The slope aspect is one of the most critical topographic factors in mountainous areas.Little is known,however,about the eff ect of the aspect on the ectomycorrhizal(ECM)fungal community.Additionally,we know very littl...The slope aspect is one of the most critical topographic factors in mountainous areas.Little is known,however,about the eff ect of the aspect on the ectomycorrhizal(ECM)fungal community.Additionally,we know very little about the composition of ECM fungal communities associated with Quercus variabilis,which is widely distributed in East Asia.In this study,we compared the richness,community composition,and exploration types of ECM fungi associated with Q.variabilis between predominantly south-and north-facing slopes in the Taihang Mountain,North China for the fi rst time.DNA was extracted from the root tips of Q.variabilis,and Illumina MiSeq sequencing was used to identify ECM fungi.In total,168 operational taxonomic units belonging to 28 genera were detected,and the ECM community was found to be dominated by Russula,Inocybe,Tomentella,Scleroderma,and Cortinarius.Compared with the north-facing slopes,the ECM communities on the south-facing slopes had higher diversity.The community composition and exploration types were directly aff ected by the slope aspect.Also,the aspect-induced edaphic variables,such as total phosphorus,total nitrogen,total potassium,pH,and soil water content,were important sources of variation in ECM fungal richness and distributions of exploration types.Diff erent genera tended to be distributed in various slope aspects.Cenococcum,Genea,and Clavulina were signifi cantly enriched in north-facing slopes,while Geopora,Helvelosebacina,Scleroderma,Gyroporus,Astraeus,Boletus,Tricholoma,Hebeloma,Cortinarius and unclassifi ed Thelephoraceae were more abundant in south-facing slopes.Hydrophobic ECM fungi were obviously enriched in the south-facing slope,but there was no statistical diff erence between hydrophilic among the south-and north-facing slopes.Our study deepened our knowledge of the aspect-driven variation in ECM fungal communities associated with Q.variabilis.展开更多
With the trend of digitalization,intelligence,and networking sweeping the world,functional safety and cyber security are increasingly intertwined and overlapped,evolving into the issue of generalized functional safety...With the trend of digitalization,intelligence,and networking sweeping the world,functional safety and cyber security are increasingly intertwined and overlapped,evolving into the issue of generalized functional safety.Traditional system reliability technology and network defense technology cannot provide quantifiable design implementation theories and methods.As the cornerstone of software systems,operating systems in particular are in need of efficient safety assurance.The DHR architecture is a mature and comprehensive solution,and it is necessary to implement an OS-level DHR architecture,for which the multi-kernel operating system is a good carrier.The multi-kernel operating system takes the kernel as the processing scenario element and constructs redundancy,heterogeneity,and dynamism on the kernel,so it has the generalized robustness of the DHR architecture.This article analyzes the significance and requirements of OS-level DHR architecture,and systematically explains how the multi-kernel operating system responds to the requirements of OS-level DHR architecture by analyzing the technical routes of multi-kernel operating systems and develops an operating system solution idea for the generalized functionally safety.展开更多
基金the National Key Technology Research and Development Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2015BAD07B02).
文摘The slope aspect is one of the most critical topographic factors in mountainous areas.Little is known,however,about the eff ect of the aspect on the ectomycorrhizal(ECM)fungal community.Additionally,we know very little about the composition of ECM fungal communities associated with Quercus variabilis,which is widely distributed in East Asia.In this study,we compared the richness,community composition,and exploration types of ECM fungi associated with Q.variabilis between predominantly south-and north-facing slopes in the Taihang Mountain,North China for the fi rst time.DNA was extracted from the root tips of Q.variabilis,and Illumina MiSeq sequencing was used to identify ECM fungi.In total,168 operational taxonomic units belonging to 28 genera were detected,and the ECM community was found to be dominated by Russula,Inocybe,Tomentella,Scleroderma,and Cortinarius.Compared with the north-facing slopes,the ECM communities on the south-facing slopes had higher diversity.The community composition and exploration types were directly aff ected by the slope aspect.Also,the aspect-induced edaphic variables,such as total phosphorus,total nitrogen,total potassium,pH,and soil water content,were important sources of variation in ECM fungal richness and distributions of exploration types.Diff erent genera tended to be distributed in various slope aspects.Cenococcum,Genea,and Clavulina were signifi cantly enriched in north-facing slopes,while Geopora,Helvelosebacina,Scleroderma,Gyroporus,Astraeus,Boletus,Tricholoma,Hebeloma,Cortinarius and unclassifi ed Thelephoraceae were more abundant in south-facing slopes.Hydrophobic ECM fungi were obviously enriched in the south-facing slope,but there was no statistical diff erence between hydrophilic among the south-and north-facing slopes.Our study deepened our knowledge of the aspect-driven variation in ECM fungal communities associated with Q.variabilis.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62141211)in part by the Open Project Program of the State Key Laboratory of Mathematical Engineering and Advanced Computing
文摘With the trend of digitalization,intelligence,and networking sweeping the world,functional safety and cyber security are increasingly intertwined and overlapped,evolving into the issue of generalized functional safety.Traditional system reliability technology and network defense technology cannot provide quantifiable design implementation theories and methods.As the cornerstone of software systems,operating systems in particular are in need of efficient safety assurance.The DHR architecture is a mature and comprehensive solution,and it is necessary to implement an OS-level DHR architecture,for which the multi-kernel operating system is a good carrier.The multi-kernel operating system takes the kernel as the processing scenario element and constructs redundancy,heterogeneity,and dynamism on the kernel,so it has the generalized robustness of the DHR architecture.This article analyzes the significance and requirements of OS-level DHR architecture,and systematically explains how the multi-kernel operating system responds to the requirements of OS-level DHR architecture by analyzing the technical routes of multi-kernel operating systems and develops an operating system solution idea for the generalized functionally safety.
