Fluorine owing to its inherently high electronegativity exhibits charge delocalization and ion dissociation capabilities;as a result,there has been an influx of research studies focused on the utilization of fluorides...Fluorine owing to its inherently high electronegativity exhibits charge delocalization and ion dissociation capabilities;as a result,there has been an influx of research studies focused on the utilization of fluorides to optimize solid electrolyte interfaces and provide dynamic protection of electrodes to regulate the reaction and function performance of batteries.Nonetheless,the shuttle effect and the sluggish redox reaction kinetics emphasize the potential bottlenecks of lithium-sulfur batteries.Whether fluorine modulation regulate the reaction process of Li-S chemistry?Here,the TiOF/Ti_(3)C_(2)MXene nanoribbons with a tailored F distribution were constructed via an NH4F fluorinated method.Relying on in situ characterizations and electrochemical analysis,the F activates the catalysis function of Ti metal atoms in the consecutive redox reaction.The positive charge of Ti metal sites is increased due to the formation of O-Ti-F bonds based on the Lewis acid-base mechanism,which contributes to the adsorption of polysulfides,provides more nucleation sites and promotes the cleavage of S-S bonds.This facilitates the deposition of Li_(2)S at lower overpotentials.Additionally,fluorine has the capacity to capture electrons originating from Li_(2)S dissolution due to charge compensation mechanisms.The fluorine modulation strategy holds the promise of guiding the construction of fluorine-based catalysts and facilitating the seamless integration of multiple consecutive heterogeneous catalytic processes.展开更多
The shuttle effect caused by soluble lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) deteriorates multiphase transformation reaction kinetics of sulfur species,and gives rise to an unserviceable lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery.Catalysis,a...The shuttle effect caused by soluble lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) deteriorates multiphase transformation reaction kinetics of sulfur species,and gives rise to an unserviceable lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery.Catalysis,as a process optimization approach,offers an option to eliminate the intrinsic issues.However,exploring and understanding the role of catalysts on electrode reaction remains critical bottlenecks,particularly as they are prone to continuous evolution under complex dynamic environment.Herein,platinum nanoparticles loaded on MXene nanosheets,as sulfur host,and the action of catalysts on the reaction process are investigated via ex-situ monitors upon solid–liquid–solid chemical transformation of sulfur species.These traces confirm that the high performance originates from electron transfer between catalysts and LiPSs,which lowers the nucleation barrier from liquid LiPSs to solid Li_(2)S/Li_(2)S_(2).Further,the accelerated liquid–solid conversion can alleviate the accumulation of LiPSs,and boost the reaction kinetics in Li-S batteries.The findings corroborate the electronic modulation between catalysts and LiPSs,which is a generalizable strategy to optimize energy conversion efficiency of Li-S batteries.展开更多
Given that the current ballasted tracks in Australia may not be able to support faster and significantly heavier freight trains as planned for the future,the imminent need for innovative and sustainable ballasted trac...Given that the current ballasted tracks in Australia may not be able to support faster and significantly heavier freight trains as planned for the future,the imminent need for innovative and sustainable ballasted tracks for transport infrastructure is crucial.Over the past two decades,a number of studies have been conducted by the researchers of Transport Research Centre(TRC)at the University of Technology Sydney(UTS)to investigate the ability of recycled rubber mats,as well as waste tyre cells and granulated rubber to improve the stability of track substructure including ballast and subballast layers.This paper reviews four applications of these novel methods,including using recycled rubber products such as CWRC mixtures(i.e.,mixtures of coal wash(CW)and rubber crumbs(RC))and SEAL mixtures(i.e.,mixtures of steel furnace slag,CW and RC)to replace subballast/capping materials,tyre cells reinforcements for subballast/capping layer and under ballast mats;and investigates the energy dissipation capacity for each application based on smallscale cyclic triaxial tests and large-scale track model tests.It has been found that the inclusion of these rubber products increases the energy dissipation effect of the track,hence reducing the ballast degradation efficiently and increasing the track stability.Moreover,a rheological model is also proposed to investigate the effect of different rubber inclusions on their efficiency to reduce the transient motion of rail track under dynamic loading.The outcomes elucidated in this paper will lead to a better understanding of the performance of ballast tracks upgraded with resilient rubber products,while promoting environmentally sustainable and more affordable ballasted tracks for greater passenger comfort and increased safety.展开更多
The shuttle effect derived from diffusion of lithium polysulfides(LiPSs) and sluggish redox kinetic bring about poor cycling stability and low utilization of sulfur,which have always been the key challenging issues fo...The shuttle effect derived from diffusion of lithium polysulfides(LiPSs) and sluggish redox kinetic bring about poor cycling stability and low utilization of sulfur,which have always been the key challenging issues for the commercial application of lithium-sulfur(Li-S) batteries.Rational design of cathode materials to catalyze Li_(2)S dissociation/nucleation processes is an appealing and valid strategy to develop high-energy practical Li-S batteries.Herein,considering the synergistic effect of bidirectional catalysis on LiPSs conversion and enhanced chemical immobilization for LiPSs by heteroatom doping,Pt nanoparticles loaded on nitrogen-doped carbon spheres(Pt/NCS composites) were constructed as cathode materials.According to the dynamic evolution of Pt catalysts and sulfur species,Pt~0 and Pt^(2+) species were identified as active species for the accelerated dissociation and nucleation of Li_(2)S,respectively.Meanwhile,in-situ Raman results demonstrated the expedited conversion of sulfur species resulted from bidirectional catalysis of active Pt species,corresponding to boosted redox kinetics.Consequently,Pt/NCS cathode exhibited improved long-term cyclability with high initial capacity,along with enhanced rate capability.This work provides a facile approach to construct cathode materials with bidirectional catalysis on Li_(2)S dissociation/nucleation,and sheds light on a more global understanding of the catalytic mechanism of metal catalysts during LiPSs conversion.展开更多
Lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries are promising candidates for high density electrochemical energy storage systems.However,the poor conductivity of S and the shuttle effect of polysulfides are a bottleneck to practical ap...Lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries are promising candidates for high density electrochemical energy storage systems.However,the poor conductivity of S and the shuttle effect of polysulfides are a bottleneck to practical applications.Herein,a three-dimensional architecture,based on carbon nanotube(CNT)bridged Ti_(2)C MXene nanosheets,was constructed as a sulfur host.This architecture was based on Ti atoms,which can chemically absorb polysulfides.The CNTs are highly conductive and intercalate into the MXene nanosheets to prevent their stacking and construct an interspace for polysulfides.This hybrid,as a host of S,can effectively alleviate the shuttle effect through a combination of physical confinement and chemical adsorption.This resulted in an open internal space,which served as a cathode for the loaded S to promote electron transport and enhance electrochemical kinetics of the polysulfide conversion in Li-S batteries.展开更多
Importance:Central line-associated bloodstream infection(CLABSI)is one of the most serious complications of central venous access devices.Reducing the risk of CLABSI is of utmost significance in efforts to improve neo...Importance:Central line-associated bloodstream infection(CLABSI)is one of the most serious complications of central venous access devices.Reducing the risk of CLABSI is of utmost significance in efforts to improve neonatal mortality rates and enhance long-term prognosis.Objective:To determine the dwell time and incidence of CLABSI of umbilical venous catheterization(UVC)for preterm infants in China.Methods:Preterm infants with UVC admitted to 44 tertiary neonatal intensive care units in 24 provinces in China were enrolled.Study period was from November 2019 to August 2021.The end point of observations was 48 h after umbilical venous(UV)catheter removal.The primary outcomes were dwell time of UV catheter and UVC-associated CLABSI.Data between infants with UV catheter dwell time≤7 days and>7 days,and with birth weight(BW)≤1000 g and>1000 g were compared.Results:In total,2172 neonates were enrolled(gestational age 30.0±2.4 weeks,BW 1258.5±392.8 g).The median UV catheter dwell time was 7(6–10)days.The incidence of UVC-associated CLABSI was 3.03/1000 UV catheter days.For infants with UV catheter dwell time≤7 days and>7 days,the UVC-associated CLABSI incidence was 3.71 and 2.65 per 1000 UV catheter days,respectively,P=0.23.For infants with UVC dwell times of 3–6,7–12,and 13–15 days,the UVC-associated CLABSI rates were 0.14%,0.68%,and 2.48%(P<0.01).The Kaplan–Meier plot of UV catheter dwell time to CLABSI showed no difference between infants with BW≤1000 g and>1000 g(P=0.60).Interpretation:The median dwell time of UV catheter was 7 days,and the incidence of UVC-associated CLABSI was 3.03/1000 catheter days in China.The daily risk of UVC-associated CLABSI and other complications increased with the dwell time.展开更多
Alzheimer’s disease(AD)is a progressive and fatal neurodegenerative condition and the most prevalent cause of dementia.This disease is characterized by progressive cognitive impairment.The prevalence of AD is current...Alzheimer’s disease(AD)is a progressive and fatal neurodegenerative condition and the most prevalent cause of dementia.This disease is characterized by progressive cognitive impairment.The prevalence of AD is currently affecting more than 35 million people and is rising worldwide.No efficient therapy is currently available due to low drug potency and a number of various obstacles to delivery.Recent nanotechnological advancements have the potential to offer promising therapeutic options.Progress on nanomaterials as well as their applications in biomedicine is receiving increasing attention,especially the advantages of nanomaterial-based drug delivery systems.The aim of this review is to comprehensively summarize the latest developments in nanomaterial-based strategies for AD treatment,including nanoparticles,liposomes and other options for the delivery of therapeutic compounds and scaffolds for cell delivery strategies.Future research directions are also proposed.We hope this review can provide important information to guide the future development of nanomaterials in AD treatment.展开更多
Relying on the electron energy loss spectrum(EELS)of metallic elements to obtain microstructure analysis is an investigation method of the reaction mechanisms of transition metal oxides(TMOs)in catalysis,energy storag...Relying on the electron energy loss spectrum(EELS)of metallic elements to obtain microstructure analysis is an investigation method of the reaction mechanisms of transition metal oxides(TMOs)in catalysis,energy storage and conversion.However,the low signal from K shell owing to insufficient electron beam energy,and the complicated electronic structure in L shell of the metal element restrict the analysis of the coordination environment of the TMOs.Herein,density functional theory(DFT)calculation,Fourier transform(FT)and wavelet transform(WT)were employed to probe the relationship between the four individual peaks in O K-edge spectra of iron oxides and the microstructure information(chemical bonds and atomic coordination).The findings show that the peak amplitude ration is in a linear correlation with the valence state of Fe element,and that the coordination number obtained by radial distribution function(RDF)is favorably linearly correlative with that from the standard coordination structure model.As a result,the quantitative analysis on the change of valence state and atomic coordination in microstructure can be realized by EELS O K-edge spectra.This study establishes EELS O K-edge spectrum as a promising pathway to quantitatively analyze the valence state and atomic coordination information of TMOs,and offers an effective method to conduct microstructure analysis via the EELS spectra of the non-metal element.展开更多
Utilizing MXene to form the multifunctional derivative is a route to construct high-performance electrode materials.To address this issue,V_(2)CT_(x) MXene was employed to realize a derivative of VOx/V_(2)CT_(x) MXene...Utilizing MXene to form the multifunctional derivative is a route to construct high-performance electrode materials.To address this issue,V_(2)CT_(x) MXene was employed to realize a derivative of VOx/V_(2)CT_(x) MXene via a partial oxidation process.Relying on the annealing in the air atmosphere,the controlled oxidation behavior transformed V_(2)CT_(x) MXene partially to V_(2)O_(5) and formed a derivative hybrid of V_(2)O_(5)/V_(2)CT_(x) MXene.As a result,a package of capacity,rate performance,and cyclability can be enhanced.This work explores the derived behavior of MXenes and provides a route for constructing the hybrid with less interface contact.Furthermore,these findings can be extended to other MXene materials.展开更多
基金the financial support provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51932005,22072164)Liaoning Revitalization Talents Program(No.XLYC1807175)the Research Fund of Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science,the Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province(Nos.YDZJ202301ZYTS280,YDZJ202201ZYTS305,YDZJ202401316ZYTS).
文摘Fluorine owing to its inherently high electronegativity exhibits charge delocalization and ion dissociation capabilities;as a result,there has been an influx of research studies focused on the utilization of fluorides to optimize solid electrolyte interfaces and provide dynamic protection of electrodes to regulate the reaction and function performance of batteries.Nonetheless,the shuttle effect and the sluggish redox reaction kinetics emphasize the potential bottlenecks of lithium-sulfur batteries.Whether fluorine modulation regulate the reaction process of Li-S chemistry?Here,the TiOF/Ti_(3)C_(2)MXene nanoribbons with a tailored F distribution were constructed via an NH4F fluorinated method.Relying on in situ characterizations and electrochemical analysis,the F activates the catalysis function of Ti metal atoms in the consecutive redox reaction.The positive charge of Ti metal sites is increased due to the formation of O-Ti-F bonds based on the Lewis acid-base mechanism,which contributes to the adsorption of polysulfides,provides more nucleation sites and promotes the cleavage of S-S bonds.This facilitates the deposition of Li_(2)S at lower overpotentials.Additionally,fluorine has the capacity to capture electrons originating from Li_(2)S dissolution due to charge compensation mechanisms.The fluorine modulation strategy holds the promise of guiding the construction of fluorine-based catalysts and facilitating the seamless integration of multiple consecutive heterogeneous catalytic processes.
基金the financial support provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51932005, 22072164, 22025204, 92034301, 21991153 and 22072090)the Liaoning Revitalization Talents Program (XLYC1807175)+2 种基金the Research Fund of Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, the Innovation Program of the Shanghai Municipal Education Commission (2021-01-07-00-02-E00119)the Open Project Program of Key Laboratory of Preparation and Application of Environmental Friendly Materials (Jilin Normal University), Ministry of Education, China (2021002)the Project of Development and Reform Commission of Jilin Provinve (2019C042-1)。
文摘The shuttle effect caused by soluble lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) deteriorates multiphase transformation reaction kinetics of sulfur species,and gives rise to an unserviceable lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery.Catalysis,as a process optimization approach,offers an option to eliminate the intrinsic issues.However,exploring and understanding the role of catalysts on electrode reaction remains critical bottlenecks,particularly as they are prone to continuous evolution under complex dynamic environment.Herein,platinum nanoparticles loaded on MXene nanosheets,as sulfur host,and the action of catalysts on the reaction process are investigated via ex-situ monitors upon solid–liquid–solid chemical transformation of sulfur species.These traces confirm that the high performance originates from electron transfer between catalysts and LiPSs,which lowers the nucleation barrier from liquid LiPSs to solid Li_(2)S/Li_(2)S_(2).Further,the accelerated liquid–solid conversion can alleviate the accumulation of LiPSs,and boost the reaction kinetics in Li-S batteries.The findings corroborate the electronic modulation between catalysts and LiPSs,which is a generalizable strategy to optimize energy conversion efficiency of Li-S batteries.
基金the financial assistance provided by the Australian Research Council (ARC) Linkage Project (LP200200915)ARC Industry Transformation Training Centre for Advanced Rail Track Technologies (ARC-ITTC-Rail: IC170100006)
文摘Given that the current ballasted tracks in Australia may not be able to support faster and significantly heavier freight trains as planned for the future,the imminent need for innovative and sustainable ballasted tracks for transport infrastructure is crucial.Over the past two decades,a number of studies have been conducted by the researchers of Transport Research Centre(TRC)at the University of Technology Sydney(UTS)to investigate the ability of recycled rubber mats,as well as waste tyre cells and granulated rubber to improve the stability of track substructure including ballast and subballast layers.This paper reviews four applications of these novel methods,including using recycled rubber products such as CWRC mixtures(i.e.,mixtures of coal wash(CW)and rubber crumbs(RC))and SEAL mixtures(i.e.,mixtures of steel furnace slag,CW and RC)to replace subballast/capping materials,tyre cells reinforcements for subballast/capping layer and under ballast mats;and investigates the energy dissipation capacity for each application based on smallscale cyclic triaxial tests and large-scale track model tests.It has been found that the inclusion of these rubber products increases the energy dissipation effect of the track,hence reducing the ballast degradation efficiently and increasing the track stability.Moreover,a rheological model is also proposed to investigate the effect of different rubber inclusions on their efficiency to reduce the transient motion of rail track under dynamic loading.The outcomes elucidated in this paper will lead to a better understanding of the performance of ballast tracks upgraded with resilient rubber products,while promoting environmentally sustainable and more affordable ballasted tracks for greater passenger comfort and increased safety.
基金the financial support provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51932005, 22072164)the Liaoning Revitalization Talents Program (XLYC1807175)+3 种基金the Research Fund of Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Sciencethe IMR Innovation Fund (2023PY10)the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province (2023-BS-013)the Science and Technology Research Project of Education Department of Jilin Province (JJKH20210453KJ)。
文摘The shuttle effect derived from diffusion of lithium polysulfides(LiPSs) and sluggish redox kinetic bring about poor cycling stability and low utilization of sulfur,which have always been the key challenging issues for the commercial application of lithium-sulfur(Li-S) batteries.Rational design of cathode materials to catalyze Li_(2)S dissociation/nucleation processes is an appealing and valid strategy to develop high-energy practical Li-S batteries.Herein,considering the synergistic effect of bidirectional catalysis on LiPSs conversion and enhanced chemical immobilization for LiPSs by heteroatom doping,Pt nanoparticles loaded on nitrogen-doped carbon spheres(Pt/NCS composites) were constructed as cathode materials.According to the dynamic evolution of Pt catalysts and sulfur species,Pt~0 and Pt^(2+) species were identified as active species for the accelerated dissociation and nucleation of Li_(2)S,respectively.Meanwhile,in-situ Raman results demonstrated the expedited conversion of sulfur species resulted from bidirectional catalysis of active Pt species,corresponding to boosted redox kinetics.Consequently,Pt/NCS cathode exhibited improved long-term cyclability with high initial capacity,along with enhanced rate capability.This work provides a facile approach to construct cathode materials with bidirectional catalysis on Li_(2)S dissociation/nucleation,and sheds light on a more global understanding of the catalytic mechanism of metal catalysts during LiPSs conversion.
基金The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51932005,22072164)Liaoning Revitalization Talents Program(No.XLYC1807175)the Research Fund of Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science.
文摘Lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries are promising candidates for high density electrochemical energy storage systems.However,the poor conductivity of S and the shuttle effect of polysulfides are a bottleneck to practical applications.Herein,a three-dimensional architecture,based on carbon nanotube(CNT)bridged Ti_(2)C MXene nanosheets,was constructed as a sulfur host.This architecture was based on Ti atoms,which can chemically absorb polysulfides.The CNTs are highly conductive and intercalate into the MXene nanosheets to prevent their stacking and construct an interspace for polysulfides.This hybrid,as a host of S,can effectively alleviate the shuttle effect through a combination of physical confinement and chemical adsorption.This resulted in an open internal space,which served as a cathode for the loaded S to promote electron transport and enhance electrochemical kinetics of the polysulfide conversion in Li-S batteries.
基金Capital’s Funds for Health Improvement and Research,Grant/Award Number:2022-2-2095。
文摘Importance:Central line-associated bloodstream infection(CLABSI)is one of the most serious complications of central venous access devices.Reducing the risk of CLABSI is of utmost significance in efforts to improve neonatal mortality rates and enhance long-term prognosis.Objective:To determine the dwell time and incidence of CLABSI of umbilical venous catheterization(UVC)for preterm infants in China.Methods:Preterm infants with UVC admitted to 44 tertiary neonatal intensive care units in 24 provinces in China were enrolled.Study period was from November 2019 to August 2021.The end point of observations was 48 h after umbilical venous(UV)catheter removal.The primary outcomes were dwell time of UV catheter and UVC-associated CLABSI.Data between infants with UV catheter dwell time≤7 days and>7 days,and with birth weight(BW)≤1000 g and>1000 g were compared.Results:In total,2172 neonates were enrolled(gestational age 30.0±2.4 weeks,BW 1258.5±392.8 g).The median UV catheter dwell time was 7(6–10)days.The incidence of UVC-associated CLABSI was 3.03/1000 UV catheter days.For infants with UV catheter dwell time≤7 days and>7 days,the UVC-associated CLABSI incidence was 3.71 and 2.65 per 1000 UV catheter days,respectively,P=0.23.For infants with UVC dwell times of 3–6,7–12,and 13–15 days,the UVC-associated CLABSI rates were 0.14%,0.68%,and 2.48%(P<0.01).The Kaplan–Meier plot of UV catheter dwell time to CLABSI showed no difference between infants with BW≤1000 g and>1000 g(P=0.60).Interpretation:The median dwell time of UV catheter was 7 days,and the incidence of UVC-associated CLABSI was 3.03/1000 catheter days in China.The daily risk of UVC-associated CLABSI and other complications increased with the dwell time.
基金financially supported by Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro&Nano Materials Interface Sciencethe National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.81603670,81873169,21773311,21972169)+1 种基金Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.2017JJ3459,2020JJ4803)the Hunan Provincial Science and Technology Plan Project,China(No.2019TP1001)。
文摘Alzheimer’s disease(AD)is a progressive and fatal neurodegenerative condition and the most prevalent cause of dementia.This disease is characterized by progressive cognitive impairment.The prevalence of AD is currently affecting more than 35 million people and is rising worldwide.No efficient therapy is currently available due to low drug potency and a number of various obstacles to delivery.Recent nanotechnological advancements have the potential to offer promising therapeutic options.Progress on nanomaterials as well as their applications in biomedicine is receiving increasing attention,especially the advantages of nanomaterial-based drug delivery systems.The aim of this review is to comprehensively summarize the latest developments in nanomaterial-based strategies for AD treatment,including nanoparticles,liposomes and other options for the delivery of therapeutic compounds and scaffolds for cell delivery strategies.Future research directions are also proposed.We hope this review can provide important information to guide the future development of nanomaterials in AD treatment.
基金the financial support provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 22072164, 51932005, 21773269, 52161145403)Liao Ning Revitalization Talents Program (No. XLYC1807175)the Research Fund of SYNL
文摘Relying on the electron energy loss spectrum(EELS)of metallic elements to obtain microstructure analysis is an investigation method of the reaction mechanisms of transition metal oxides(TMOs)in catalysis,energy storage and conversion.However,the low signal from K shell owing to insufficient electron beam energy,and the complicated electronic structure in L shell of the metal element restrict the analysis of the coordination environment of the TMOs.Herein,density functional theory(DFT)calculation,Fourier transform(FT)and wavelet transform(WT)were employed to probe the relationship between the four individual peaks in O K-edge spectra of iron oxides and the microstructure information(chemical bonds and atomic coordination).The findings show that the peak amplitude ration is in a linear correlation with the valence state of Fe element,and that the coordination number obtained by radial distribution function(RDF)is favorably linearly correlative with that from the standard coordination structure model.As a result,the quantitative analysis on the change of valence state and atomic coordination in microstructure can be realized by EELS O K-edge spectra.This study establishes EELS O K-edge spectrum as a promising pathway to quantitatively analyze the valence state and atomic coordination information of TMOs,and offers an effective method to conduct microstructure analysis via the EELS spectra of the non-metal element.
基金support provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant No.51932005)Liao Ning Revitalization Talents Program (grant No.XLYC1807175)the Research Fund of SYNL,the Science and Technology Research Project of Education Department of jilin Province (grant Nos.JKH20210453KJ,JKH20210449KJ).
文摘Utilizing MXene to form the multifunctional derivative is a route to construct high-performance electrode materials.To address this issue,V_(2)CT_(x) MXene was employed to realize a derivative of VOx/V_(2)CT_(x) MXene via a partial oxidation process.Relying on the annealing in the air atmosphere,the controlled oxidation behavior transformed V_(2)CT_(x) MXene partially to V_(2)O_(5) and formed a derivative hybrid of V_(2)O_(5)/V_(2)CT_(x) MXene.As a result,a package of capacity,rate performance,and cyclability can be enhanced.This work explores the derived behavior of MXenes and provides a route for constructing the hybrid with less interface contact.Furthermore,these findings can be extended to other MXene materials.
