Mountain biodiversity is of great importance to biogeography and ecology.However,it is unclear what ecological and evolutionary processes best explain the generation and maintenance of its high levels of species diver...Mountain biodiversity is of great importance to biogeography and ecology.However,it is unclear what ecological and evolutionary processes best explain the generation and maintenance of its high levels of species diversity.In this study,we determined which of six common hypotheses(e.g.,climate hypotheses,habitat heterogeneity hypothesis and island biogeography theory)best explain global patterns of species diversity in Rhododendron.We found that Rhododendron diversity patterns were most strongly explained by proxies of island biogeography theory(i.e.,mountain area)and habitat heterogeneity(i.e.,elevation range).When we examined other relationships important to island biogeography theory,we found that the planimetric area and the volume of mountains were positively correlated with the Rhododendron diversity,whereas the‘mountains-to-mainland’distance was negatively correlated with Rhododendron diversity and shared species.Our findings demonstrate that Rhododendron diversity can be explained by island biogeography theory and habitat heterogeneity,and mountains can be regarded as islands which supported island biogeography theory.展开更多
Purpose: We reported a rare case of ICE syndrome in a Chinese child.Case report: A 6-year-old child was admitted to the ophthalmology department of the Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, co...Purpose: We reported a rare case of ICE syndrome in a Chinese child.Case report: A 6-year-old child was admitted to the ophthalmology department of the Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, complaining of elevated intraocular pressure at his first diagnosis in a local hospital. The patient was initially treated with medication..During subsequent follow up,.two iris holes were seen in the patient's right eye and he was then diagnosed with ICE syndrome. The child underwent surgery combined with mitomycin C intraoperatively.The intraocular pressure was stably controlled.Conclusion:.ICE syndrome has been rarely reported in children. Glaucoma filtering surgery combined with intraoperative administration of mitomycin is efficacious for intraocular pressure control.展开更多
Lactobacillus species have excellent abilities to reduce intestinal inflammation and enhance gut barrier function.This study elucidated the potential mechanisms through which Lactobacillus mitigates lipopolysaccharide...Lactobacillus species have excellent abilities to reduce intestinal inflammation and enhance gut barrier function.This study elucidated the potential mechanisms through which Lactobacillus mitigates lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced intestinal injury from the perspective of macrophage-intestinal epithelial cell interactions.Lactobacillus intervention improved the histopathological score;elevated ZO-1 and Occludin protein production;reduced CD16^(+)cell numbers;diminished IL-1β,IL-6,and TNF-αlevels;decreased inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS)expression;increased CD163^(+)cell numbers;elevated IL-10 concentration;and increased arginase-1(Arg1)expression in LPS-challenged piglets.Lactobacillus pretreatment also altered the colonic microbiota,thereby increasing the butyric acid concentration and GPR43 expression in the LPS-challenged piglets.Compared with those in the LPS group,sodium butyrate(SB)pretreatment decreased IL-1β,IL-6 and TNF-αsecretion and iNOS expression but increased IL-10 secretion and Arg1 expression in macrophages.The SB-pretreated macrophages reduced the protein expression of TLR4,MyD88,and phosphorylated NF-κB p65 but increased the protein expression of ZO-1 and Occludin in intestinal epithelial cells.Moreover,GLPG0974 blocked the beneficial effects of SB on macrophages and intestinal epithelial cells.This study demonstrated that Lactobacillus improves intestinal barrier function by regulating the macrophage phenotype through the control of butyric acid and GPR43 levels to further control inflammation.展开更多
Boreal peatlands represent a large global carbon pool. The relationships between carbon mineralization, soil temperature and moisture in the permafrost peatlands of the Great Hing＇an Mountains, China, were examined. ...Boreal peatlands represent a large global carbon pool. The relationships between carbon mineralization, soil temperature and moisture in the permafrost peatlands of the Great Hing＇an Mountains, China, were examined. The CO2 emissions were measured during laboratory incubations of samples from four sites under different temperatures （5, 10, 15, and 20℃） and moisture contents （0%, 30%, 60%, 100% water holding capacity （WHC） and completely water saturated）. Total carbon mineralization ranged from 15.51 to 112.92 mg C under the treatments for all sites. Carbon mineralization rates decreased with soil depth, increased with temperature, and reached the highest at 60% WHC at the same temperature. The calculated temperature coefficient （Q10） values ranged from 1.84 to 2.51 with the soil depths and moisture. However, the values were not significantly affected by soil moisture and depth for all sites due to the different peat properties （P 〉 0.05）. We found that the carbon mineralization could be successfully predicted as a two-compartment function with temperature and moisture （R^2 〉 0.96） and total carbon mineralization was significantly affected by temperature and moisture （P 〈 0.05）. Thus, temperature and moisture would play important roles in carbon mineralization of permafrost peatlands in the Great Hing＇an Mountains, indicating that the permafrost peatlands would be sensitive to the environment change, and the permafrost peatlands would be potentially mineralized under future climate change.展开更多
At Quesang on the Tibetan Plateau we report a series of hand and foot impressions that appear to have been intentionally placed on the surface of a unit of soft travertine.The travertine was deposited by water from a ...At Quesang on the Tibetan Plateau we report a series of hand and foot impressions that appear to have been intentionally placed on the surface of a unit of soft travertine.The travertine was deposited by water from a hot spring which is now inactive and as the travertine lithified it preserved the traces.On the basis of the sizes of the hand and foot traces,we suggest that two track-makers were involved and were likely children.We interpret this event as a deliberate artistic act that created a work of parietal art.The travertine unit on which the traces were imprinted dates to between~169 and 226 ka BP.This would make the site the earliest currently known example of parietal art in the world and would also provide the earliest evidence discovered to date for hominins on the High Tibetan Plateau(above 4000 m a.s.l.).This remarkable discovery adds to the body of research that identifies children as some of the earliest artists within the genus Homo.展开更多
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the ability of the infimal convolution regular- ization in curing the staircasing artifacts of the TV model in the SPECT reconstruction. We formulate the problem of SPECT re...The purpose of this paper is to investigate the ability of the infimal convolution regular- ization in curing the staircasing artifacts of the TV model in the SPECT reconstruction. We formulate the problem of SPECT reconstruction with the infimal convolution regu- larization as a convex three-block optimization problem and characterize its solution by a system of fixed-point equations in terms of the proximity operator of the functions involved in its objective function. We then develop a novel fixed-point proximity algorithm based on the fixed-point equations. Moreover, we introduce a preconditioning matrix motivated by the classical MLEM （maximum-likelihood expectation maximization） algorithm. We prove convergence of the proposed algorithm. The numerical results are included to show that the infimal convolution regularization is capable of effectively reducing the staircasing artifacts, while maintaining comparable image and coefficient recovery contrast. quality in terms of the signal-to-noise ratio展开更多
Intestinal infectious diseases refer to the inflammatory changes in the intestinal tract caused by pathogens(including bacteria,viruses,fungi,protozoa,or parasites)or their toxic products.A large number of microorgani...Intestinal infectious diseases refer to the inflammatory changes in the intestinal tract caused by pathogens(including bacteria,viruses,fungi,protozoa,or parasites)or their toxic products.A large number of microorganisms colonize the intestinal tract of healthy people,which together with the intestinal epithelium constitute the biological barrier of the intestinal tract to resist infectious diseases.As an“invisible organ,”the intestinal flora is closely related to human nutrition metabolism and intestinal infections.A variety of intestinal flora participates in the nutritional metabolism of amino acids,and the small molecular substances produced by the amino acid metabolism through the intestinal flora can enhance intestinal immunity and resist bacterial infections.In turn,amino acids can also regulate the composition of the intestinal flora,maintain the steady-state of the intestinal flora,protect the intestinal barrier,and inhibit colonization by pathogenic bacteria.As a model animal with a clear microbial background,germ-free(GF)animals can clarify the mechanisms of interactions between intestinal microbes and amino acid metabolism in intestinal infections by combining genetic engineering technology and multi-omics studies.This article reviews related researches on the involvement of intestinal microbes in host amino acid metabolism and resistance to intestinal infections and discusses the advantages of GF animal models for studying the underlying mechanisms.The GF animal model is helpful to further study the intervention effects of amino acid metabolism of targeted intestinal flora on intestinal infections.展开更多
Professor Haowen Xu(许豪文,1935-2004)was a famous sports scientist and the founder of Exercise Biochemistry in China(Fig.1).He dedicated his life to the study of sports science and made tremendous contributions to the...Professor Haowen Xu(许豪文,1935-2004)was a famous sports scientist and the founder of Exercise Biochemistry in China(Fig.1).He dedicated his life to the study of sports science and made tremendous contributions to the formation and growth of the field of Exercise Biochemistry in China.He was the first to use theories of exercise biochemistry and sports medicine to guide athletes'training and competition in China(Yu,2006).展开更多
Background In the new International League Against Epilepsy(ILAE)classification of seizure types,generalized seizures such as absence seizures(ASs)may originate from a focal point and rapidly spread to the bilaterally...Background In the new International League Against Epilepsy(ILAE)classification of seizure types,generalized seizures such as absence seizures(ASs)may originate from a focal point and rapidly spread to the bilaterally distributed brain network.Increasing evidence from animal and clinical studies has indicated that focal changes may occur prior to ASs;however,the relationship of ASs with epileptogenic lesions remains unclear.Methods We retrospectively collected and analyzed the clinical,imaging,and electrophysiological data of 16 patients who had ASs and structural lesions with seizure-free outcomes after lesion resection.Results In semiology analysis,nine patients displayed focal onset;only two patients showed simple ASs,and seizure types other than ASs were observed in the remaining patients.On ictal electroencephalography(EEG),four patients showed bilateral synchronous symmetric 3 Hz generalized spike-wave discharges(GSWDs),and the remaining patients showed bilateral 1.5–2.5 Hz GSWDs.Moreover,most patients(13/16,81.3%)exhibited focal features in addition to ASs,while interictal EEG was the same in 12 patients.Furthermore,on stereoelectroencephalogram(SEEG),2/5 patients showed focal discharges before bilateral burst GSWDs.Additionally,all patients had structural lesions on imaging.In four typical AS patients,the lesions were located in deep brain regions.Notably,in 9 patients(9/16,56%),the lesions were located in the posterior cortex.All patients underwent lesion resection and had seizure-free outcomes during follow-up,and intelligence quotient(IQ)also improved by 10.71±3.90 one year after surgery.Conclusions Patients with lesion-related epilepsy may present with ASs that have a focal onset and are associated with good surgical outcomes.展开更多
Background: Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR is a classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecule encoded by five genes: HLA-DRA, HLA-DRB1, HLA-DRB3, HLA-DRB4 and HLA-DRB5. The current study aimed t...Background: Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR is a classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecule encoded by five genes: HLA-DRA, HLA-DRB1, HLA-DRB3, HLA-DRB4 and HLA-DRB5. The current study aimed to investigate the role of these genes in gliomas by analyzing microarray data. Methods: We enrolled 305 patients with histologically confirmed gliomas, and performed microarray data analysis along with studying their clinical characteristics. A new variable, termed HLA-DR score, was defined to explain the expression information of all five HLA-DR genes by factor analysis. HLA-DR scores in each grade of glioma and normal brain tissue were compared using one-way ANOVA. Lastly, correlations of HLA-DR scores with progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were analyzed with Kaplan-Meier and Cox analysis. Results: Our study indicated that an increased HLA-DR score, i.e. overexpression of HLA-DR genes, was correlated with a more aggressive glioma tumor grade (p < 0.001, One-way ANOVA). Moreover, the HLA-DR score was significantly higher in astrocytic tumors than oligodendroglial tumors (?0.718 ± 3.177 versus ?2.975 ± 2.662, t-test) in low-grade gliomas (LGGs). Kaplan-Meier analysis of both PFS (p = 0.046, log-rank test; p = 0.021, Breslow test) and OS (p = 0.029, Breslow test) showed significant differences in the clinical outcomes between LGG patients with high versus low HLA-DR scores. Finally, the HLA-DR score was further identified to be an independent prognostic factor of clinical outcomes by multivariate analysis (p = 0.042 and p = 0.025, for PFS and OS, respectively) in LGG patients. Conclusion: Expression of HLA-DR genes can be used to predict the tumor grade in gliomas, and the histological subtype in LGG. Furthermore, they are also an independent predictor for LGG patient survival.展开更多
The combination of radiotherapy(RT)and chemotherapy is associated with a high cure rate but an increased risk of radiation-induced oral mucositis(RIOM)in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma(NPC).As a dose-limiting ...The combination of radiotherapy(RT)and chemotherapy is associated with a high cure rate but an increased risk of radiation-induced oral mucositis(RIOM)in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma(NPC).As a dose-limiting complication,RIOM remains a critical dilemma for patients and physicians,potentially leading to radiation interruptions and compromised tumor control.In this review,we discuss and analyze the pathological mechanisms and factors affecting prevention/treatment of RIOM.RT may induce RIOM via a positive feedback loop,consequently amplifying superoxide production,the immunoinflammatory response,dysbacteriosis,infection,and epithelial basal cell death.Routine interventions for RIOM focus on oral care,oral-pain relief,nutritional support,and infection control;however,recent novel and effective methods have been proposed according to the pathological mechanisms and influencing factors.Some patients with low-recurrence-risk NPCs may be treated with reduced-dose RT,reduced-dose chemotherapy,or RT alone(without chemotherapy)to prevent severe RIOM.Furthermore,traditional herbal medicine extracts,such as Kangfuxin and honey,may help to control RIOM.In addition to the routine application of antibiotics to treat oral dysbacteriosis and hormones to suppress immune inflammatory responses,edaravone and GC4419 can also be used to scavenge oxygen free radicals and reduce superoxide ions to protect the oral mucosa and limit the occurrence of RIOM.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NO.41901060).
文摘Mountain biodiversity is of great importance to biogeography and ecology.However,it is unclear what ecological and evolutionary processes best explain the generation and maintenance of its high levels of species diversity.In this study,we determined which of six common hypotheses(e.g.,climate hypotheses,habitat heterogeneity hypothesis and island biogeography theory)best explain global patterns of species diversity in Rhododendron.We found that Rhododendron diversity patterns were most strongly explained by proxies of island biogeography theory(i.e.,mountain area)and habitat heterogeneity(i.e.,elevation range).When we examined other relationships important to island biogeography theory,we found that the planimetric area and the volume of mountains were positively correlated with the Rhododendron diversity,whereas the‘mountains-to-mainland’distance was negatively correlated with Rhododendron diversity and shared species.Our findings demonstrate that Rhododendron diversity can be explained by island biogeography theory and habitat heterogeneity,and mountains can be regarded as islands which supported island biogeography theory.
文摘Purpose: We reported a rare case of ICE syndrome in a Chinese child.Case report: A 6-year-old child was admitted to the ophthalmology department of the Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, complaining of elevated intraocular pressure at his first diagnosis in a local hospital. The patient was initially treated with medication..During subsequent follow up,.two iris holes were seen in the patient's right eye and he was then diagnosed with ICE syndrome. The child underwent surgery combined with mitomycin C intraoperatively.The intraocular pressure was stably controlled.Conclusion:.ICE syndrome has been rarely reported in children. Glaucoma filtering surgery combined with intraoperative administration of mitomycin is efficacious for intraocular pressure control.
基金supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China(32272898)the National Key Research and Development Program(2021YFA0805904)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2662020DKQD004).
文摘Lactobacillus species have excellent abilities to reduce intestinal inflammation and enhance gut barrier function.This study elucidated the potential mechanisms through which Lactobacillus mitigates lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced intestinal injury from the perspective of macrophage-intestinal epithelial cell interactions.Lactobacillus intervention improved the histopathological score;elevated ZO-1 and Occludin protein production;reduced CD16^(+)cell numbers;diminished IL-1β,IL-6,and TNF-αlevels;decreased inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS)expression;increased CD163^(+)cell numbers;elevated IL-10 concentration;and increased arginase-1(Arg1)expression in LPS-challenged piglets.Lactobacillus pretreatment also altered the colonic microbiota,thereby increasing the butyric acid concentration and GPR43 expression in the LPS-challenged piglets.Compared with those in the LPS group,sodium butyrate(SB)pretreatment decreased IL-1β,IL-6 and TNF-αsecretion and iNOS expression but increased IL-10 secretion and Arg1 expression in macrophages.The SB-pretreated macrophages reduced the protein expression of TLR4,MyD88,and phosphorylated NF-κB p65 but increased the protein expression of ZO-1 and Occludin in intestinal epithelial cells.Moreover,GLPG0974 blocked the beneficial effects of SB on macrophages and intestinal epithelial cells.This study demonstrated that Lactobacillus improves intestinal barrier function by regulating the macrophage phenotype through the control of butyric acid and GPR43 levels to further control inflammation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40671013,40871245)
文摘Boreal peatlands represent a large global carbon pool. The relationships between carbon mineralization, soil temperature and moisture in the permafrost peatlands of the Great Hing＇an Mountains, China, were examined. The CO2 emissions were measured during laboratory incubations of samples from four sites under different temperatures （5, 10, 15, and 20℃） and moisture contents （0%, 30%, 60%, 100% water holding capacity （WHC） and completely water saturated）. Total carbon mineralization ranged from 15.51 to 112.92 mg C under the treatments for all sites. Carbon mineralization rates decreased with soil depth, increased with temperature, and reached the highest at 60% WHC at the same temperature. The calculated temperature coefficient （Q10） values ranged from 1.84 to 2.51 with the soil depths and moisture. However, the values were not significantly affected by soil moisture and depth for all sites due to the different peat properties （P 〉 0.05）. We found that the carbon mineralization could be successfully predicted as a two-compartment function with temperature and moisture （R^2 〉 0.96） and total carbon mineralization was significantly affected by temperature and moisture （P 〈 0.05）. Thus, temperature and moisture would play important roles in carbon mineralization of permafrost peatlands in the Great Hing＇an Mountains, indicating that the permafrost peatlands would be sensitive to the environment change, and the permafrost peatlands would be potentially mineralized under future climate change.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41971110 and 41888101)the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program(2019QZKK0601)the Early Career Scheme of Research Grants Council of Hong Kong(28300717)。
文摘At Quesang on the Tibetan Plateau we report a series of hand and foot impressions that appear to have been intentionally placed on the surface of a unit of soft travertine.The travertine was deposited by water from a hot spring which is now inactive and as the travertine lithified it preserved the traces.On the basis of the sizes of the hand and foot traces,we suggest that two track-makers were involved and were likely children.We interpret this event as a deliberate artistic act that created a work of parietal art.The travertine unit on which the traces were imprinted dates to between~169 and 226 ka BP.This would make the site the earliest currently known example of parietal art in the world and would also provide the earliest evidence discovered to date for hominins on the High Tibetan Plateau(above 4000 m a.s.l.).This remarkable discovery adds to the body of research that identifies children as some of the earliest artists within the genus Homo.
文摘The purpose of this paper is to investigate the ability of the infimal convolution regular- ization in curing the staircasing artifacts of the TV model in the SPECT reconstruction. We formulate the problem of SPECT reconstruction with the infimal convolution regu- larization as a convex three-block optimization problem and characterize its solution by a system of fixed-point equations in terms of the proximity operator of the functions involved in its objective function. We then develop a novel fixed-point proximity algorithm based on the fixed-point equations. Moreover, we introduce a preconditioning matrix motivated by the classical MLEM （maximum-likelihood expectation maximization） algorithm. We prove convergence of the proposed algorithm. The numerical results are included to show that the infimal convolution regularization is capable of effectively reducing the staircasing artifacts, while maintaining comparable image and coefficient recovery contrast. quality in terms of the signal-to-noise ratio
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81873098 and 81770434)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFC2000504).
文摘Intestinal infectious diseases refer to the inflammatory changes in the intestinal tract caused by pathogens(including bacteria,viruses,fungi,protozoa,or parasites)or their toxic products.A large number of microorganisms colonize the intestinal tract of healthy people,which together with the intestinal epithelium constitute the biological barrier of the intestinal tract to resist infectious diseases.As an“invisible organ,”the intestinal flora is closely related to human nutrition metabolism and intestinal infections.A variety of intestinal flora participates in the nutritional metabolism of amino acids,and the small molecular substances produced by the amino acid metabolism through the intestinal flora can enhance intestinal immunity and resist bacterial infections.In turn,amino acids can also regulate the composition of the intestinal flora,maintain the steady-state of the intestinal flora,protect the intestinal barrier,and inhibit colonization by pathogenic bacteria.As a model animal with a clear microbial background,germ-free(GF)animals can clarify the mechanisms of interactions between intestinal microbes and amino acid metabolism in intestinal infections by combining genetic engineering technology and multi-omics studies.This article reviews related researches on the involvement of intestinal microbes in host amino acid metabolism and resistance to intestinal infections and discusses the advantages of GF animal models for studying the underlying mechanisms.The GF animal model is helpful to further study the intervention effects of amino acid metabolism of targeted intestinal flora on intestinal infections.
基金The work described in this paper was fully supported by a grant from the research projects of the social scienee and humanity on Young Fund of the Ministry of Education of China(No.16YJC880013)the China Postdoctoral Science Fund(No.2016M592019)the Zhejiang Educational Science Planning Fund(No.2019SCG312).
文摘Professor Haowen Xu(许豪文,1935-2004)was a famous sports scientist and the founder of Exercise Biochemistry in China(Fig.1).He dedicated his life to the study of sports science and made tremendous contributions to the formation and growth of the field of Exercise Biochemistry in China.He was the first to use theories of exercise biochemistry and sports medicine to guide athletes'training and competition in China(Yu,2006).
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China supported this work(82171448,82201613).
文摘Background In the new International League Against Epilepsy(ILAE)classification of seizure types,generalized seizures such as absence seizures(ASs)may originate from a focal point and rapidly spread to the bilaterally distributed brain network.Increasing evidence from animal and clinical studies has indicated that focal changes may occur prior to ASs;however,the relationship of ASs with epileptogenic lesions remains unclear.Methods We retrospectively collected and analyzed the clinical,imaging,and electrophysiological data of 16 patients who had ASs and structural lesions with seizure-free outcomes after lesion resection.Results In semiology analysis,nine patients displayed focal onset;only two patients showed simple ASs,and seizure types other than ASs were observed in the remaining patients.On ictal electroencephalography(EEG),four patients showed bilateral synchronous symmetric 3 Hz generalized spike-wave discharges(GSWDs),and the remaining patients showed bilateral 1.5–2.5 Hz GSWDs.Moreover,most patients(13/16,81.3%)exhibited focal features in addition to ASs,while interictal EEG was the same in 12 patients.Furthermore,on stereoelectroencephalogram(SEEG),2/5 patients showed focal discharges before bilateral burst GSWDs.Additionally,all patients had structural lesions on imaging.In four typical AS patients,the lesions were located in deep brain regions.Notably,in 9 patients(9/16,56%),the lesions were located in the posterior cortex.All patients underwent lesion resection and had seizure-free outcomes during follow-up,and intelligence quotient(IQ)also improved by 10.71±3.90 one year after surgery.Conclusions Patients with lesion-related epilepsy may present with ASs that have a focal onset and are associated with good surgical outcomes.
文摘Background: Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR is a classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecule encoded by five genes: HLA-DRA, HLA-DRB1, HLA-DRB3, HLA-DRB4 and HLA-DRB5. The current study aimed to investigate the role of these genes in gliomas by analyzing microarray data. Methods: We enrolled 305 patients with histologically confirmed gliomas, and performed microarray data analysis along with studying their clinical characteristics. A new variable, termed HLA-DR score, was defined to explain the expression information of all five HLA-DR genes by factor analysis. HLA-DR scores in each grade of glioma and normal brain tissue were compared using one-way ANOVA. Lastly, correlations of HLA-DR scores with progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were analyzed with Kaplan-Meier and Cox analysis. Results: Our study indicated that an increased HLA-DR score, i.e. overexpression of HLA-DR genes, was correlated with a more aggressive glioma tumor grade (p < 0.001, One-way ANOVA). Moreover, the HLA-DR score was significantly higher in astrocytic tumors than oligodendroglial tumors (?0.718 ± 3.177 versus ?2.975 ± 2.662, t-test) in low-grade gliomas (LGGs). Kaplan-Meier analysis of both PFS (p = 0.046, log-rank test; p = 0.021, Breslow test) and OS (p = 0.029, Breslow test) showed significant differences in the clinical outcomes between LGG patients with high versus low HLA-DR scores. Finally, the HLA-DR score was further identified to be an independent prognostic factor of clinical outcomes by multivariate analysis (p = 0.042 and p = 0.025, for PFS and OS, respectively) in LGG patients. Conclusion: Expression of HLA-DR genes can be used to predict the tumor grade in gliomas, and the histological subtype in LGG. Furthermore, they are also an independent predictor for LGG patient survival.
文摘The combination of radiotherapy(RT)and chemotherapy is associated with a high cure rate but an increased risk of radiation-induced oral mucositis(RIOM)in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma(NPC).As a dose-limiting complication,RIOM remains a critical dilemma for patients and physicians,potentially leading to radiation interruptions and compromised tumor control.In this review,we discuss and analyze the pathological mechanisms and factors affecting prevention/treatment of RIOM.RT may induce RIOM via a positive feedback loop,consequently amplifying superoxide production,the immunoinflammatory response,dysbacteriosis,infection,and epithelial basal cell death.Routine interventions for RIOM focus on oral care,oral-pain relief,nutritional support,and infection control;however,recent novel and effective methods have been proposed according to the pathological mechanisms and influencing factors.Some patients with low-recurrence-risk NPCs may be treated with reduced-dose RT,reduced-dose chemotherapy,or RT alone(without chemotherapy)to prevent severe RIOM.Furthermore,traditional herbal medicine extracts,such as Kangfuxin and honey,may help to control RIOM.In addition to the routine application of antibiotics to treat oral dysbacteriosis and hormones to suppress immune inflammatory responses,edaravone and GC4419 can also be used to scavenge oxygen free radicals and reduce superoxide ions to protect the oral mucosa and limit the occurrence of RIOM.
