OBJECTIVE: To culturally translate the cardiff acne disability index(CADI) into Korean, and to examine its relationship with clinical acne severity,pathological patterns, and general quality of life(Qo L).METHODS: The...OBJECTIVE: To culturally translate the cardiff acne disability index(CADI) into Korean, and to examine its relationship with clinical acne severity,pathological patterns, and general quality of life(Qo L).METHODS: The CADI was culturally and lin-guistically translated into Korean via translation,back-translation, and face validity test process. Two hundred and fifty-four Korean adolescents were asked to complete the Korean version of the CADI(K-CADI), the Phlegm Pattern, the Cold-Heat Pattern, and the Korean version of the General Health Questionnaires. A clinician estimated acne severity for the adolescents, using the Korean Acne Grading System. Finally, reliability and validity of the K-CADI was examined, and the relationships between acne severity, Phlegm, Cold, and Heat patterns, and Qo L level were examined via pathway analysis.RESULTS: The K-CADI had satisfactory internal consistency(α = 0.827). The examination of construct validity indicated that the K-CADI had one factor(explaining 59.6% of the total variance). Pathway analysis showed satisfactory model fit(normal fit index = 0.960 and comparative fit index = 0.983),and acne-related Qo L was determinant to Phlegm,Heat, and Cold patterns(0.13-0.27 of β), and Phlegm and Heat patterns lowered one's Qo L level(0.17-0.34 of β).CONCLUSION: The K-CADI is a valid and reliable instrument. Phlegm and Heat patterns should be managed when treating acne since they have a moderating effect on general Qo L aggravation.展开更多
Objective： To examine whether vocal characteristics estimated by acoustic parameters were associated with phlegm, yin deficiency, or cold-heat patterns. Methods： A total of 75 college students （males：females = 53...Objective： To examine whether vocal characteristics estimated by acoustic parameters were associated with phlegm, yin deficiency, or cold-heat patterns. Methods： A total of 75 college students （males：females = 53：22） aged 19-24 years were enrolled in this study. Each subject was asked to complete the phlegm pattern questionnaire （PPQ）, yin deficiency questionnaire （YDQ） and cold-heat questionnaire （CHQ）. For the acoustic analysis, each subject was asked to produce a sustained vowel sound （/a/） for 3 s to be used to calculate acoustic parameters. Then, habitual fundamental frequency （F0）, jitter, shimmer, F0 tremor, mean F0, standard deviation of F0, maximum F0, minimum F0, normalized noise energy, harmonic-to-noise ratio, signal-to-noise ratio, amplitude tremor, and power ratio were calculated using the Dr. Speech software. Finally, four hierarchical regression models with pattern questionnaire scores as dependent variables were formed to examine which factors among acoustic parameters, sex, and age were predictive of those pattern scores. Results： PPQ, YDQ, heat, and cold pattern scores all formed significant regression model equations and the adjusted R2 values were 0.281, 0.164, 0.156, and 0.170, respectively. There were aging effects in the PPQ and YDQ models （standardized β =0.199, 0.271, respectively）. Vocal tremor-related Fo tremor and vocal ringing-related power ratio parameters were associated with PPQ and YDQ scores. Gender was directly predictive of PPQ and indirectly moderated the relationship between power ratio and YDQ score. Vocal pitch- related habitual F0 and mean F0 were associated with heat and cold scores. These results indicate that the vocal qualities of phlegm- and yin deficiency-susceptible subjects tend to be ringing and less tremorous, and those of heat- and cold-susceptible subjects tend to be high-pitched. Conclusion： Our study results suggest that vocal characteristics estimated by acoustic parameters are partially predictive of phlegm, yin deficiency, heat, and cold patterns. In terms of phlegm and yin deficiency patterns, there were direct or moderating effects of sex and age.展开更多
OBJECTIVE:To develop and validate a Seven Emotions Impairment questionnaire(SEIQ),to define an optimum cut-off point for the SEIQ,and to examine whether SEI was predictive of Phlegm and Blood Stasis(BS).METHODS:Two hu...OBJECTIVE:To develop and validate a Seven Emotions Impairment questionnaire(SEIQ),to define an optimum cut-off point for the SEIQ,and to examine whether SEI was predictive of Phlegm and Blood Stasis(BS).METHODS:Two hundred outpatients and 75 college students were asked to complete the SEIQ,the Profile of Mood States(POMS),Phlegm Pattern Questionnaire(PPQ),and BS Questionnaire(BSQ).Twelve clinicians determined whether the outpatients exhibited SEI.SEIQ data were used to examine the internal consistency and determine validity for the outpatients.SEIQ,POMS,PPQ,and BSQ data were used to examine concurrent validity and predictability of SEI for Phlegm and BS in the college students.Total SEIQ scores and the clinicians' diagnoses of the outpatients were considered to define an optimum cut-off score for the SEIQ.RESULTS:The 18-item SEIQ had satisfactory internal consistency(α = 0.905) and concurrent validity.In the construct validity test,four factors(chest-anxiety,fatigue-depression,working-family-troubles,and sleep-memory) were identified.In the receiver operator characteristic curve curve analysis,the sensitivity,specificity,and area under the curve of the SEIQ were 67.2%,72.1%,and 73%,respectively.The optimum cut-off score was defined as nine points.SEIQ scores were strongly predictive of Phlegm and BS(β = 0.862 and 0.673,respectively).CONCLUSION:Based on our results,we concluded that the SEIQ is a reliable and valid instrument for evaluating SEI,and is strongly predictive of Phlegm and BS.展开更多
OBJECTIVE:To examine whether color parameters of tongue inspection(TI)using a digital camera was reliable and valid,and to examine which color parameters serve as predictors of symptom patterns in terms of East Asian ...OBJECTIVE:To examine whether color parameters of tongue inspection(TI)using a digital camera was reliable and valid,and to examine which color parameters serve as predictors of symptom patterns in terms of East Asian medicine(EAM).METHODS:Two hundred female subjects'tongue substances were photographed by a mega-pixel digital camera.Together with the photographs,the subjects were asked to complete Yin deficiency,Phlegm pattern,and Cold-Heat pattern questionnaires.Using three sets of digital imaging software,each digital image was exposure-and white balance-corrected,and finally L*(luminance),a*(red-green balance),and b*(yellow-blue balance)values of the tongues werecalculated.To examine intra-and inter-rater reliabilities and criterion validity of the color analysis method,three raters were asked to calculate color parameters for 20 digital image samples.Finally,four hierarchical regression models were formed.RESULTS:Color parameters showed good or excellent reliability(0.627-0.887 for intra-class correlation coefficients)and significant criterion validity(0.523-0.718 for Spearman's correlation).In the hierarchical regression models,age was a significant predictor of Yin deficiency(β=0.192),and b*value of the tip of the tongue was a determinant predictor of Yin deficiency,Phlegm,and Heat patterns(β=-0.212,-0.172,and-0.163).Luminance(L*)was predictive of Yin deficiency(β=-0.172)and Cold(β=0.173)pattern.CONCLUSION:Our results suggest that color analysis of the tongue using the L*a*b*system is reliable and valid,and that color parameters partially serve as symptom pattern predictors in EAM practice.展开更多
Objectives： Lao Juan （LJ, 劳倦） is a syndrome described in Chinese medicine （CM） that manifests with fatigue, fever, spontaneous sweating, indigestion, work-induced pain, weakness of the limbs, and shortness of b...Objectives： Lao Juan （LJ, 劳倦） is a syndrome described in Chinese medicine （CM） that manifests with fatigue, fever, spontaneous sweating, indigestion, work-induced pain, weakness of the limbs, and shortness of breath. The present study was conducted to examine the reliability and validity of a Lao Juan Questionnaire （LJQ）. Methods： A total of 151 outpatients and 73 normal subjects were asked to complete the LJQ. Seventy-three normal subjects were additionally asked to complete the Chalder Fatigue Scale （CFS）. Twelve clinicians determined whether the 151 outpatients exhibited LJ or not. The internal consistency and construct validity for the LJQ were estimated using data from the outpatient subjects. The CFS data were used to examine the concurrent validity of the LJQ. Total LJQ scores and the clinicians＇ diagnoses of the outpatients were used to perform receiver operating characteristics （ROC） curve analyses and to define an optimum cut-off score for the LJQ. Results： The 19-item LJQ had satisfactory internal consistency （α =0.828） and concurrent validity, with significant correlations between the LJQ and the CFS subscales. In the test of construct validity using principal component analysis, a total of six factors were extracted, and the overall variance explained by all factors was 59.5%. In ROC curve analyses, the sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve were 76.0%, 59.2%, and 0.709, respectively. The optimum cut-off score was defined as six points. Conclusions： Our results suggest that the LJQ is a reliable and valid instrument for evaluating LJ.展开更多
文摘OBJECTIVE: To culturally translate the cardiff acne disability index(CADI) into Korean, and to examine its relationship with clinical acne severity,pathological patterns, and general quality of life(Qo L).METHODS: The CADI was culturally and lin-guistically translated into Korean via translation,back-translation, and face validity test process. Two hundred and fifty-four Korean adolescents were asked to complete the Korean version of the CADI(K-CADI), the Phlegm Pattern, the Cold-Heat Pattern, and the Korean version of the General Health Questionnaires. A clinician estimated acne severity for the adolescents, using the Korean Acne Grading System. Finally, reliability and validity of the K-CADI was examined, and the relationships between acne severity, Phlegm, Cold, and Heat patterns, and Qo L level were examined via pathway analysis.RESULTS: The K-CADI had satisfactory internal consistency(α = 0.827). The examination of construct validity indicated that the K-CADI had one factor(explaining 59.6% of the total variance). Pathway analysis showed satisfactory model fit(normal fit index = 0.960 and comparative fit index = 0.983),and acne-related Qo L was determinant to Phlegm,Heat, and Cold patterns(0.13-0.27 of β), and Phlegm and Heat patterns lowered one's Qo L level(0.17-0.34 of β).CONCLUSION: The K-CADI is a valid and reliable instrument. Phlegm and Heat patterns should be managed when treating acne since they have a moderating effect on general Qo L aggravation.
文摘Objective： To examine whether vocal characteristics estimated by acoustic parameters were associated with phlegm, yin deficiency, or cold-heat patterns. Methods： A total of 75 college students （males：females = 53：22） aged 19-24 years were enrolled in this study. Each subject was asked to complete the phlegm pattern questionnaire （PPQ）, yin deficiency questionnaire （YDQ） and cold-heat questionnaire （CHQ）. For the acoustic analysis, each subject was asked to produce a sustained vowel sound （/a/） for 3 s to be used to calculate acoustic parameters. Then, habitual fundamental frequency （F0）, jitter, shimmer, F0 tremor, mean F0, standard deviation of F0, maximum F0, minimum F0, normalized noise energy, harmonic-to-noise ratio, signal-to-noise ratio, amplitude tremor, and power ratio were calculated using the Dr. Speech software. Finally, four hierarchical regression models with pattern questionnaire scores as dependent variables were formed to examine which factors among acoustic parameters, sex, and age were predictive of those pattern scores. Results： PPQ, YDQ, heat, and cold pattern scores all formed significant regression model equations and the adjusted R2 values were 0.281, 0.164, 0.156, and 0.170, respectively. There were aging effects in the PPQ and YDQ models （standardized β =0.199, 0.271, respectively）. Vocal tremor-related Fo tremor and vocal ringing-related power ratio parameters were associated with PPQ and YDQ scores. Gender was directly predictive of PPQ and indirectly moderated the relationship between power ratio and YDQ score. Vocal pitch- related habitual F0 and mean F0 were associated with heat and cold scores. These results indicate that the vocal qualities of phlegm- and yin deficiency-susceptible subjects tend to be ringing and less tremorous, and those of heat- and cold-susceptible subjects tend to be high-pitched. Conclusion： Our study results suggest that vocal characteristics estimated by acoustic parameters are partially predictive of phlegm, yin deficiency, heat, and cold patterns. In terms of phlegm and yin deficiency patterns, there were direct or moderating effects of sex and age.
文摘OBJECTIVE:To develop and validate a Seven Emotions Impairment questionnaire(SEIQ),to define an optimum cut-off point for the SEIQ,and to examine whether SEI was predictive of Phlegm and Blood Stasis(BS).METHODS:Two hundred outpatients and 75 college students were asked to complete the SEIQ,the Profile of Mood States(POMS),Phlegm Pattern Questionnaire(PPQ),and BS Questionnaire(BSQ).Twelve clinicians determined whether the outpatients exhibited SEI.SEIQ data were used to examine the internal consistency and determine validity for the outpatients.SEIQ,POMS,PPQ,and BSQ data were used to examine concurrent validity and predictability of SEI for Phlegm and BS in the college students.Total SEIQ scores and the clinicians' diagnoses of the outpatients were considered to define an optimum cut-off score for the SEIQ.RESULTS:The 18-item SEIQ had satisfactory internal consistency(α = 0.905) and concurrent validity.In the construct validity test,four factors(chest-anxiety,fatigue-depression,working-family-troubles,and sleep-memory) were identified.In the receiver operator characteristic curve curve analysis,the sensitivity,specificity,and area under the curve of the SEIQ were 67.2%,72.1%,and 73%,respectively.The optimum cut-off score was defined as nine points.SEIQ scores were strongly predictive of Phlegm and BS(β = 0.862 and 0.673,respectively).CONCLUSION:Based on our results,we concluded that the SEIQ is a reliable and valid instrument for evaluating SEI,and is strongly predictive of Phlegm and BS.
文摘OBJECTIVE:To examine whether color parameters of tongue inspection(TI)using a digital camera was reliable and valid,and to examine which color parameters serve as predictors of symptom patterns in terms of East Asian medicine(EAM).METHODS:Two hundred female subjects'tongue substances were photographed by a mega-pixel digital camera.Together with the photographs,the subjects were asked to complete Yin deficiency,Phlegm pattern,and Cold-Heat pattern questionnaires.Using three sets of digital imaging software,each digital image was exposure-and white balance-corrected,and finally L*(luminance),a*(red-green balance),and b*(yellow-blue balance)values of the tongues werecalculated.To examine intra-and inter-rater reliabilities and criterion validity of the color analysis method,three raters were asked to calculate color parameters for 20 digital image samples.Finally,four hierarchical regression models were formed.RESULTS:Color parameters showed good or excellent reliability(0.627-0.887 for intra-class correlation coefficients)and significant criterion validity(0.523-0.718 for Spearman's correlation).In the hierarchical regression models,age was a significant predictor of Yin deficiency(β=0.192),and b*value of the tip of the tongue was a determinant predictor of Yin deficiency,Phlegm,and Heat patterns(β=-0.212,-0.172,and-0.163).Luminance(L*)was predictive of Yin deficiency(β=-0.172)and Cold(β=0.173)pattern.CONCLUSION:Our results suggest that color analysis of the tongue using the L*a*b*system is reliable and valid,and that color parameters partially serve as symptom pattern predictors in EAM practice.
文摘Objectives： Lao Juan （LJ, 劳倦） is a syndrome described in Chinese medicine （CM） that manifests with fatigue, fever, spontaneous sweating, indigestion, work-induced pain, weakness of the limbs, and shortness of breath. The present study was conducted to examine the reliability and validity of a Lao Juan Questionnaire （LJQ）. Methods： A total of 151 outpatients and 73 normal subjects were asked to complete the LJQ. Seventy-three normal subjects were additionally asked to complete the Chalder Fatigue Scale （CFS）. Twelve clinicians determined whether the 151 outpatients exhibited LJ or not. The internal consistency and construct validity for the LJQ were estimated using data from the outpatient subjects. The CFS data were used to examine the concurrent validity of the LJQ. Total LJQ scores and the clinicians＇ diagnoses of the outpatients were used to perform receiver operating characteristics （ROC） curve analyses and to define an optimum cut-off score for the LJQ. Results： The 19-item LJQ had satisfactory internal consistency （α =0.828） and concurrent validity, with significant correlations between the LJQ and the CFS subscales. In the test of construct validity using principal component analysis, a total of six factors were extracted, and the overall variance explained by all factors was 59.5%. In ROC curve analyses, the sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve were 76.0%, 59.2%, and 0.709, respectively. The optimum cut-off score was defined as six points. Conclusions： Our results suggest that the LJQ is a reliable and valid instrument for evaluating LJ.
