Design and synthesis of superior cost-effective non-fullerene acceptors(NFAs)are still big challenges for facilitating the commercialization of organic solar cells(OSCs),yet to be realized.Herein,two medium bandgap fu...Design and synthesis of superior cost-effective non-fullerene acceptors(NFAs)are still big challenges for facilitating the commercialization of organic solar cells(OSCs),yet to be realized.Herein,two medium bandgap fully non-fused ring electron acceptors(NFREAs,medium bandgap,i,e.,1,3-1,8 eV),namely PTR-2Cl and PTR-4Cl are synthesized with only four steps by using intramolecular noncovalent interaction central core,structured alkyl side chain orientation linking units and flanking with different electron-withdrawing end group.Among them,PTR-4C1 exhibits increased average electrostatic potential(ESP)difference with polymer donor,enhanced crystallinity and compactπ-πstacking compared with the control molecule PTR-2CI.As a result,the PTR-4Cl-based OSC achieved an impressive power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 14.72%,with a much higher open-circuit voltage(V_(OC))of 0.953 V and significantly improved fill factor(FF)of 0.758,demonstrating one of the best acceptor material in the top-performing fully NFREA-based OSCs with both high PCE and V_(OC).Notably,PTR-4Cl-based cells maintain a good T_80lifetime of its initial PCE after over 936 h under a continuous thermal annealing treatment and over1300 h T_(80)lifetime without encapsulation.This work provides a cost-effective design strategy for NFREAs on obtaining high V_(OC),efficient exciton dissociation,and ordered molecular packing and thus high-efficiency and stable OSCs.展开更多
Forest canopy structure is closely related to species diversity,crown packing efficiency,and ecological processes,while influencing ecosystem functions.However,most existing structural diversity indices only consider ...Forest canopy structure is closely related to species diversity,crown packing efficiency,and ecological processes,while influencing ecosystem functions.However,most existing structural diversity indices only consider internal heterogeneity within the canopy but often neglect the heterogeneity of the external canopy.While,the external canopy heterogeneity can increase the exchange surface area between canopy and external atmosphere,capture more light,which is closely linked to tree growth and ecosystem functions.Comprehensively and accurately estimating canopy structural diversity is crucial in understanding the underlying mechanisms of productivity change.Therefore,in this study,we apply a topographic index–canopy surface rugosity(CSR)–to capture canopy external heterogeneity,and use crown complementary index(CCI)and other canopy structural variables to quantify canopy internal heterogeneity.We find that CSR varies significantly among quadrats(20 m×20 m)and it decreases with species diversity and wood net primary productivity(NPP_(wood)).Species diversity increases NPP_(wood) directly and indirectly through CSR and CCI.Functional diversity increases NPP_(wood) through CSR and CCI.Community weighted mean of light demand decreases with NPP_(wood) through CCI.The mediating effect of CSR on the relationship between species(functional)diversity and NPP_(wood) is greater than the mediating effect of CCI.We find soil fertility positive effects on NPP_(wood) mainly through species richness and CSR.Conversely,water availability affects NPP_(wood) by a direct positive effect and indirect negative effects through species richness,CSR and CCI.Overall,our CSR and CCI provide strong support for a space-based niche partitioning mechanism regulating the relationship between species diversity and NPP_(wood).Additionally,CSR is sensitive to gap dynamics,suggesting mechanistic relationships between local disturbance,species diversity,and NPP_(wood).展开更多
Based on the observation data of the annual number of haze days,rainy days,fog days and gale days,sunshine hours,relative humidity and maximum wind speed at Hangzhou station from 1960 to 2021,the variation characteris...Based on the observation data of the annual number of haze days,rainy days,fog days and gale days,sunshine hours,relative humidity and maximum wind speed at Hangzhou station from 1960 to 2021,the variation characteristics of haze days and meteorological influencing factors were studied by mathematical statistical methods such as Mann-Kendall nonparametric test,sliding T test,wavelet analysis and Pearson correlation two-tailed test.The results show that the annual number of haze days generally showed an upward trend,and the climate tendency rate was 20 d/a;there was a sudden change around 2001,and it changed from stable to rapid growth;the number of haze days was the largest in spring and winter,followed by autumn,while it was the smallest in summer.The annual number of haze days had a strongly significant period of 40 a and a mesoscale variation period of 13 a.The number of haze days was negatively correlated with the number of rainy days,fog days and gale days,sunshine hours,relative humidity and maximum wind speed,which passed the 0.05 significance test.In recent 60 years,the number of rainy days and gale days,relative humidity,and maximum wind speed in Hangzhou have decreased,resulting in the weakening of atmospheric wet deposition capacity and power transmission conditions,which provided favorable meteorological conditions for the increase of haze weather.展开更多
There is an increasing demand of low cost,flexible,stable,and environmentally benign pow-er sources for emerging wearable electronic equip-ment.Herein,we develop high performance psu-do-supercapacitor electrodes based...There is an increasing demand of low cost,flexible,stable,and environmentally benign pow-er sources for emerging wearable electronic equip-ment.Herein,we develop high performance psu-do-supercapacitor electrodes based on nano MnO2 deposited on a carbon textile,which was展开更多
Objective: The effects of arsenic trioxide(As2O3) on hepatocellular carcinoma have been documented widely. Autophagy plays dual roles in the survival and death of cancer cells. Therefore, we investigated the exact rol...Objective: The effects of arsenic trioxide(As2O3) on hepatocellular carcinoma have been documented widely. Autophagy plays dual roles in the survival and death of cancer cells. Therefore, we investigated the exact role of autophagy in As2O3-induced apoptosis in liver cancer cells.Methods: The viability of hepatoma cells was determined using the MTT assay with or without fetal bovine serum. The rate of apoptosis in liver cancer cells treated with As2O3was evaluated using flow cytometry, Hoechst 33258 staining, and TUNEL assays. The rate of autophagy among liver cancer cells treated with As2O3was detected using immunofluorescence, Western blot assay and transmission electron microscopy.Results: Upon treatment with As2O3, the viability of HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cells was decreased in a time-and dose-dependent manner. The apoptosis rates of both liver cancer cell lines increased with the concentration of As2O3, as shown by flow cytometry. Apoptosis in liver cancer cells treated with As2O3was also shown by the activation of the caspase cascade and the regulation of Bcl-2/Bax expression.Furthermore, As2O3treatment induced autophagy in liver cancer cells;this finding was supported by Western blot, immunofluorescence of LC3-II and beclin 1, and transmission electron microscopy. In liver cancer cells, As2O3inhibited the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin(PI3K/AKT/mTOR) signal pathway that plays a vital role in both apoptosis and autophagy. The PI3K activator SC-79 partially reversed As2O3-induced autophagy and apoptosis. Furthermore, inhibiting autophagy with 3-methyladenine partially reversed the negative effects of As2O3on cell viability.Serum starvation increased autophagy and amplified the effect of As2O3on cell death.Conclusion: As2O3induces apoptosis and autophagy in liver cancer cells. Autophagy induced by As2O3may have a proapoptotic effect that helps to reduce the viability of liver cancer cells. This study provides novel insights into the effects of As2O3against liver cancer.展开更多
Mannan-binding lectin(MBL)plays a key role in the lectin pathway of complement activation and can influence cytokine expression.Toll-like receptor 4(TLR4)is expressed extensively and has been demonstrated to be involv...Mannan-binding lectin(MBL)plays a key role in the lectin pathway of complement activation and can influence cytokine expression.Toll-like receptor 4(TLR4)is expressed extensively and has been demonstrated to be involved in lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced signaling.We first sought to determine whether MBL exposure could modulate LPS-induced inflammatory cytokine secretion and nuclear factor-kB(NF-kB)activity by using the monocytoid cell line THP-1.We then investigated the possible mechanisms underlying any observed regulatory effect.Using ELISA and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)analysis,we found that at both the protein andmRNAlevels,treatment withMBLsuppresses LPS-induced tumor-necrosis factor(TNF)-a and IL-12 production in THP-1 cells.An electrophoretic mobility shift assay and western blot analysis revealed that MBL treatment can inhibit LPS-induced NF-kB DNA binding and translocation in THP-1 cells.While the binding of MBL to THP-1 cells was evident at physiological calcium concentrations,this binding occurred optimally in response to supraphysiological calcium concentrations.This binding can be partly inhibited by treatment with either a soluble form of recombinant TLR4 extracellular domain or anti-TLR4 monoclonal antibody(HTA125).Activation of THP-1 cells by LPS treatment resulted in increased MBL binding.We also observed that MBL could directly bind to the extracellular domain of TLR4 in a dose-dependent manner,and this interaction could attenuate the binding of LPS to cell surfaces.Taken together,these data suggest that MBL may affect cytokine expression through modulation of LPS-/TLR-signaling pathways.These findings suggest that MBL may play an important role in both immune regulation and the signaling pathways involved in cytokine networks.展开更多
Effective drugs with broad spectrum safety profile to all people are highly expected to combat COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2.Here we report that nelfinavir,an FDA approved drug for the treatment of HIV infection,is ef...Effective drugs with broad spectrum safety profile to all people are highly expected to combat COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2.Here we report that nelfinavir,an FDA approved drug for the treatment of HIV infection,is effective against SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19.Preincubation of nelfinavir could inhibit the activity of the main protease of the SARS-CoV-2(IC50=8.26μM),while its antiviral activity in Vero E6 cells against a clinical isolate of SARS-CoV-2 was determined to be 2.93μM(EC50).In comparison with vehicle-treated animals,rhesus macaque prophylactically treated with nelfinavir had significantly lower temperature and significantly reduced virus loads in the nasal and anal swabs of the animals.At necropsy,nelfinavir-treated animals had a significant reduction of the viral replication in the lungs by nearly three orders of magnitude.A prospective clinic study with 37 enrolled treatment-naive patients at Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center,which were randomized(1:1)to nelfinavir and control groups,showed that the nelfinavir treatment could shorten the duration of viral shedding by 5.5 days(9.0 vs.14.5 days,P=0.055)and the duration of fever time by 3.8 days(2.8 vs.6.6 days,P=0.014)in mild/moderate COVID-19 patients.The antiviral efficiency and clinical benefits in rhesus macaque model and in COVID-19 patients,together with its well-established good safety profile in almost all ages and during pregnancy,indicated that nelfinavir is a highly promising medication with the potential of preventative effect for the treatment of COVID-19.展开更多
Qualitatively identifying the dominant catalytic site for each step of a semi-continuous reaction and semi-quantitatively correlating such different sites to the catalytic performance is of great significance toward t...Qualitatively identifying the dominant catalytic site for each step of a semi-continuous reaction and semi-quantitatively correlating such different sites to the catalytic performance is of great significance toward the integration of multiple well-optimized sites on a heterogeneous catalyst.Herein,a series of structurally defined TiO_(x)-based catalysts were synthesized to provide a feasible approach to investigate the aforementioned issues using the semi-continuous oxidation of glycerol as a model reaction.Detailed investigations have verified the simultaneous presence of two kinds of Pt active sites:1)Negatively charged Pt bound to the oxygen vacancies of modified TiO_(x)in the form of Pt^(δ−)-O_(v)-Ti^(3+) sites and 2)metallic Pt(Pt_(0)site)located away from the inter-face.Meanwhile,the proportion of surficial and interfacial sites varies over this series of catalysts.Combined in situ FTIR experiments revealed that the reaction network was well-tuned via a site cooperation mechanism:The surficial Pt_(0)sites dissociatively adsorb the OH group of glycerol with a monodentate bonding geometry and the Pt^(δ−)-O_(v)-Ti^(3+) sites dissociate the C=O bond of the aldehyde group in a bidentate form.Furthermore,CO-FTIR spectroscopy confirmed a correlation between the reaction rate/product selectivity and the fraction of surficial/interfacial sites.A rational proportion of surficial and interfacial sites is key to enabling a high yield of glyceric acid.The most active catalyst with 32%surface sites and 68%interfacial sites exhibited 90.0%glycerol conversion and 68.5%GLYA selectivity.These findings provide a deeper understanding of the structure-activity relationships using qualitative identification and semi-quantitative analysis.展开更多
基金the financial support by Hong Kong Scholar program(XJ2021-038)Young Talent Fund of Xi’an Association for Science and Technology(959202313080)+6 种基金the Natural Science Foundation Research Project of Shaanxi Province(2022JM-269)the Postgraduate Innovation and Practical Ability Training Program of Xi’an Shiyou University(YCS21212144)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52103221,52172048,12175298)the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(ZR2021QB179,ZR2021QB024,ZR2021ZD06)the Guangdong Natural Science Foundation of China(2023A1515012323,2023A1515010943)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFB4200400)funded by MOSTthe Fundamental Research Funds of Shandong University。
文摘Design and synthesis of superior cost-effective non-fullerene acceptors(NFAs)are still big challenges for facilitating the commercialization of organic solar cells(OSCs),yet to be realized.Herein,two medium bandgap fully non-fused ring electron acceptors(NFREAs,medium bandgap,i,e.,1,3-1,8 eV),namely PTR-2Cl and PTR-4Cl are synthesized with only four steps by using intramolecular noncovalent interaction central core,structured alkyl side chain orientation linking units and flanking with different electron-withdrawing end group.Among them,PTR-4C1 exhibits increased average electrostatic potential(ESP)difference with polymer donor,enhanced crystallinity and compactπ-πstacking compared with the control molecule PTR-2CI.As a result,the PTR-4Cl-based OSC achieved an impressive power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 14.72%,with a much higher open-circuit voltage(V_(OC))of 0.953 V and significantly improved fill factor(FF)of 0.758,demonstrating one of the best acceptor material in the top-performing fully NFREA-based OSCs with both high PCE and V_(OC).Notably,PTR-4Cl-based cells maintain a good T_80lifetime of its initial PCE after over 936 h under a continuous thermal annealing treatment and over1300 h T_(80)lifetime without encapsulation.This work provides a cost-effective design strategy for NFREAs on obtaining high V_(OC),efficient exciton dissociation,and ordered molecular packing and thus high-efficiency and stable OSCs.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31700356)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB31000000).
文摘Forest canopy structure is closely related to species diversity,crown packing efficiency,and ecological processes,while influencing ecosystem functions.However,most existing structural diversity indices only consider internal heterogeneity within the canopy but often neglect the heterogeneity of the external canopy.While,the external canopy heterogeneity can increase the exchange surface area between canopy and external atmosphere,capture more light,which is closely linked to tree growth and ecosystem functions.Comprehensively and accurately estimating canopy structural diversity is crucial in understanding the underlying mechanisms of productivity change.Therefore,in this study,we apply a topographic index–canopy surface rugosity(CSR)–to capture canopy external heterogeneity,and use crown complementary index(CCI)and other canopy structural variables to quantify canopy internal heterogeneity.We find that CSR varies significantly among quadrats(20 m×20 m)and it decreases with species diversity and wood net primary productivity(NPP_(wood)).Species diversity increases NPP_(wood) directly and indirectly through CSR and CCI.Functional diversity increases NPP_(wood) through CSR and CCI.Community weighted mean of light demand decreases with NPP_(wood) through CCI.The mediating effect of CSR on the relationship between species(functional)diversity and NPP_(wood) is greater than the mediating effect of CCI.We find soil fertility positive effects on NPP_(wood) mainly through species richness and CSR.Conversely,water availability affects NPP_(wood) by a direct positive effect and indirect negative effects through species richness,CSR and CCI.Overall,our CSR and CCI provide strong support for a space-based niche partitioning mechanism regulating the relationship between species diversity and NPP_(wood).Additionally,CSR is sensitive to gap dynamics,suggesting mechanistic relationships between local disturbance,species diversity,and NPP_(wood).
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U21A20376,82102871,81988101,81903184,81790633,and 81830054)the Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission(2019-01-07-00-07E00065)+1 种基金the National Science Foundation of Shanghai(21XD1404600,21JC1406600,and 22140901000)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2020M671007).
基金Supported the Key Project of Zhejiang Meteorological Bureau(2019ZD14).
文摘Based on the observation data of the annual number of haze days,rainy days,fog days and gale days,sunshine hours,relative humidity and maximum wind speed at Hangzhou station from 1960 to 2021,the variation characteristics of haze days and meteorological influencing factors were studied by mathematical statistical methods such as Mann-Kendall nonparametric test,sliding T test,wavelet analysis and Pearson correlation two-tailed test.The results show that the annual number of haze days generally showed an upward trend,and the climate tendency rate was 20 d/a;there was a sudden change around 2001,and it changed from stable to rapid growth;the number of haze days was the largest in spring and winter,followed by autumn,while it was the smallest in summer.The annual number of haze days had a strongly significant period of 40 a and a mesoscale variation period of 13 a.The number of haze days was negatively correlated with the number of rainy days,fog days and gale days,sunshine hours,relative humidity and maximum wind speed,which passed the 0.05 significance test.In recent 60 years,the number of rainy days and gale days,relative humidity,and maximum wind speed in Hangzhou have decreased,resulting in the weakening of atmospheric wet deposition capacity and power transmission conditions,which provided favorable meteorological conditions for the increase of haze weather.
文摘There is an increasing demand of low cost,flexible,stable,and environmentally benign pow-er sources for emerging wearable electronic equip-ment.Herein,we develop high performance psu-do-supercapacitor electrodes based on nano MnO2 deposited on a carbon textile,which was
基金supported by the grants from National Natural Science Foundation of China(No. 82074203, 82274328 and 81673655)。
文摘Objective: The effects of arsenic trioxide(As2O3) on hepatocellular carcinoma have been documented widely. Autophagy plays dual roles in the survival and death of cancer cells. Therefore, we investigated the exact role of autophagy in As2O3-induced apoptosis in liver cancer cells.Methods: The viability of hepatoma cells was determined using the MTT assay with or without fetal bovine serum. The rate of apoptosis in liver cancer cells treated with As2O3was evaluated using flow cytometry, Hoechst 33258 staining, and TUNEL assays. The rate of autophagy among liver cancer cells treated with As2O3was detected using immunofluorescence, Western blot assay and transmission electron microscopy.Results: Upon treatment with As2O3, the viability of HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cells was decreased in a time-and dose-dependent manner. The apoptosis rates of both liver cancer cell lines increased with the concentration of As2O3, as shown by flow cytometry. Apoptosis in liver cancer cells treated with As2O3was also shown by the activation of the caspase cascade and the regulation of Bcl-2/Bax expression.Furthermore, As2O3treatment induced autophagy in liver cancer cells;this finding was supported by Western blot, immunofluorescence of LC3-II and beclin 1, and transmission electron microscopy. In liver cancer cells, As2O3inhibited the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin(PI3K/AKT/mTOR) signal pathway that plays a vital role in both apoptosis and autophagy. The PI3K activator SC-79 partially reversed As2O3-induced autophagy and apoptosis. Furthermore, inhibiting autophagy with 3-methyladenine partially reversed the negative effects of As2O3on cell viability.Serum starvation increased autophagy and amplified the effect of As2O3on cell death.Conclusion: As2O3induces apoptosis and autophagy in liver cancer cells. Autophagy induced by As2O3may have a proapoptotic effect that helps to reduce the viability of liver cancer cells. This study provides novel insights into the effects of As2O3against liver cancer.
基金This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(30972679).
文摘Mannan-binding lectin(MBL)plays a key role in the lectin pathway of complement activation and can influence cytokine expression.Toll-like receptor 4(TLR4)is expressed extensively and has been demonstrated to be involved in lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced signaling.We first sought to determine whether MBL exposure could modulate LPS-induced inflammatory cytokine secretion and nuclear factor-kB(NF-kB)activity by using the monocytoid cell line THP-1.We then investigated the possible mechanisms underlying any observed regulatory effect.Using ELISA and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)analysis,we found that at both the protein andmRNAlevels,treatment withMBLsuppresses LPS-induced tumor-necrosis factor(TNF)-a and IL-12 production in THP-1 cells.An electrophoretic mobility shift assay and western blot analysis revealed that MBL treatment can inhibit LPS-induced NF-kB DNA binding and translocation in THP-1 cells.While the binding of MBL to THP-1 cells was evident at physiological calcium concentrations,this binding occurred optimally in response to supraphysiological calcium concentrations.This binding can be partly inhibited by treatment with either a soluble form of recombinant TLR4 extracellular domain or anti-TLR4 monoclonal antibody(HTA125).Activation of THP-1 cells by LPS treatment resulted in increased MBL binding.We also observed that MBL could directly bind to the extracellular domain of TLR4 in a dose-dependent manner,and this interaction could attenuate the binding of LPS to cell surfaces.Taken together,these data suggest that MBL may affect cytokine expression through modulation of LPS-/TLR-signaling pathways.These findings suggest that MBL may play an important role in both immune regulation and the signaling pathways involved in cytokine networks.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (21ZR1475600)Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (20431900100)+4 种基金Shanghai Science and Technology Committee (19430750100)National Key R&D Program of China (2016YFA0502301 and 2021YFC2301204)Drug development for the newly emerging viral infectious diseases (SIMM010107)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2022ZFJH003)Zhejiang Provincial Key Research&Development Program of China (2021C03043 and No.2021C03039).
文摘Effective drugs with broad spectrum safety profile to all people are highly expected to combat COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2.Here we report that nelfinavir,an FDA approved drug for the treatment of HIV infection,is effective against SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19.Preincubation of nelfinavir could inhibit the activity of the main protease of the SARS-CoV-2(IC50=8.26μM),while its antiviral activity in Vero E6 cells against a clinical isolate of SARS-CoV-2 was determined to be 2.93μM(EC50).In comparison with vehicle-treated animals,rhesus macaque prophylactically treated with nelfinavir had significantly lower temperature and significantly reduced virus loads in the nasal and anal swabs of the animals.At necropsy,nelfinavir-treated animals had a significant reduction of the viral replication in the lungs by nearly three orders of magnitude.A prospective clinic study with 37 enrolled treatment-naive patients at Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center,which were randomized(1:1)to nelfinavir and control groups,showed that the nelfinavir treatment could shorten the duration of viral shedding by 5.5 days(9.0 vs.14.5 days,P=0.055)and the duration of fever time by 3.8 days(2.8 vs.6.6 days,P=0.014)in mild/moderate COVID-19 patients.The antiviral efficiency and clinical benefits in rhesus macaque model and in COVID-19 patients,together with its well-established good safety profile in almost all ages and during pregnancy,indicated that nelfinavir is a highly promising medication with the potential of preventative effect for the treatment of COVID-19.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation(Grants No.22022801,21878016)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2017YFA0206804)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
文摘Qualitatively identifying the dominant catalytic site for each step of a semi-continuous reaction and semi-quantitatively correlating such different sites to the catalytic performance is of great significance toward the integration of multiple well-optimized sites on a heterogeneous catalyst.Herein,a series of structurally defined TiO_(x)-based catalysts were synthesized to provide a feasible approach to investigate the aforementioned issues using the semi-continuous oxidation of glycerol as a model reaction.Detailed investigations have verified the simultaneous presence of two kinds of Pt active sites:1)Negatively charged Pt bound to the oxygen vacancies of modified TiO_(x)in the form of Pt^(δ−)-O_(v)-Ti^(3+) sites and 2)metallic Pt(Pt_(0)site)located away from the inter-face.Meanwhile,the proportion of surficial and interfacial sites varies over this series of catalysts.Combined in situ FTIR experiments revealed that the reaction network was well-tuned via a site cooperation mechanism:The surficial Pt_(0)sites dissociatively adsorb the OH group of glycerol with a monodentate bonding geometry and the Pt^(δ−)-O_(v)-Ti^(3+) sites dissociate the C=O bond of the aldehyde group in a bidentate form.Furthermore,CO-FTIR spectroscopy confirmed a correlation between the reaction rate/product selectivity and the fraction of surficial/interfacial sites.A rational proportion of surficial and interfacial sites is key to enabling a high yield of glyceric acid.The most active catalyst with 32%surface sites and 68%interfacial sites exhibited 90.0%glycerol conversion and 68.5%GLYA selectivity.These findings provide a deeper understanding of the structure-activity relationships using qualitative identification and semi-quantitative analysis.
