXNYYZ20210104)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS(2022078).
文摘Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats(CRISPR)/Cas12a system,also known as CRISPR/Cpf1,has been successfully harnessed for genome engineering in many plants,but not in grapevine yet.Here we developed and demonstrated the efficacy of CRISPR/Cas12a from Lachnospiraceae bacterium ND2006(LbCas12a)in inducing targeted mutagenesis by targeting the tonoplastic monosaccharide transporter1(TMT1)and dihydroflavonol-4-reductase 1(DFR1)genes in 41B cells.Knockout of DFR1 gene altered flavonoid accumulation in dfr1 mutant cells.Heat treatment(34℃)improved the editing efficiencies of CRISPR/LbCas12a system,and the editing efficiencies of TMT1-crRNA1 and TMT1-crRNA2 increased from 35.3%to 44.6%and 29.9%to 37.3%after heat treatment,respectively.Moreover,the sequences of crRNAs were found to be predominant factor affecting editing efficiencies irrespective of the positions within the crRNA array designed for multiplex genome editing.In addition,genome editing with truncated crRNAs(trucrRNAs)showed that trucrRNAs with 20 nt guide sequences were as effective as original crRNAs with 24 nt guides in generating targeted mutagenesis,whereas trucrRNAs with shorter regions of target complementarity≤18 nt in length may not induce detectable mutations in 41B cells.All these results provide evidence for further applications of CRISPR/LbCas12a system in grapevine as a powerful tool for genome engineering.
基金Open access funding provided by Shanghai Jiao Tong Universityfunded by Shandong Province Major Science and Technology Innovation Project(2018CXGC0209)+1 种基金Shandong Provincial Fruit Industry Technology System-Cultivation and Soil Fertilization Post(SDAIT-06-04)Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Provincial(ZR2020ZD18).
文摘Although it is well established that nitrogen(N)deficiency induces leaf senescence,the molecular mechanism of N deficiency-induced leaf senescence remains largely unknown.Here,we show that an abscisic acid(ABA)-responsive NAC transcription factor(TF)is involved in N deficiency-induced leaf senescence.The overexpression of MdNAC4 led to increased ABA levels in apple calli by directly activating the transcription of the ABA biosynthesis gene MdNCED2.In addition,MdNAC4 overexpression promoted N deficiency-induced leaf senescence.Further investigation showed that MdNAC4 directly bound the promoter of the senescence-associated gene(SAG)MdSAG39 and upregulated its expression.Interestingly,the function of MdNAC4 in promoting N deficiency-induced leaf senescence was enhanced in the presence of ABA.Furthermore,we identified an interaction between the ABA receptor protein MdPYL4 and the MdNAC4 protein.Moreover,MdPYL4 showed a function similar to that of MdNAC4 in ABA-mediated N deficiencyinduced leaf senescence.These findings suggest that ABA plays a central role in N deficiency-induced leaf senescence and that MdPYL4 interacts with MdNAC4 to enhance the response of the latter to N deficiency,thus promoting N deficiency-induced leaf senescence.In conclusion,our results provide new insight into how MdNAC4 regulates N deficiency-induced leaf senescence.
基金Open access funding provided by Shanghai Jiao Tong Universitysupported by Fondazione con il Sud,call Brain2South,as part of the FRUITY project(2015-0245).
文摘Storage or transportation temperature is very important for preserving the quality of fruit.However,low temperature in sensitive fruit such as peach can induce loss of quality.Fruit exposed to a specific range of temperatures and for a longer period can show chilling injury(CI)symptoms.The susceptibility to CI at low temperature varies among cultivars and genetic backgrounds.Along with agronomic management,appropriate postharvest management can limit quality losses.The importance of correct temperature management during postharvest handling has been widely demonstrated.Nowadays,due to long-distance markets and complex logistics that require multiple actors,the management of storage/transportation conditions is crucial for the quality of products reaching the consumer.Peach fruit exposed to low temperatures activate a suite of physiological,metabolomic,and molecular changes that attempt to counteract the negative effects of chilling stress.In this review an overview of the factors involved,and plant responses is presented and critically discussed.Physiological disorders associated with CI generally only appear after the storage/transportation,hence early detection methods are needed to monitor quality and detect internal changes which will lead to CI development.CI detection tools are assessed:they need to be easy to use,and preferably non-destructive to avoid loss of products.
基金Open access funding provided by Shanghai Jiao Tong Universityfunded by the New Zealand Ministry of Business,Innovation and Employment and internal PFR funding derived in part from kiwifruit variety and royalty income+2 种基金WW’s visit to New Zealand was funded by China Scholarship Council(CSC)(no.201906850030)the National Natural Science Foundation of China Program(ID:31972384)the work was supported by the Jiangsu Institute of Botany Talent Fund(JIBTF202204).
文摘Volatile terpenes are important compounds that influence fruit flavour and aroma of kiwifruit.Terpenes in plants also impact on the floral bouquet and defence against pests and pathogens in leaves and fruit.To better understand the overlapping roles that terpenes may fulfil in plants,a systematic gene,chemical and biochemical analysis of terpenes and terpene synthases(TPS)was undertaken in Red5 kiwifruit(Actinidia spp.).Analysis of the Red5 genome shows it contains only 22 TPS gene models,of which fifteen encode full-length TPS.Thirteen TPS can account for the major terpene volatiles produced in different tissues of Red5 kiwifruit and in response to different stimuli.The small Red5 TPS family displays surprisingly high functional redundancy with five TPS producing linalool/nerolidol.Treatment of leaves and fruit with methyl jasmonate enhanced expression of a subset of defence-related TPS genes and stimulated the release of terpenes.Six TPS genes were induced upon herbivory of leaves by the economically important insect pest Ctenopseustis obliquana(brown-headed leaf roller)and emission,but not accumulation,of(E)-and(Z)-nerolidol was strongly linked to herbivory.Our results provide a framework to understand the overlapping biological and ecological roles of terpenes in Actinidia and other horticultural crops.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31820103012)the National Key Research and Development Program(2018YFD1000200)China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA,the Earmarked Fund for Jiangsu Agricultural Industry Technology System(JATS[2020]401).
文摘Some cultivars of pear(Pyrus L.)show attractive red fruit skin due to anthocyanin accumulation.This pigmentation can be affected by environmental conditions,especially light.To explore the light-induced regulation network for anthocyanin biosynthesis and fruit coloration in pear,small RNA libraries and mRNA libraries from fruit skins of‘Yunhongyihao’pear were constructed to compare the difference between bagging and debagging treatments.Analysis of RNA-seq of fruit skins with limited light(bagged)and exposed to light(debagged),showed that PyPIF5 was down-regulated after bag removal.PymiR156a was also differentially expressed between bagged and debagged fruit skins.We found that PyPIF5 negatively regulated PymiR156a expression in bagged fruits by directly binding to the G-box motif in its promoter.In addition,PymiR156a overexpression promoted anthocyanin accumulation in both pear skin and apple calli.We confirmed that PymiR156a mediated the cleavage of PySPL9,and that the target PySPL9 protein could form heterodimers with two key anthocyanin regulators(PyMYB114/PyMYB10).We proposed a new module of PyPIF5-PymiR156a-PySPL9-PyMYB114/MYB10.When the bagged fruits were re-exposed to light,PyPIF5 was down-regulated and its inhibitory effect on PymiR156a was weakened,which leads to degradation of the target PySPL,thus eliminating the blocking effect of PySPL on the formation of the regulatory MYB complexes.Ultimately,this promotes anthocyanin biosynthesis in pear skin.
基金Open access funding provided by Shanghai Jiao Tong Universityfunded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32172582,31672146)+2 种基金Scientific&Technological Innovative Research Team of Shaanxi Province(2021TD-34)Agricultural Key Science and Technology Program of Shaanxi Province(2021NY-086)the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province(2018JM3023).
文摘The ribosomal protein contains complex structures that belong to polypeptide glycoprotein family,which are involved in plant growth and responses to various stresses.In this study,we found that capsicum annuum 40S ribosomal protein SA-like(CaSLP)was extensively accumulated in the cell nucleus and cell membrane,and the expression level of CaSLP was up-regulated by Salicylic acid(SA)and drought treatment.Significantly fewer peppers plants could withstand drought stress after CaSLP gene knockout.The transient expression of CaSLP leads to drought tolerance in pepper,and Arabidopsis’s ability to withstand drought stress was greatly improved by overexpressing the CaSLP gene.Exogenous application of SA during spraying season enhanced drought tolerance.CaSLP-knockdown pepper plants demonstrated a decreased resistance of Pseudomonas syringae PV.tomato(Pst)DC3000(Pst.DC3000),whereas ectopic expression of CaSLP increased the Pst.DC3000 stress resistance in Arabidopsis.Yeast two-hybrid(Y2H)and bimolecular fluorescence complementation(BiFC)results showed that CaNAC035 physically interacts with CaSLP in the cell nucleus.CaNAC035 was identified as an upstream partner of the CaPR1 promoter and activated transcription.Collectively the findings demonstrated that CaSLP plays an essential role in the regulation of drought and Pst.DC3000 stress resistance.
基金Open access funding provided by Shanghai Jiao Tong Universitysupported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31930100)+1 种基金National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFD1000403)a Project Funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions.
文摘The quantitative control of FLOWERING LOCUS T(FT)activation is important for the floral transition in flowering plants.However,the flowering regulation mechanisms in the day-neutral,summer-flowering chrysanthemum plant remain unclear.In this study,the chrysanthemum BBX7 homolog CmBBX7 was isolated and its flowering function was identified.The expression of CmBBX7 showed a diurnal rhythm and CmBBX7 exhibited higher expression levels than CmBBX8.Overexpression of CmBBX7 in transgenic chrysanthemum accelerated flowering,whereas lines transfected with a chimeric repressor(pSRDX-CmBBX7)exhibited delayed flowering.Yeast single hybridization,luciferase,electrophoretic mobility shift,and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that CmBBX7 directly targets CmFTL1.In addition,we found that CmBBX7 and CmBBX8 interact to positively regulate the expression of CmFTL1 through binding to its promoter.Collectively,these results highlight CmBBX7 as a key cooperator in the BBX8–FT module to control chrysanthemum flowering.
基金Open access funding provided by Shanghai Jiao Tong Universitysupported by the Provincial Technology Innovation Program of Shandong and National Natural Science Foundation of China(#32272692).
文摘Fruit crops,consist of climacteric and non-climacteric fruits,are the major sources of nutrients and fiber for human diet.Since 2013,CRISPR/Cas(Clustered Regularly Interspersed Short Palindromic Repeats and CRISPR-Associated Protein)genome editing system has been widely employed in different plants,leading to unprecedented progress in the genetic improvement of many agronomically important fruit crops.Here,we summarize latest advancements in CRISPR/Cas genome editing of fruit crops,including efforts to decipher the mechanisms behind plant development and plant immunity,We also highlight the potential challenges and improvements in the application of genome editing tools to fruit crops,including optimizing the expression of CRISPR/Cas cassette,improving the delivery efficiency of CRISPR/Cas reagents,increasing the specificity of genome editing,and optimizing the transformation and regeneration system.In addition,we propose the perspectives on the application of genome editing in crop breeding especially in fruit crops and highlight the potential challenges.It is worth noting that efforts to manipulate fruit crops with genome editing systems are urgently needed for fruit crops breeding and demonstration.
基金Open access funding provided by Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityOpen access funding provided by Shanghai Jiao Tong University+3 种基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32201603)the Open Fund of the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region(No.SYFMR2022011Z)the Open Fund of State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding(Chinese Academy of Forestry)(No.TGB2021008)the Scientific Research Program of Hubei Provincial Department of Education(No.B2021044).
文摘Carotenoids,as natural tetraterpenes,play a pivotal role in the yellow coloration of peaches and contribute to human dietary health.Despite a relatively clear understanding of the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway,the regulatory mechanism of miRNAs involved in carotenoid synthesis in yellow peaches remain poorly elucidated.This study investigated a total of 14 carotenoids and 40 xanthophyll lipids,including six differentially accumulated carotenoids:violaxanthin,neoxanthin,lutein,zeaxanthin,cryptoxanthin,and(E/Z)-phytoene.An integrated analysis of RNA-seq,miRNA-seq and degradome sequencing revealed that miRNAs could modulate structural genes such as PSY2,CRTISO,ZDS1,CHYB,VDE,ZEP,NCED1,NCED3 and the transcription factors NAC,ARF,WRKY,MYB,and bZIP,thereby participating in carotenoid biosynthesis and metabolism.The authenticity of miRNAs and target gene was corroborated through quantitative real-time PCR.Moreover,through weighted gene coexpression network analysis and a phylogenetic evolutionary study,coexpressed genes and MYB transcription factors potentially implicated in carotenoid synthesis were identified.The results of transient expression experiments indicated that mdm-miR858 inhibited the expression of PpMYB9 through targeted cleavage.Building upon these findings,a regulatory network governing miRNA-mediated carotenoid synthesis was proposed.In summary,this study comprehensively identified miRNAs engaged in carotenoid biosynthesis and their putative target genes,thus enhancing the understanding of carotenoid accumulation and regulatory mechanism in yellow peach peel and expanding the gene regulatory network of carotenoid synthesis.
基金The work was supported by Cornell University.Y.H.and B.L.were funded by scholarships from China Scholars Council.
文摘Cytokinins(CKs)are a class of adenine-derived plant hormones that plays pervasive roles in plant growth and development including cell division,morphogenesis,lateral bud outgrowth,leaf expansion and senescence.CKs as a“fountain of youth”prolongs leaf longevity by inhibiting leaf senescence,and therefore must be catabolized for senescence to occur.AtNAP,a senescence-specific transcription factor has a key role in promoting leaf senescence.The role of AtNAP in regulating CK catabolism is unknown.Here we report the identification and characterization of AtNAP-AtCKX3(cytokinin oxidase 3)module by which CKs are catabolized during leaf senescence in Arabidopsis.Like AtNAP,AtCKX3 is highly upregulated during leaf senescence.When AtNAP is chemically induced AtCKX3 is co-induced;and when AtNAP is knocked out,the expression of AtCKX3 is abolished.AtNAP physically binds to the cis element of the AtCKX3 promoter to direct its expression as revealed by yeast one-hybrid assays and in planta experiments.Leaves of the atckx3 knockout lines have higher CK concentrations and a delayed senescence phenotype compared with those of WT.In contrast,leaves with inducible expression of AtCKX3 have lower CK concentrations and exhibit a precocious senescence phenotype compared with WT.This research reveals that AtNAP transcription factor˗AtCKX3 module regulates leaf senescence by connecting two antagonist plant hormones abscisic acid and CKs.
基金Open access funding provided by Shanghai Jiao Tong Universityfunded by the United States Department of Agriculture-NIFA-SCRI-2017-51181-26834 through the National Center of Excellence for Melon at the Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center of Texas A&M University.
文摘Muskmelon(Cucumis melo L.)is one of the important horticultural crops of the Cucurbitaceae family.Global production of melon fruits was approximately 27 million tons,with the United States production yielding 616,050 tons(FAO 2018).Melon is diploid(2n=24)and has an approximate genome size of 450 Mbp(Arumuganathan and Earle 1991).A high-quality reference genome of melon(DHL92 v4.0)covers 358 Mbp pseudomolecules(Castanera et al.2019).
文摘We review the latest information related to the control of fruit softening in tomato and where relevant compare the events with texture changes in other fleshy fruits.Development of an acceptable texture is essential for consumer acceptance,but also determines the postharvest life of fruits.The complex modern supply chain demands effective control of shelf life in tomato without compromising colour and flavour.The control of softening and ripening in tomato(Solanum lycopersicum)are discussed with respect to hormonal cues,epigenetic regulation and transcriptional modulation of cell wall structure-related genes.In the last section we focus on the biochemical changes closely linked with softening in tomato including key aspects of cell wall disassembly.Some important elements of the softening process have been identified,but our understanding of the mechanistic basis of the process in tomato and other fruits remains incomplete,especially the precise relationship between changes in cell wall structure and alterations in fruit texture.
