The blockchain cross-chain is a significant technology for inter-chain interconnection and value transfer among different blockchain networks.Cross-chain overcomes the“information island”problem of the closed blockc...The blockchain cross-chain is a significant technology for inter-chain interconnection and value transfer among different blockchain networks.Cross-chain overcomes the“information island”problem of the closed blockchain network and is increasingly applied to multiple critical areas such as finance and the internet of things(IoT).Blockchain can be divided into three main categories of blockchain networks:public blockchains,private blockchains,and consortium blockchains.However,there are differences in block structures,consensus mechanisms,and complex working mechanisms among heterogeneous blockchains.The fragility of the cross-chain system itself makes the cross-chain system face some potential security and privacy threats.This paper discusses security defects on the cross-chain implementation mechanism,and discusses the impact of the structural features of blockchain networks on cross-chain security.In terms of cross-chain intercommunication,a cross-chain attack can be divided into a multi-chain combination attack,native chain attack,and inter-chain attack diffusion.Then various security threats and attack paths faced by the cross-chain system are analyzed.At last,the corresponding security defense methods of cross-chain security threats and future research directions for cross-chain applications are put forward.展开更多
In the present study, ultrasound-mediated microbubble destruction （UMMD） alone and combined with liposome technology was used as a novel nonviral technique to transfect a Nogo receptor （Nogo-R） shRNA plasmid （pNo...In the present study, ultrasound-mediated microbubble destruction （UMMD） alone and combined with liposome technology was used as a novel nonviral technique to transfect a Nogo receptor （Nogo-R） shRNA plasmid （pNogo-R shRNA） into neural stem cells （NSCs）. Using green fluorescent protein as a reporter gene, transfection efficiency of NSCs was significantly higher in the group transfected with UMMD combined with liposomes compared with that of the group transfected with UMMD or liposomes alone, and did not affect cell vitality. In addition, Nogo-R mRNA and protein expression was dramatically decreased in the UMMD combined with liposome-mediated group compared with that of other groups after 24 hours of transfection. The UMMD technique combined with liposomes is a noninvasive gene transfer method, which showed minimal effects on cell viability and effectively increased transfer of Nogo-R shRNA into NSCs.展开更多
To combat the crisis of today's synthetic polymers arising from unsustainable production and disposal,it is essential for the synthetic polymer community to reshape the current polymer industry with sustainable po...To combat the crisis of today's synthetic polymers arising from unsustainable production and disposal,it is essential for the synthetic polymer community to reshape the current polymer industry with sustainable polymers.As an emerging class of sustainable polymers,the development of chemically depolymerizable polymers(CDPs),which can undergo closed-loop depolymerization/repolymerization cycles to reproduce virgin polymers without the loss of properties from recovered monomers,offers an ideal solution to preserve finite natural resources,provides a feasible solution to the end-of-life issue of polymer waste,and thereby establishes a circular materials economy.However,two grand key challenges have been encountered in the establishment of practically useful CDPs:how to balance polymerization and depolymerization ability and how to unify conflicted depolymerizability and physical properties.Accordingly,this critical review article presents our vision for summarizing feasible strategies to overcome the above two significant challenges and the design principles for constructing an ideal CDP by highlighting selected major progress made in this rapidly expanding field.展开更多
Genomic clustering of non-homologous genes for the biosynthesis of plant defensive compounds is an emerging theme, but insights into their formation and physiological function remain limited. Here we report the identi...Genomic clustering of non-homologous genes for the biosynthesis of plant defensive compounds is an emerging theme, but insights into their formation and physiological function remain limited. Here we report the identification of a newly discovered hydroxycinnamoyl tyramine(HT) gene cluster in rice.This cluster contains a pyridoxamine 50-phosphate oxidase(Os PDX3) producing the cofactor pyridoxal50-phosphate(PLP), a PLP-dependent tyrosine decarboxylase(Os Ty DC1), and two duplicated hydroxycinnamoyl transferases(Os THT1 and Os THT2). These members were combined to represent an enzymological innovation gene cluster. Natural variation analysis showed that the abundance of the toxic tyramine intermediate of the gene cluster among different rice accessions is mainly determined by the coordinated transcription of Os Ty DC1 and Os THT1. Further pathogen incubation assays demonstrated that the end products of the HT gene cluster displayed enhanced resistance to the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae(Xoo) and fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae(M. oryzae), and the enhanced resistance is associated with the boost of phytoalexins and the activation of defense response. The unique presence of the HT gene cluster in Oryza AA genome, together with the enrichment of transposon elements within this gene cluster region, provides an evolutionary background to accelerate cluster member combinations. Our study not only discovered a gene cluster involved in the phenylpropanoid metabolism but also addressed the key aspects of gene cluster formation. In addition, our results provide a new metabolic pool for plant defense against pathogens.展开更多
Dear Editor,Branched-chain amino acids(BCAAs)are essential amino acids that must be obtained from the diet for humans and animals.Branched-chain amino acid transaminases(BCATs)catalyze a key step in the BCAA synthesis...Dear Editor,Branched-chain amino acids(BCAAs)are essential amino acids that must be obtained from the diet for humans and animals.Branched-chain amino acid transaminases(BCATs)catalyze a key step in the BCAA synthesis pathway,however,little is known about their biological roles in planta.In this study,we functionally characterized two BCATs,OsBCAT4 and OsBCAT5,in rice and showed that they regulate the development of rice roots by affecting the levels of mineral elements.展开更多
We demonstrate a deep-learning-based fiber imaging system that can transfer real-time artifact-free cell images through a meter-long Anderson localizing optical fiber.The cell samples are illuminated by an incoherent ...We demonstrate a deep-learning-based fiber imaging system that can transfer real-time artifact-free cell images through a meter-long Anderson localizing optical fiber.The cell samples are illuminated by an incoherent LED light source.A deep convolutional neural network is applied to the image reconstruction process.The network training uses data generated by a setup with straight fiber at room temperature(∼20°C)but can be utilized directly for high-fidelity reconstruction of cell images that are transported through fiber with a few degrees bend or fiber with segments heated up to 50°C.In addition,cell images located several millimeters away from the bare fiber end can be transported and recovered successfully without the assistance of distal optics.We provide evidence that the trained neural network is able to transfer its learning to recover images of cells featuring very different morphologies and classes that are never“seen”during the training process.展开更多
Grain essential amino acid(EAA)levels contribute to rice nutritional quality.However,the molecular mechanisms underlying EAA accumulation and natural variation in rice grains remain unclear.Here we report the identifi...Grain essential amino acid(EAA)levels contribute to rice nutritional quality.However,the molecular mechanisms underlying EAA accumulation and natural variation in rice grains remain unclear.Here we report the identification of a previously unrecognized auxin influx carrier subfamily gene,OsAUX5,which encodes an amino acid transporter that functions in uptake of multiple amino acids.We identified an elite haplotype of Pro::OsAUX5^(Hap2) that enhances grain EAA accumulation without an apparent negative effect on agronomic traits.Natural variations of OsAUX5 occur in the cis elements of its promoter,which are differentially activated because of the different binding affinity between OsWRKY78 and the W-box,contributing to grain EAA variation among rice varieties.The two distinct haplotypes were shown to have originated from different Oryza rufipogon progenitors,which contributed to the divergence between japonica and indica.Introduction of the indica-type Pro::OsAUX5^(Hap2) genotype into japonica could significantly increase EAA levels,indicating that indica-type Pro::OsAUX5^(Hap2) can be utilized to increase grain EAAs of japonica varieties.Collectively,our study uncovers an WRKY78–OsAUX5-based regulatory mechanism controlling grain EAA accumulation and provides a potential target for breeding EAA-rich rice.展开更多
Various aspects of the organisms adapt to cyclically changing environmental conditions via transcriptional regulation.However,the role of rhythmicity in altering the global aspects of metabolism is poorly characterize...Various aspects of the organisms adapt to cyclically changing environmental conditions via transcriptional regulation.However,the role of rhythmicity in altering the global aspects of metabolism is poorly characterized.Here,we subjected four rice(Oryza sativa)varieties to a range of metabolic profiles and RNA-seq to investigate the temporal relationships of rhythm between transcription and metabolism.More than 40%of the rhythmic genes and a quarter of metabolites conservatively oscillated across four rice accessions.Compared with the metabolome,the transcriptome was more strongly regulated by rhythm;however,the rhythm of metabolites had an obvious opposite trend between day and night.Through association analysis,the time delay of rhythmic transmission from the transcript to the metabolite level was~4 h under long-day conditions,although the transmission was nearly synchronous for carbohydrate and nucleotide metabolism.The rhythmic accumulation of metabolites maintained highly coordinated temporal relationships in the metabolic network,whereas the correlation of some rhythmic metabolites,such as branched-chain amino acids(BCAAs),was significantly different intervariety.We further demonstrated that the cumulative diversity of BCAAs was due to the differential expression of branched-chain aminotransferase 2 at dawn.Our research reveals the flexible pattern of rice metabolic rhythm existing with conservation and diversity.展开更多
In recent years,vanadate has attracted the attention of researchers for its application in electrode materials due to its high specific capacity and layered crystal structure.Herein,a typical manganese vanadium oxides...In recent years,vanadate has attracted the attention of researchers for its application in electrode materials due to its high specific capacity and layered crystal structure.Herein,a typical manganese vanadium oxides (Mn V_(2)O_(6)) product is efficient synthesis via a simple one-step hydrothermal method at 200℃ for 16 h.The as-prepared Mn V_(2)O_(6) sample is found to be the unique one-dimensional fan-like superstructure consist of several nanorods.From a microcosmic point of view,VO6 octahedra sheets are connected by sharing edges which provides highly-open framework for rapid the intercalation and deintercalation of vip ions Therefore,stable Mn V_(2)O_(6) was prepared and used as a cathode material in aqueous zinc ion batteries,which displayed favorable specific discharge capacity,excellent coulombic efficiency and well cycling performance.展开更多
Metal-organic framework(MOF)nanoparticles are successfully confined in the hollow mesoporous carbon spheres(HMCSs)through space-confined synthesis methods.The prepared ZIF-67@HMCSs nanocomposites act as effective sacr...Metal-organic framework(MOF)nanoparticles are successfully confined in the hollow mesoporous carbon spheres(HMCSs)through space-confined synthesis methods.The prepared ZIF-67@HMCSs nanocomposites act as effective sacrificial templates,which can afford Co^(2+)sources.After a facile solvothermal reaction and sequential cation etching,yolk-shell-structured layered double hydroxide@HMCSs(LDH@HMCSs)have been synthesized.The LDH@HMCSs nanocomposite possesses a three-dimensional(3D)hollow nanocage superstructure that effectively blocks the self-stacking of LDH nanosheets and promotes ion transport.Compared to CoFe-LDH@HMCSs,and Co-LDH@HMCSs,CoNi-LDH@HMCSs exhibit superior electrochemical performance and desalination performance due to the remarkable synergistic effect between the CoNi-LDH nanosheets and mesoporous N-doped carbon shells.The resultant CoNi-LDH@HMCSs-0.4-based capacitive deionization(CDI)device exhibits excellent salt adsorption capacity(SAC,36.41 mg·g^(-1))and good cycle stability.This work will confirm the significance of constructing superstructure and open new avenues for the practical application of CDI technology in water treatment.展开更多
Metal-organic frameworks(MOFs),which are porous crystal materials with a large surface area and high porosity,have been extensively studied.MOF derivatives with complex structures,including hollow,porous,core-shell,yo...Metal-organic frameworks(MOFs),which are porous crystal materials with a large surface area and high porosity,have been extensively studied.MOF derivatives with complex structures,including hollow,porous,core-shell,yolk-shell,multi-shell,and array structures,have garnered significant attention in the fields of energy,environment,and other areas due to their exceptional stability,electrical conductivity,and abundant metal active centers.The synthesis strategies,chemical structures,and various potential applications of MOF derivatives with different special structures in recent years are summarized in this review.The formation mechanisms of MOF derivatives with complex structures are described in detail,including Ostwald ripening,soft/hard template,ion exchange,selective etching,and thermally induced strategies.The practical applications of MOF derivatives in Li/Na/K ion batteries,Li-S batteries,air batteries,supercapacitors,hydrogen evolution reaction,oxygen evolution reaction,oxygen reduction reaction,hydrogen oxidation reaction,and photocatalysis are discussed and highlighted in detail.The challenges and improvement strategies for complex architectures in the future are also anticipated.展开更多
基金supported by the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(4212008)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62272031)+2 种基金the Open Foundation of Information Security Evaluation Center of Civil Aviation,Civil Aviation University of China(ISECCA-202101)Guangxi Key Laboratory of Cryptography and Information Security(GCIS201915)supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U21A20463,U22B2027)。
文摘The blockchain cross-chain is a significant technology for inter-chain interconnection and value transfer among different blockchain networks.Cross-chain overcomes the“information island”problem of the closed blockchain network and is increasingly applied to multiple critical areas such as finance and the internet of things(IoT).Blockchain can be divided into three main categories of blockchain networks:public blockchains,private blockchains,and consortium blockchains.However,there are differences in block structures,consensus mechanisms,and complex working mechanisms among heterogeneous blockchains.The fragility of the cross-chain system itself makes the cross-chain system face some potential security and privacy threats.This paper discusses security defects on the cross-chain implementation mechanism,and discusses the impact of the structural features of blockchain networks on cross-chain security.In terms of cross-chain intercommunication,a cross-chain attack can be divided into a multi-chain combination attack,native chain attack,and inter-chain attack diffusion.Then various security threats and attack paths faced by the cross-chain system are analyzed.At last,the corresponding security defense methods of cross-chain security threats and future research directions for cross-chain applications are put forward.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing (Ultrasound microbubble combining with NgR-RNAi promoted neural stem cells repair of spinal cord injury in rats), No. 2008BB5223
文摘In the present study, ultrasound-mediated microbubble destruction （UMMD） alone and combined with liposome technology was used as a novel nonviral technique to transfect a Nogo receptor （Nogo-R） shRNA plasmid （pNogo-R shRNA） into neural stem cells （NSCs）. Using green fluorescent protein as a reporter gene, transfection efficiency of NSCs was significantly higher in the group transfected with UMMD combined with liposomes compared with that of the group transfected with UMMD or liposomes alone, and did not affect cell vitality. In addition, Nogo-R mRNA and protein expression was dramatically decreased in the UMMD combined with liposome-mediated group compared with that of other groups after 24 hours of transfection. The UMMD technique combined with liposomes is a noninvasive gene transfer method, which showed minimal effects on cell viability and effectively increased transfer of Nogo-R shRNA into NSCs.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22031005)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22371089)+13 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22071016)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22125101)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22293062)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52322304)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U23A2083)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22225104)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21925107)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22371194)the National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFA1501700)the National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFA1501600)the National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFB3801901)Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates(2023B1212060003)the National Science Foundation(DMR-2042494)CNPC Innovation Fund(2020D-5007-0406)。
文摘To combat the crisis of today's synthetic polymers arising from unsustainable production and disposal,it is essential for the synthetic polymer community to reshape the current polymer industry with sustainable polymers.As an emerging class of sustainable polymers,the development of chemically depolymerizable polymers(CDPs),which can undergo closed-loop depolymerization/repolymerization cycles to reproduce virgin polymers without the loss of properties from recovered monomers,offers an ideal solution to preserve finite natural resources,provides a feasible solution to the end-of-life issue of polymer waste,and thereby establishes a circular materials economy.However,two grand key challenges have been encountered in the establishment of practically useful CDPs:how to balance polymerization and depolymerization ability and how to unify conflicted depolymerizability and physical properties.Accordingly,this critical review article presents our vision for summarizing feasible strategies to overcome the above two significant challenges and the design principles for constructing an ideal CDP by highlighting selected major progress made in this rapidly expanding field.
基金supported by the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of China (31625021)the Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31821005)+1 种基金the State Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China (31530052)the Hainan University Startup Fund (KYQD(ZR)1866)。
文摘Genomic clustering of non-homologous genes for the biosynthesis of plant defensive compounds is an emerging theme, but insights into their formation and physiological function remain limited. Here we report the identification of a newly discovered hydroxycinnamoyl tyramine(HT) gene cluster in rice.This cluster contains a pyridoxamine 50-phosphate oxidase(Os PDX3) producing the cofactor pyridoxal50-phosphate(PLP), a PLP-dependent tyrosine decarboxylase(Os Ty DC1), and two duplicated hydroxycinnamoyl transferases(Os THT1 and Os THT2). These members were combined to represent an enzymological innovation gene cluster. Natural variation analysis showed that the abundance of the toxic tyramine intermediate of the gene cluster among different rice accessions is mainly determined by the coordinated transcription of Os Ty DC1 and Os THT1. Further pathogen incubation assays demonstrated that the end products of the HT gene cluster displayed enhanced resistance to the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae(Xoo) and fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae(M. oryzae), and the enhanced resistance is associated with the boost of phytoalexins and the activation of defense response. The unique presence of the HT gene cluster in Oryza AA genome, together with the enrichment of transposon elements within this gene cluster region, provides an evolutionary background to accelerate cluster member combinations. Our study not only discovered a gene cluster involved in the phenylpropanoid metabolism but also addressed the key aspects of gene cluster formation. In addition, our results provide a new metabolic pool for plant defense against pathogens.
基金supported by the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (31625021)the State Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China (31530052)+2 种基金the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2016YFD0100500) to J.L.the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2017M610480)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31800203) to C.J.
文摘Dear Editor,Branched-chain amino acids(BCAAs)are essential amino acids that must be obtained from the diet for humans and animals.Branched-chain amino acid transaminases(BCATs)catalyze a key step in the BCAA synthesis pathway,however,little is known about their biological roles in planta.In this study,we functionally characterized two BCATs,OsBCAT4 and OsBCAT5,in rice and showed that they regulate the development of rice roots by affecting the levels of mineral elements.
文摘We demonstrate a deep-learning-based fiber imaging system that can transfer real-time artifact-free cell images through a meter-long Anderson localizing optical fiber.The cell samples are illuminated by an incoherent LED light source.A deep convolutional neural network is applied to the image reconstruction process.The network training uses data generated by a setup with straight fiber at room temperature(∼20°C)but can be utilized directly for high-fidelity reconstruction of cell images that are transported through fiber with a few degrees bend or fiber with segments heated up to 50°C.In addition,cell images located several millimeters away from the bare fiber end can be transported and recovered successfully without the assistance of distal optics.We provide evidence that the trained neural network is able to transfer its learning to recover images of cells featuring very different morphologies and classes that are never“seen”during the training process.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32170267 and 32001528)the Key Research and Development Program of Hainan(ZDYF2020066)+3 种基金the Hainan Province Science and Technology Special Fund(ZDYF2022XDNY261)the Hainan Major Science and Technology Project(ZDKJ202002 and ZDKJ202001)the Hainan Academician Innovation Platform(HD-YSZX-202003)the Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory(B21Y10902).
文摘Grain essential amino acid(EAA)levels contribute to rice nutritional quality.However,the molecular mechanisms underlying EAA accumulation and natural variation in rice grains remain unclear.Here we report the identification of a previously unrecognized auxin influx carrier subfamily gene,OsAUX5,which encodes an amino acid transporter that functions in uptake of multiple amino acids.We identified an elite haplotype of Pro::OsAUX5^(Hap2) that enhances grain EAA accumulation without an apparent negative effect on agronomic traits.Natural variations of OsAUX5 occur in the cis elements of its promoter,which are differentially activated because of the different binding affinity between OsWRKY78 and the W-box,contributing to grain EAA variation among rice varieties.The two distinct haplotypes were shown to have originated from different Oryza rufipogon progenitors,which contributed to the divergence between japonica and indica.Introduction of the indica-type Pro::OsAUX5^(Hap2) genotype into japonica could significantly increase EAA levels,indicating that indica-type Pro::OsAUX5^(Hap2) can be utilized to increase grain EAAs of japonica varieties.Collectively,our study uncovers an WRKY78–OsAUX5-based regulatory mechanism controlling grain EAA accumulation and provides a potential target for breeding EAA-rich rice.
基金This work was supported by the Hainan Major Science and Technology Project(ZDKJ202002)the State Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(31530052)+2 种基金the Key Research and Development Program of Hainan(ZDYF2020066)the Hainan Academician Innovation Platform(HD-YSZX-202003 and HD-YSZX-202004)the Hainan University Startup Fund(KYQD(ZR)1866).
文摘Various aspects of the organisms adapt to cyclically changing environmental conditions via transcriptional regulation.However,the role of rhythmicity in altering the global aspects of metabolism is poorly characterized.Here,we subjected four rice(Oryza sativa)varieties to a range of metabolic profiles and RNA-seq to investigate the temporal relationships of rhythm between transcription and metabolism.More than 40%of the rhythmic genes and a quarter of metabolites conservatively oscillated across four rice accessions.Compared with the metabolome,the transcriptome was more strongly regulated by rhythm;however,the rhythm of metabolites had an obvious opposite trend between day and night.Through association analysis,the time delay of rhythmic transmission from the transcript to the metabolite level was~4 h under long-day conditions,although the transmission was nearly synchronous for carbohydrate and nucleotide metabolism.The rhythmic accumulation of metabolites maintained highly coordinated temporal relationships in the metabolic network,whereas the correlation of some rhythmic metabolites,such as branched-chain amino acids(BCAAs),was significantly different intervariety.We further demonstrated that the cumulative diversity of BCAAs was due to the differential expression of branched-chain aminotransferase 2 at dawn.Our research reveals the flexible pattern of rice metabolic rhythm existing with conservation and diversity.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. U1904215)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (No. BK20200044)the Changjiang Scholars Program of the Ministry of Education (No. Q2018270)。
文摘In recent years,vanadate has attracted the attention of researchers for its application in electrode materials due to its high specific capacity and layered crystal structure.Herein,a typical manganese vanadium oxides (Mn V_(2)O_(6)) product is efficient synthesis via a simple one-step hydrothermal method at 200℃ for 16 h.The as-prepared Mn V_(2)O_(6) sample is found to be the unique one-dimensional fan-like superstructure consist of several nanorods.From a microcosmic point of view,VO6 octahedra sheets are connected by sharing edges which provides highly-open framework for rapid the intercalation and deintercalation of vip ions Therefore,stable Mn V_(2)O_(6) was prepared and used as a cathode material in aqueous zinc ion batteries,which displayed favorable specific discharge capacity,excellent coulombic efficiency and well cycling performance.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52371240).
文摘Metal-organic framework(MOF)nanoparticles are successfully confined in the hollow mesoporous carbon spheres(HMCSs)through space-confined synthesis methods.The prepared ZIF-67@HMCSs nanocomposites act as effective sacrificial templates,which can afford Co^(2+)sources.After a facile solvothermal reaction and sequential cation etching,yolk-shell-structured layered double hydroxide@HMCSs(LDH@HMCSs)have been synthesized.The LDH@HMCSs nanocomposite possesses a three-dimensional(3D)hollow nanocage superstructure that effectively blocks the self-stacking of LDH nanosheets and promotes ion transport.Compared to CoFe-LDH@HMCSs,and Co-LDH@HMCSs,CoNi-LDH@HMCSs exhibit superior electrochemical performance and desalination performance due to the remarkable synergistic effect between the CoNi-LDH nanosheets and mesoporous N-doped carbon shells.The resultant CoNi-LDH@HMCSs-0.4-based capacitive deionization(CDI)device exhibits excellent salt adsorption capacity(SAC,36.41 mg·g^(-1))and good cycle stability.This work will confirm the significance of constructing superstructure and open new avenues for the practical application of CDI technology in water treatment.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52371240).
文摘Metal-organic frameworks(MOFs),which are porous crystal materials with a large surface area and high porosity,have been extensively studied.MOF derivatives with complex structures,including hollow,porous,core-shell,yolk-shell,multi-shell,and array structures,have garnered significant attention in the fields of energy,environment,and other areas due to their exceptional stability,electrical conductivity,and abundant metal active centers.The synthesis strategies,chemical structures,and various potential applications of MOF derivatives with different special structures in recent years are summarized in this review.The formation mechanisms of MOF derivatives with complex structures are described in detail,including Ostwald ripening,soft/hard template,ion exchange,selective etching,and thermally induced strategies.The practical applications of MOF derivatives in Li/Na/K ion batteries,Li-S batteries,air batteries,supercapacitors,hydrogen evolution reaction,oxygen evolution reaction,oxygen reduction reaction,hydrogen oxidation reaction,and photocatalysis are discussed and highlighted in detail.The challenges and improvement strategies for complex architectures in the future are also anticipated.
