Climate change is the most severe ecological challenge faced by the world today.Forests,the dominant component of terrestrial ecosystems,play a critical role in mitigating climate change due to their powerful carbon s...Climate change is the most severe ecological challenge faced by the world today.Forests,the dominant component of terrestrial ecosystems,play a critical role in mitigating climate change due to their powerful carbon sequestration capabilities.Meanwhile,climate change has also become a major factor affecting the sustainable management of forest ecosystems.Climate-Smart Forestry(CSF)is an emerging concept in sustainable forest management.By utilizing advanced technologies,such as information technology and artificial intelligence,CSF aims to develop innovative and proactive forest management methods and decision-making systems to address the challenges of climate change.CSF aims to enhance forest ecosystem resilience(i.e.,maintain a condition where,even when the state of the ecosystem changes,the ecosystem functions do not deteriorate)through climate change adaptation,improve the mitigation capabilities of forest ecosystems to climate change,maintain high,stable,and sustainable forest productivity and ecosystem services,and ultimately achieve harmonious development between humans and nature.This concept paper:(1)discusses the emergence and development of CSF,which integrates Ecological Forestry,Carbon Forestry,and Smart Forestry,and proposes the concept of CSF;(2)analyzes the goals of CSF in improving forest ecosystem stability,enhancing forest ecosystem carbon sequestration capacity,and advocating the application and development of new technologies in CSF,including artificial intelligence,robotics,Light Detection and Ranging,and forest digital twin;(3)presents the latest practices of CSF based on prior research on forest structure and function using new generation information technologies at Qingyuan Forest,China.From these practices and reflections,we suggested the development direction of CSF,including the key research topics and technological advancement.展开更多
For the porous‐membrane‐based osmotic energy generator,the potential synergistic enhancement mechanism of various key parameters is still controversial,especially because optimizing the trade‐off between permeabili...For the porous‐membrane‐based osmotic energy generator,the potential synergistic enhancement mechanism of various key parameters is still controversial,especially because optimizing the trade‐off between permeability and selectivity is still a challenge.Here,to construct a permeability and selectivity synergistically enhanced osmotic energy generator,the twodimensional porous membranes with tunable charge density are prepared by inserting sulfonated polyether sulfone into graphene oxide.Influences of charge density and pore size on the ion transport are explored,and the ionic behaviors in the channel are calculated by numerical simulations.The mechanism of ion transport in the process is studied in depth,and the fundamental principles of energy conversion are revealed.The results demonstrate that charge density and pore size should be matched to construct the optimal ion channel.This collaborative enhancement strategy of permeability and selectivity has significantly improved the output power in osmotic energy generation;compared to the pure graphene oxide membrane,the composite membrane presents almost 20 times improvement.展开更多
As one of the three major five-leaved pines in the northern hemisphere, Pinus koraiensis is the most important dominant tree species in the natural mixed-broadleaved Korean pine forests. However, the regeneration of P...As one of the three major five-leaved pines in the northern hemisphere, Pinus koraiensis is the most important dominant tree species in the natural mixed-broadleaved Korean pine forests. However, the regeneration of P koraiensis under the canopy of secondary forest stands is poor because of the light limitation. This study was conducted to understand how P koraiensis seedlings adapt to different light intensities and what would be the optimum light level for their establishment and growth. Three repetition plots with four light intensities （15%, 30%, 60% and 100% of the natural incident irradiances, achieved by suspending layers of black nylon net above and surrounding the plots） were set up under natural climate conditions in a montane region in eastern Liaoning Province, Northeast China. A total of 80 P koraiensis seedlings with similar height and root collar diameter were transplanted into four plots. After one year of acclimation to the specific light conditions, the seasonal variations of the photosynthetic variables and needle traits of the current and one-year-old needles, and the growth parameters were observed under four light intensities. The results indicated that： （1） The seedling at 60% treatment exhibited the greatest growth, which agreed with the response of the light-saturated photosynthetic rates （Amax） and the dark respiration rate （Rd） in the current and one-year-old needles, i.e., Rd at 60% treatment was significantly lower than that at 100% treatment, but Amax did not differ between the seedlings at 100% and 60% treatments. （2） The P. koraiensis seedlings have a certain photosynthetic plasticity to adapt the light conditions by adjusting their needle traits and regulating the physiological processes, because Amax, Rd, light saturation point and compensation point, the needle mass area, needle nitrogen and chlorophyll contents were significantly （p〈0.05） correlated with the light intensities. Especially, Am,x at 100% and 60% treatments was significantly higher （p〈0.05） than that at 30% and 15% treatments for both current and one-year-old needles. （3） The needles of different ages played a commutative role during the growing season, i.e., the one-year-old needles played a major role for the photosynthesis in the early growing season; the current year needles did in the later growing season. This ensured the effective photosynthesis throughout the growing season. These findings suggest that P. koraiensis is the in-between heliophilous and shade-tolerant tree species at least for the seedlings up to 8 years.展开更多
In forest ecosystems,landslides are one of the most common natural disturbances,altering the physical,chemical and microbial characteristics of soil and thus further altering ecosystem properties and processes.Althoug...In forest ecosystems,landslides are one of the most common natural disturbances,altering the physical,chemical and microbial characteristics of soil and thus further altering ecosystem properties and processes.Although secondary forests comprise more than 50%of global forests,the influence of landslides on the soil properties in these forests is underappreciated.Therefore,this study investigates the influence of landslides on the chemical and microbial nature of the soil.Study of these modifications is critical,as it provides baseline evidence for subsequent forest revegetation.We selected four independent landslides and adjacent secondary forest stands as references in a temperate secondary forest in northeastern China.Soils were obtained from each stand at 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm depths to determine chemical and microbial properties.Soil total carbon(TC),total nitrogen(TN),nitrate(NO_(3)^(-)-N),available phosphorus(P),microbial biomass carbon(MBC),microbial biomass nitrogen(MBN),microbial biomass phosphorus(MBP)and phenol oxidase,exoglucanase,β-glucosidase,N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase,L-asparaginase and acid phosphatase activities were 29.3–70.1%lower at the 0–10 cm soil depth in the landslide sites than at the secondary forest sites,whereas total phosphorus(TP)and ammonium(NH_(4)^(+)-N)were unaffected by the landslides.N-related enzymes,N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase and L-asparaginase were reduced by more than 65%in the landslide sites,consistent with the decrease in nitrate concentration at the same 0–10 cm depth.At a depth of 10–20 cm,the variations in the soil properties were consistent with those at the 0–10 cm depth.The results demonstrated that soil chemical and microbial properties were significantly disrupted after the landslides,even though the landslides had occurred 6 years earlier.A long time is thus needed to restore the original C and nutrient levels.In temperate secondary forests,soil TC and TN contents were found to be more suitable for estimating the state of soil restoration than soil TP content.展开更多
China's Three-North Protective Forest Program(TNP) is the world's most ambitious afforestation project(ongoing from 1978 to 2050), which aims to increase forest coverage through afforestation and reforestation...China's Three-North Protective Forest Program(TNP) is the world's most ambitious afforestation project(ongoing from 1978 to 2050), which aims to increase forest coverage through afforestation and reforestation, protect agriculture, reduce soil erosion, and control desertification. Although TNP has been ongoing for 45 years, its rationales and effects remain uncertain. Here, we conducted a rangewide assessment of TNP by analyzing data from >10,000 scenes of satellite images and >50,000 field survey plots. The TNP range and definitions of shelterbelts, arboreal forests, and shrublands were changed during the study period, but we used the initial TNP range(4.07 million km2) and the definitions in 1978 for keeping the consistency, comparability, and comprehensiveness. The TNP increased forest coverage from 5.05% in 1978 to 9.69% in 2022, with arboreal forests, shrublands, and shelterbelts increasing by 42.5%, 184.4%,and 53.6%, respectively. However, only 40.1% of the 471,113 km2afforested area was established between 1978 and 2022. The wellestablished shelterbelts improved crop yield by 4.3%-9.5%, but only 10.2% of all the farmlands in TNP regions(TNR) were protected. The total area of soil erosion due to hydraulic forces was reduced by 447,363 km2, with 61% of this reduction attributed to TNP. TNP contributed to the reduction of desertification by 15%, largely due to the low rate of afforestation success and the largely decreased grasslands. The total carbon sequestration from TNP was 1.96 Pg C. Moreover, water storage in TNR showed a decreasing trend, but the contribution rate of TNP was only 7.8%. Our results illustrate that forestry eco-engineering projects are feasible in the management and restoration of arid and semi-arid degraded lands, but attention must be paid to fully considering the ecological carrying capacity of water resources, matching the species to sites, strengthening the post-afforestation management, as well as keeping the balances between composite ecosystems.展开更多
Background Three-North Afforestation Program(TNAP)in China is the largest ecological restoration project on Earth(ongoing from 1978 to 2050),harboring a huge area of newly planted forests,which provides a wealth of go...Background Three-North Afforestation Program(TNAP)in China is the largest ecological restoration project on Earth(ongoing from 1978 to 2050),harboring a huge area of newly planted forests,which provides a wealth of goods and ecosystem services that benefit society at levels ranging from region to East Asia.This project-induced carbon(C)sink has been expected to be large,but its size and location remain uncertain.Results In this study,we investigated the changes in the C stocks of biomass,soil C and the C accumulation ben-efited from the ecological effects in the project areas from 1978 to 2017 within the Three-North regions(4.069×10^(6)km^(2)),and evaluated its project-induced C sequestration.Using a combination of remote sensing images,field obser-vations and national forest inventory data,we estimated a total ecosystem sink of 47.06 Tg C per year(1 Tg=10^(12)g)increased by the TNAP implementation.Importantly,we first found that the C sink via the ecological effects of this project could contribute to a high proportion up to 15.94%,indicating a critical role of ecological effects in shaping the distribution of C stocks in the protective forests.This finding suggests that it is necessary to explicitly consider carbon sequestration benefited from the ecological effects when estimating C sink and parameterizing C models of the restoration projects in China and globally.Conclusions Our results update the estimates of C pools in the world’s largest ecological restoration project area,demonstrating that this project has substantially contributed to mitigating the climate change.展开更多
Background:Granivore-mediated seed dispersal is susceptible to changes in seed availability and silvicultural management,which alters synzoochorous interactions in the antagonism-mutualism continuum and affects the se...Background:Granivore-mediated seed dispersal is susceptible to changes in seed availability and silvicultural management,which alters synzoochorous interactions in the antagonism-mutualism continuum and affects the seed dispersal effectiveness(SDE),and eventually,the plant recruitment.We conducted a whole-year study of seed addi-tion to quantify the granivores-Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis)synzoochorous interactions and the SDE in the same sec-ondary forests with two treatments.Both treatments had seed source limitations:one was caused by the disappear-ance of Korean pine due to the historical disturbance,the other by pinecone harvesting in Korean pine plantations adjacent to the secondary forests.Thinning with different intensities(control,25%,and 50%)were also performed to further explore the synzoochorous interactions and SDE in response to silvicultural management in the second type of forests.Results:Source limitation increased the proportion of pre-and post-dispersal seed predation,and made the granivores-Korean pine interaction shift more towards antagonism,with the estimated SDE of 2.31 and 3.60,respec-tively,for the secondary forests without and with Korean pine.Thinning with different intensities did not alleviate the reactions towards antagonism but altered SDE;granivores occurrence decreased,but the proportion of pre-and post-dispersal seed predation increased,resulting in a fivefold decreased seedling recruitment in 25%thinning(the lowest SDE of 0.26).Conclusion:The source limitation coupling thinning biased the synzoochorous interactions more towards antago-nism and significantly lowered granivore-mediated SDE,which limited the successful recruitment of Korean pine in secondary forests.Forest managers should control pinecone harvesting,protect the synzoochorous interaction,and take into account masting event for Korean pine regeneration in the future.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32192435)the Application and Demonstration Project of Network Security and Informatization Technology,Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS-WX2022SF-0101)+1 种基金the Liaoning Provincial Key Research and Development Program(2023021230-JH2/1018)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of CAS(2023205).
文摘Climate change is the most severe ecological challenge faced by the world today.Forests,the dominant component of terrestrial ecosystems,play a critical role in mitigating climate change due to their powerful carbon sequestration capabilities.Meanwhile,climate change has also become a major factor affecting the sustainable management of forest ecosystems.Climate-Smart Forestry(CSF)is an emerging concept in sustainable forest management.By utilizing advanced technologies,such as information technology and artificial intelligence,CSF aims to develop innovative and proactive forest management methods and decision-making systems to address the challenges of climate change.CSF aims to enhance forest ecosystem resilience(i.e.,maintain a condition where,even when the state of the ecosystem changes,the ecosystem functions do not deteriorate)through climate change adaptation,improve the mitigation capabilities of forest ecosystems to climate change,maintain high,stable,and sustainable forest productivity and ecosystem services,and ultimately achieve harmonious development between humans and nature.This concept paper:(1)discusses the emergence and development of CSF,which integrates Ecological Forestry,Carbon Forestry,and Smart Forestry,and proposes the concept of CSF;(2)analyzes the goals of CSF in improving forest ecosystem stability,enhancing forest ecosystem carbon sequestration capacity,and advocating the application and development of new technologies in CSF,including artificial intelligence,robotics,Light Detection and Ranging,and forest digital twin;(3)presents the latest practices of CSF based on prior research on forest structure and function using new generation information technologies at Qingyuan Forest,China.From these practices and reflections,we suggested the development direction of CSF,including the key research topics and technological advancement.
基金Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province,Grant/Award Number:YDZJ202101ZYTS002National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:52003099+1 种基金Capital Construction Fund of Jilin Province,Grant/Award Number:2021C039‐1Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities。
文摘For the porous‐membrane‐based osmotic energy generator,the potential synergistic enhancement mechanism of various key parameters is still controversial,especially because optimizing the trade‐off between permeability and selectivity is still a challenge.Here,to construct a permeability and selectivity synergistically enhanced osmotic energy generator,the twodimensional porous membranes with tunable charge density are prepared by inserting sulfonated polyether sulfone into graphene oxide.Influences of charge density and pore size on the ion transport are explored,and the ionic behaviors in the channel are calculated by numerical simulations.The mechanism of ion transport in the process is studied in depth,and the fundamental principles of energy conversion are revealed.The results demonstrate that charge density and pore size should be matched to construct the optimal ion channel.This collaborative enhancement strategy of permeability and selectivity has significantly improved the output power in osmotic energy generation;compared to the pure graphene oxide membrane,the composite membrane presents almost 20 times improvement.
基金supported by a grant from the National Nature Science Foundation of China(30830085,31330016)
文摘As one of the three major five-leaved pines in the northern hemisphere, Pinus koraiensis is the most important dominant tree species in the natural mixed-broadleaved Korean pine forests. However, the regeneration of P koraiensis under the canopy of secondary forest stands is poor because of the light limitation. This study was conducted to understand how P koraiensis seedlings adapt to different light intensities and what would be the optimum light level for their establishment and growth. Three repetition plots with four light intensities （15%, 30%, 60% and 100% of the natural incident irradiances, achieved by suspending layers of black nylon net above and surrounding the plots） were set up under natural climate conditions in a montane region in eastern Liaoning Province, Northeast China. A total of 80 P koraiensis seedlings with similar height and root collar diameter were transplanted into four plots. After one year of acclimation to the specific light conditions, the seasonal variations of the photosynthetic variables and needle traits of the current and one-year-old needles, and the growth parameters were observed under four light intensities. The results indicated that： （1） The seedling at 60% treatment exhibited the greatest growth, which agreed with the response of the light-saturated photosynthetic rates （Amax） and the dark respiration rate （Rd） in the current and one-year-old needles, i.e., Rd at 60% treatment was significantly lower than that at 100% treatment, but Amax did not differ between the seedlings at 100% and 60% treatments. （2） The P. koraiensis seedlings have a certain photosynthetic plasticity to adapt the light conditions by adjusting their needle traits and regulating the physiological processes, because Amax, Rd, light saturation point and compensation point, the needle mass area, needle nitrogen and chlorophyll contents were significantly （p〈0.05） correlated with the light intensities. Especially, Am,x at 100% and 60% treatments was significantly higher （p〈0.05） than that at 30% and 15% treatments for both current and one-year-old needles. （3） The needles of different ages played a commutative role during the growing season, i.e., the one-year-old needles played a major role for the photosynthesis in the early growing season; the current year needles did in the later growing season. This ensured the effective photosynthesis throughout the growing season. These findings suggest that P. koraiensis is the in-between heliophilous and shade-tolerant tree species at least for the seedlings up to 8 years.
基金supported by The National Natural Science Foundation of China(31922059)the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences,CAS(QYZDJ SSW DQC027 and ZDBS LY DQC019)。
文摘In forest ecosystems,landslides are one of the most common natural disturbances,altering the physical,chemical and microbial characteristics of soil and thus further altering ecosystem properties and processes.Although secondary forests comprise more than 50%of global forests,the influence of landslides on the soil properties in these forests is underappreciated.Therefore,this study investigates the influence of landslides on the chemical and microbial nature of the soil.Study of these modifications is critical,as it provides baseline evidence for subsequent forest revegetation.We selected four independent landslides and adjacent secondary forest stands as references in a temperate secondary forest in northeastern China.Soils were obtained from each stand at 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm depths to determine chemical and microbial properties.Soil total carbon(TC),total nitrogen(TN),nitrate(NO_(3)^(-)-N),available phosphorus(P),microbial biomass carbon(MBC),microbial biomass nitrogen(MBN),microbial biomass phosphorus(MBP)and phenol oxidase,exoglucanase,β-glucosidase,N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase,L-asparaginase and acid phosphatase activities were 29.3–70.1%lower at the 0–10 cm soil depth in the landslide sites than at the secondary forest sites,whereas total phosphorus(TP)and ammonium(NH_(4)^(+)-N)were unaffected by the landslides.N-related enzymes,N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase and L-asparaginase were reduced by more than 65%in the landslide sites,consistent with the decrease in nitrate concentration at the same 0–10 cm depth.At a depth of 10–20 cm,the variations in the soil properties were consistent with those at the 0–10 cm depth.The results demonstrated that soil chemical and microbial properties were significantly disrupted after the landslides,even though the landslides had occurred 6 years earlier.A long time is thus needed to restore the original C and nutrient levels.In temperate secondary forests,soil TC and TN contents were found to be more suitable for estimating the state of soil restoration than soil TP content.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32192435, 31025007)CAS Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences (QYZDJ-SSW-DQC027)+1 种基金the Knowledge Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (KZCX1-YW-08-02)the Consultation Project supported by Divisions of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (2019-ZW09-A032)。
文摘China's Three-North Protective Forest Program(TNP) is the world's most ambitious afforestation project(ongoing from 1978 to 2050), which aims to increase forest coverage through afforestation and reforestation, protect agriculture, reduce soil erosion, and control desertification. Although TNP has been ongoing for 45 years, its rationales and effects remain uncertain. Here, we conducted a rangewide assessment of TNP by analyzing data from >10,000 scenes of satellite images and >50,000 field survey plots. The TNP range and definitions of shelterbelts, arboreal forests, and shrublands were changed during the study period, but we used the initial TNP range(4.07 million km2) and the definitions in 1978 for keeping the consistency, comparability, and comprehensiveness. The TNP increased forest coverage from 5.05% in 1978 to 9.69% in 2022, with arboreal forests, shrublands, and shelterbelts increasing by 42.5%, 184.4%,and 53.6%, respectively. However, only 40.1% of the 471,113 km2afforested area was established between 1978 and 2022. The wellestablished shelterbelts improved crop yield by 4.3%-9.5%, but only 10.2% of all the farmlands in TNP regions(TNR) were protected. The total area of soil erosion due to hydraulic forces was reduced by 447,363 km2, with 61% of this reduction attributed to TNP. TNP contributed to the reduction of desertification by 15%, largely due to the low rate of afforestation success and the largely decreased grasslands. The total carbon sequestration from TNP was 1.96 Pg C. Moreover, water storage in TNR showed a decreasing trend, but the contribution rate of TNP was only 7.8%. Our results illustrate that forestry eco-engineering projects are feasible in the management and restoration of arid and semi-arid degraded lands, but attention must be paid to fully considering the ecological carrying capacity of water resources, matching the species to sites, strengthening the post-afforestation management, as well as keeping the balances between composite ecosystems.
基金supported by grants from National Key R&D Program of China(2020YFA0608100)CAS Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences(QYZDJ-SSW-DQC027)+2 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(31025007)the Knowledge Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(KZCX1-YW-08-02)the Consultation Project supported by Divisions of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(2019-ZW09-A-032).
文摘Background Three-North Afforestation Program(TNAP)in China is the largest ecological restoration project on Earth(ongoing from 1978 to 2050),harboring a huge area of newly planted forests,which provides a wealth of goods and ecosystem services that benefit society at levels ranging from region to East Asia.This project-induced carbon(C)sink has been expected to be large,but its size and location remain uncertain.Results In this study,we investigated the changes in the C stocks of biomass,soil C and the C accumulation ben-efited from the ecological effects in the project areas from 1978 to 2017 within the Three-North regions(4.069×10^(6)km^(2)),and evaluated its project-induced C sequestration.Using a combination of remote sensing images,field obser-vations and national forest inventory data,we estimated a total ecosystem sink of 47.06 Tg C per year(1 Tg=10^(12)g)increased by the TNAP implementation.Importantly,we first found that the C sink via the ecological effects of this project could contribute to a high proportion up to 15.94%,indicating a critical role of ecological effects in shaping the distribution of C stocks in the protective forests.This finding suggests that it is necessary to explicitly consider carbon sequestration benefited from the ecological effects when estimating C sink and parameterizing C models of the restoration projects in China and globally.Conclusions Our results update the estimates of C pools in the world’s largest ecological restoration project area,demonstrating that this project has substantially contributed to mitigating the climate change.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U1808201,31830016)K.C.Wong Education Foundation(GJTD-2018-07)Liaoning Revitalization Talents Program(XLYC1807102).
文摘Background:Granivore-mediated seed dispersal is susceptible to changes in seed availability and silvicultural management,which alters synzoochorous interactions in the antagonism-mutualism continuum and affects the seed dispersal effectiveness(SDE),and eventually,the plant recruitment.We conducted a whole-year study of seed addi-tion to quantify the granivores-Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis)synzoochorous interactions and the SDE in the same sec-ondary forests with two treatments.Both treatments had seed source limitations:one was caused by the disappear-ance of Korean pine due to the historical disturbance,the other by pinecone harvesting in Korean pine plantations adjacent to the secondary forests.Thinning with different intensities(control,25%,and 50%)were also performed to further explore the synzoochorous interactions and SDE in response to silvicultural management in the second type of forests.Results:Source limitation increased the proportion of pre-and post-dispersal seed predation,and made the granivores-Korean pine interaction shift more towards antagonism,with the estimated SDE of 2.31 and 3.60,respec-tively,for the secondary forests without and with Korean pine.Thinning with different intensities did not alleviate the reactions towards antagonism but altered SDE;granivores occurrence decreased,but the proportion of pre-and post-dispersal seed predation increased,resulting in a fivefold decreased seedling recruitment in 25%thinning(the lowest SDE of 0.26).Conclusion:The source limitation coupling thinning biased the synzoochorous interactions more towards antago-nism and significantly lowered granivore-mediated SDE,which limited the successful recruitment of Korean pine in secondary forests.Forest managers should control pinecone harvesting,protect the synzoochorous interaction,and take into account masting event for Korean pine regeneration in the future.
