[Objectives]To investigate optimal storage methods and shelf life determination for several representative bagged traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)decoctions under centralized preparation conditions in intelligent TCM...[Objectives]To investigate optimal storage methods and shelf life determination for several representative bagged traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)decoctions under centralized preparation conditions in intelligent TCM pharmacies.[Methods]First,the nourishing formula was prepared and packaged in bags.Under the three storage conditions of 37℃before cold storage(including full high temperature),cold storage before 37℃(including full cold storage),and alternating 37℃and cold storage,the 30 d cycle was investigated to determine the total microbial colony count,so as to determine a reasonable storage method of traditional Chinese medicine decoction.Secondly,five representative prescriptions were prepared and packaged in bags,stored under 37℃,room temperature and cold conditions.The investigation period was 30 d.The pH,total bacterial count and soluble solid content were measured,and the changes of each index were analyzed to obtain the shelf life of the bagged Chinese medicine decoction.[Results]First,the nourishing formula was investigated for 30 d.The microbial results of refrigeration after 1-2 d of 37℃,complete refrigeration and 37℃cooling with an alternate interval of 2 d or less met the requirements,while the microbial results of refrigeration after 3 d or above of 37℃,refrigeration after 1-5 d and then 37℃,complete 37℃,37℃and cooling with an alternate interval of 3 d or above excessive microorganism.Second,under the condition of 37℃storage,the pH of the five prescriptions decreased significantly,the total microbial colonies exceeded the standard,and the solid content decreased significantly.However,under the condition of room temperature and cold storage,the pH,total microbial colonies,and solid content of the five prescriptions remained stable.[Conclusions]The first is to refrigerate the decoction after 1-2 d of 37℃,completely refrigerate it,and refrigerate the decoction with an alternate interval of 2 d or less at 37℃.The shelf life can last for 30 d.Several storage conditions are conducive to guiding the development of the storage mode of the decoction.Second,under the conditions of cold storage,all the indexes were stable,and the shelf life of the five representative formulas was 30 d.展开更多
Wireless sensor networks had become a hot research topic in Information science because of their ability to collect and process target information periodically in a harsh or remote environment. However, wireless senso...Wireless sensor networks had become a hot research topic in Information science because of their ability to collect and process target information periodically in a harsh or remote environment. However, wireless sensor networks were inherently limited in various software and hardware resources, especially the lack of energy resources, which is the biggest bottleneck restricting their further development. A large amount of research had been conducted to implement various optimization techniques for the problem of data transmission path selection in homogeneous wireless sensor networks. However, there is still great room for improvement in the optimization of data transmission path selection in heterogeneous wireless sensor networks (HWSNs). This paper proposes a data transmission path selection (HDQNs) protocol based on Deep reinforcement learning. In order to solve the energy consumption balance problem of heterogeneous nodes in the data transmission path selection process of HWSNs and shorten the communication distance from nodes to convergence, the protocol proposes a data collection algorithm based on Deep reinforcement learning DQN. The algorithm uses energy heterogeneous super nodes as AGent to take a series of actions against different states of HWSNs and obtain corresponding rewards to find the best data collection route. Simulation analysis shows that the HDQN protocol outperforms mainstream HWSN data transmission path selection protocols such as DEEC and SEP in key performance indicators such as overall energy efficiency, network lifetime, and system robustness.展开更多
To investigate the expression of beta-amyloid protein on icariin in the hippocampal of senescence accelerated mouse SAMP10.The 8-month-old SAMP10 were randomly divided into model group,Donepezil Hydrochloride(DON)-tre...To investigate the expression of beta-amyloid protein on icariin in the hippocampal of senescence accelerated mouse SAMP10.The 8-month-old SAMP10 were randomly divided into model group,Donepezil Hydrochloride(DON)-treated SAMP10 group(1 mg·kg^-1)and ICA-treated SAMP10 groups(50、100、200 mg·kg^-1),with 6 mice in each group.while the age-matched senescence accelerated mouse/resistance1(SAMR1)were used as the normal control.After 30 days of oral administration,the method of Nissl was used to detect neurons on icariin in the hippocampal of senescence accelerated mouse SAMP10.The expression of betaamyloid protein on icariin in the hippocampal of senescence accelerated mouse SAMP10 was detected by the method of immunohistochemical.It was discovered that the nerve cells in groups of ICA arranged regularly,and the number of neurons increasing.We can conduct that ICA may reduce the average optical density of beta-amyloid protein in the CA1 and CA3 region of hippocampal on SAMP10.ICA may reduce the beta-amyloid protein deposition in CA1 and CA3 region of hippocampal on SAMP10 to improve learning and memory ability.展开更多
With the rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT), non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) technology and cognitive wireless network are two promising technologies to improve the spectral efficiency of the syst...With the rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT), non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) technology and cognitive wireless network are two promising technologies to improve the spectral efficiency of the system, which have been widely concerned in the field of wireless communication. However, due to the importance of ownership and privacy protection, the IoT system must provide corresponding security mechanisms. From the perspective of improving the transmission security of CR-NOMA system based on cognitive wireless network, and considering the shortcomings of traditional relay cooperative NOMA system, this paper mainly analyzes the eavesdropping channel model of multi-user CR-NOMA system and derives the expressions of system security and rate to improve the security performance of CR-NOMA system. The basic idea of DC planning algorithm and the scheme of sub-carrier power allocation to improve the transmission security of the system were introduced. An algorithm for DC-CR-NOMA was proposed to maximize the SSR of the system and minimize the energy loss. The simulation results show that under the same complexity, the security and speed of the system can be greatly improved compared with the traditional scheme.展开更多
This paper outlined a Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) grouping transmission scheme for cognitive radio networks. To address the problems of small channel gain difference of the middle part users caused by the tr...This paper outlined a Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) grouping transmission scheme for cognitive radio networks. To address the problems of small channel gain difference of the middle part users caused by the traditional far-near pairing algorithm, and the low transmission rate of the traditional Orthogonal Multiple Access (OMA) transmission, a joint pairing algorithm was proposed, which provided multiple pairing schemes according to the actual scene. Firstly, the secondary users were sorted according to their channel gain, and then different secondary user groups were divided, and the far-near pairing combined with (Uniform Channel Gain Difference (UCGD) algorithm was used to group the secondary users. After completing the user pairing, the power allocation problem was solved. Finally, the simulation data results showed that the proposed algorithm can effectively improve the system transmission rate.展开更多
Sponge gourd(Luffa cylindrica)is an important cultivated vegetable and medicinal plant in the family Cucurbitaceae.In this study,a draft genome sequence of the sponge gourd inbred line P93075 was analyzed.Using Illumi...Sponge gourd(Luffa cylindrica)is an important cultivated vegetable and medicinal plant in the family Cucurbitaceae.In this study,a draft genome sequence of the sponge gourd inbred line P93075 was analyzed.Using Illumina,PacBio,and 10×Genomics sequencing techniques as well as new assembly techniques such as FALCON and chromatin interaction mapping(Hi-C),a chromosome-scale genome of approximately 656.19 Mb,with an N50 scaffold length of 48.76 Mb,was generated.From this assembly,25,508 protein-coding gene loci were identified,and 63.81%of the whole-genome consisted of transposable elements,which are major contributors to the expansion of the sponge gourd genome.According to a phylogenetic analysis of conserved genes,the sponge gourd lineage diverged from the bitter gourd lineage approximately 41.6 million years ago.Additionally,many genes that respond to biotic and abiotic stresses were found to be lineage specific or expanded in the sponge gourd genome,as demonstrated by the presence of 462 NBS-LRR genes,a much greater number than are found in the genomes of other cucurbit species;these results are consistent with the high stress resistance of sponge gourd.Collectively,our study provides insights into genome evolution and serves as a valuable reference for the genetic improvement of sponge gourd.展开更多
This paper investigates the power control and routing problem in the communication process of an energy harvesting(EH)multi-hop cognitive radio network(CRN).The secondary user(SU)nodes(i.e.,source node and relay nodes...This paper investigates the power control and routing problem in the communication process of an energy harvesting(EH)multi-hop cognitive radio network(CRN).The secondary user(SU)nodes(i.e.,source node and relay nodes)harvest energy from the environment and use the energy exclusively for transmitting data.The SU nodes(i.e.,relay nodes)on the path,store and forward the received data to the destination node.We consider a real world scenario where the EH-SU node has only local causal knowledge,i.e.,at any time,each EH-SU node only has knowledge of its own EH process,channel state and currently received data.In order to study the power and routing issues,an optimization problem that maximizes path throughput considering quality of service(QoS)and available energy constraints is proposed.To solve this optimization problem,we propose a hybrid game theory routing and power control algorithm(HGRPC).The EH-SU nodes on the same path cooperate with each other,but EH-SU nodes on the different paths compete with each other.By selecting the best next hop node,we find the best strategy that can maximize throughput.In addition,we have established four steps to achieve routing,i.e.,route discovery,route selection,route reply,and route maintenance.Compared with the direct transmission,HGRPC has advantages in longer distances and higher hop counts.The algorithm generates more energy,reduces energy consumption and increases predictable residual energy.In particular,the time complexity of HGRPC is analyzed and its convergence is proved.In simulation experiments,the performance(i.e.,throughput and bit error rate(BER))of HGRPC is evaluated.Finally,experimental results show that HGRPC has higher throughput,longer network life,less latency,and lower energy consumption.展开更多
Spectrum resources are the precious and limited natural resources.In order to improve the utilization of spectrum resources and maximize the network throughput,this paper studies the resource allocation of the downlin...Spectrum resources are the precious and limited natural resources.In order to improve the utilization of spectrum resources and maximize the network throughput,this paper studies the resource allocation of the downlink cognitive radio network with non-orthogonalmultiple access(CRN-NOMA).NOMA,as the key technology of the fifth-generation communication(5G),can effectively increase the capacity of 5G networks.The optimization problem proposed in this paper aims to maximize the number of secondary users(SUs)accessing the system and the total throughput in the CRN-NOMA.Under the constraints of total power,minimum rate,interference and SINR,CRN-NOMA throughput is maximized by allocating optimal transmission power.First,for the situation of multiple sub-users,an adaptive optimization method is proposed to reduce the complexity of the optimization solution.Secondly,for the optimization problem of nonlinear programming,a maximization throughput optimization algorithm based on Chebyshev and convex(MTCC)for CRN-NOMA is proposed,which converts multi-objective optimization problem into single-objective optimization problem to solve.At the same time,the convergence and time complexity of the algorithm are verified.Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the algorithm can effectively improve the system throughput.In terms of interference and throughput,the performance of the sub-optimal solution is better than that of orthogonal-frequency-division-multiple-access(OFDMA).This paper provides important insights for the research and application of NOMA in future communications.展开更多
In this article, a routing protocol EARP (Energy Aware Routing Protocol) with the terminal node is proposed, to deal with the impact of the limited energy resources of Cognitive Radio Networks on the whole network rou...In this article, a routing protocol EARP (Energy Aware Routing Protocol) with the terminal node is proposed, to deal with the impact of the limited energy resources of Cognitive Radio Networks on the whole network routing. The protocol allows choosing the route from the neighbor nodes in different transmission paths, according to energy consumption of a single node and the full path. If the path breaks, the protocol will increase local routing maintenance strategy. It effectively reduces the retransmission caused by the situation, and improves the routing efficiency. It also can prevent the link transmission process selecting the fault route due to the energy depletion. Through simulation experiments compared with the LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) routing protocol, the results showed that in the same experimental environment, the proposed EARP could obviously balance the load, protect low energy nodes, prolong the network survival time and reduce packet loss rate and packet delay of data delivery. So it can improve the energy consumption of sensing node and provide routing capabilities.展开更多
Background: To explore the influence of age-related changes in learning and memory capacity of SAMP10, an Alzheimer's disease (AD) model mice, and provide theoretical foundation for the selection of month age in r...Background: To explore the influence of age-related changes in learning and memory capacity of SAMP10, an Alzheimer's disease (AD) model mice, and provide theoretical foundation for the selection of month age in related experiment. Methods: SAMP10 female mice with the age of 3, 6 and 9 months were used as the objects of experiment, while the age-matched female SAMR1 were used as the controls, with 12 in each group. The learning memory capacity of mice at different age was detected through Morris water maze and step-down passive avoidance test;meanwhile, the acetylcholine, acetylcholinesterase, choline acetyltransferase, and M-cholinergic receptor binding capacity levels were determined to detect the cholinergic system damage degree in mice with different month age. In addition, the contents of monoamine neurotransmitters such as dopamine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid, homovanillic acid, norepinephrine and 5-HT, as well as those of amino acid transmitters such as glutamic acid, glutamine, aspartic acid,γ-aminobutyric acid, taurine and glycine in the brain cortex were detected by high performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical deposition. Besides, changes in hippocampal neurons were observed through Nissl staining, and the changes of Aβ in hippocampal CA1 and CA2 regions of SAMP10 were also detected by immunohistochemistry so as to explore the effects of age on the memory capacity of SAMP10. Results: It was discovered in the behavior test and AD-related index tests that: there was no significant difference between the age-matched SAMR1 and the SAMP10 at the age of 3 and 6 months. But the 9-months-old mice suffered remarkable senescence characteristics, including obviously declined learning memory capacity;down-regulated neurotransmitter levels, enzyme activities and amino acid expression;reduced hippocampal neuron number;and increased deposition of hippocampal Aβ protein. Conclusion: It is discovered in this study through behavior tests and AD-related indexs detection that, the learning memory capacity of SAMP10 shows age-dependence, which is gradually decreased with the increase of age, and the 9-months-old mice have developed marked memory impairment and senescence characteristics. SAMP10 is the recognized AD model, the appropriate month age for preventive medication is about 7 months, while that for therapeutic medication is 8-9 months.展开更多
Vertically oriented nanowires(NWs)of single-crystalline wurtzite GaN have been fabricated on a-LiAlO_(2)(100)substrate coated with a Au layer,via a chemical vapor deposition process at 1000℃ using gallium and ammonia...Vertically oriented nanowires(NWs)of single-crystalline wurtzite GaN have been fabricated on a-LiAlO_(2)(100)substrate coated with a Au layer,via a chemical vapor deposition process at 1000℃ using gallium and ammonia as source materials.The GaN NWs grow along the nonpolar[10]direction with steeply tapering tips,and have triangular cross-sections with widths of 50100 nm and lengths of up to several microns.The GaN NWs are formed by a vapor liquid solid growth mechanism and the tapering tips are attributed to the temperature decrease in the final stage of the synthesis process.The aligned GaN NWs show blue-yellow emission originating from defect levels,residual impurities or surface states of the GaN NWs,and have potential applications in nanotechnology.展开更多
This article is to investigate the effect of human recombinant phospholipase D2 （rhPLD2） in vivo on the expression of nuclear transcription factor p65 in chronic asthma of guinea pigs. After treating the guinea pigs...This article is to investigate the effect of human recombinant phospholipase D2 （rhPLD2） in vivo on the expression of nuclear transcription factor p65 in chronic asthma of guinea pigs. After treating the guinea pigs with chronic asthma by rhPLD2, the crude nuclear extraction was assayed with TransAM Transcription Factor Assay Kit for the activity of pulmo tissue nuclear transcription factor p65. Compared with the healthy guinea pigs, the activity of nuclear transcription factor p65 in guinea pigs of chronic asthma is much higher than that of control groups. Our results showed that rhPLD2 markedly depressed the activity of p65 when the guinea pigs were attacked by chronic asthma.展开更多
Since the 1980s, the Chinese economy has developed rapidly, with an av- erage annual growth rate around 10%. Energy consumption in China has greatly in- creased as well. This paper investigates the relationship betwee...Since the 1980s, the Chinese economy has developed rapidly, with an av- erage annual growth rate around 10%. Energy consumption in China has greatly in- creased as well. This paper investigates the relationship between energy consumption, economic development and temperature in China by adopting provincial panel data from 1990 to 2011. Different from existing studies, in this paper, we use a panel smooth transition regression （PSTR） model to estimate the non-linearity relationship. Four different threshold variables including two lagged endogenous variables and two important exogenous variables have been considered. We find that energy intensity and the ratio of gross capital formation are suitable for the non-linearity model. The estimated elasticities of time dynamic indicate that energy consumption is income in- elastic and temperature inelastic. Elasticities of real income at first increase and then decrease, however, elasticities of temperature gradually increase after the year 1993. Last of all, we propose some policy implications.展开更多
文摘[Objectives]To investigate optimal storage methods and shelf life determination for several representative bagged traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)decoctions under centralized preparation conditions in intelligent TCM pharmacies.[Methods]First,the nourishing formula was prepared and packaged in bags.Under the three storage conditions of 37℃before cold storage(including full high temperature),cold storage before 37℃(including full cold storage),and alternating 37℃and cold storage,the 30 d cycle was investigated to determine the total microbial colony count,so as to determine a reasonable storage method of traditional Chinese medicine decoction.Secondly,five representative prescriptions were prepared and packaged in bags,stored under 37℃,room temperature and cold conditions.The investigation period was 30 d.The pH,total bacterial count and soluble solid content were measured,and the changes of each index were analyzed to obtain the shelf life of the bagged Chinese medicine decoction.[Results]First,the nourishing formula was investigated for 30 d.The microbial results of refrigeration after 1-2 d of 37℃,complete refrigeration and 37℃cooling with an alternate interval of 2 d or less met the requirements,while the microbial results of refrigeration after 3 d or above of 37℃,refrigeration after 1-5 d and then 37℃,complete 37℃,37℃and cooling with an alternate interval of 3 d or above excessive microorganism.Second,under the condition of 37℃storage,the pH of the five prescriptions decreased significantly,the total microbial colonies exceeded the standard,and the solid content decreased significantly.However,under the condition of room temperature and cold storage,the pH,total microbial colonies,and solid content of the five prescriptions remained stable.[Conclusions]The first is to refrigerate the decoction after 1-2 d of 37℃,completely refrigerate it,and refrigerate the decoction with an alternate interval of 2 d or less at 37℃.The shelf life can last for 30 d.Several storage conditions are conducive to guiding the development of the storage mode of the decoction.Second,under the conditions of cold storage,all the indexes were stable,and the shelf life of the five representative formulas was 30 d.
文摘Wireless sensor networks had become a hot research topic in Information science because of their ability to collect and process target information periodically in a harsh or remote environment. However, wireless sensor networks were inherently limited in various software and hardware resources, especially the lack of energy resources, which is the biggest bottleneck restricting their further development. A large amount of research had been conducted to implement various optimization techniques for the problem of data transmission path selection in homogeneous wireless sensor networks. However, there is still great room for improvement in the optimization of data transmission path selection in heterogeneous wireless sensor networks (HWSNs). This paper proposes a data transmission path selection (HDQNs) protocol based on Deep reinforcement learning. In order to solve the energy consumption balance problem of heterogeneous nodes in the data transmission path selection process of HWSNs and shorten the communication distance from nodes to convergence, the protocol proposes a data collection algorithm based on Deep reinforcement learning DQN. The algorithm uses energy heterogeneous super nodes as AGent to take a series of actions against different states of HWSNs and obtain corresponding rewards to find the best data collection route. Simulation analysis shows that the HDQN protocol outperforms mainstream HWSN data transmission path selection protocols such as DEEC and SEP in key performance indicators such as overall energy efficiency, network lifetime, and system robustness.
文摘To investigate the expression of beta-amyloid protein on icariin in the hippocampal of senescence accelerated mouse SAMP10.The 8-month-old SAMP10 were randomly divided into model group,Donepezil Hydrochloride(DON)-treated SAMP10 group(1 mg·kg^-1)and ICA-treated SAMP10 groups(50、100、200 mg·kg^-1),with 6 mice in each group.while the age-matched senescence accelerated mouse/resistance1(SAMR1)were used as the normal control.After 30 days of oral administration,the method of Nissl was used to detect neurons on icariin in the hippocampal of senescence accelerated mouse SAMP10.The expression of betaamyloid protein on icariin in the hippocampal of senescence accelerated mouse SAMP10 was detected by the method of immunohistochemical.It was discovered that the nerve cells in groups of ICA arranged regularly,and the number of neurons increasing.We can conduct that ICA may reduce the average optical density of beta-amyloid protein in the CA1 and CA3 region of hippocampal on SAMP10.ICA may reduce the beta-amyloid protein deposition in CA1 and CA3 region of hippocampal on SAMP10 to improve learning and memory ability.
文摘With the rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT), non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) technology and cognitive wireless network are two promising technologies to improve the spectral efficiency of the system, which have been widely concerned in the field of wireless communication. However, due to the importance of ownership and privacy protection, the IoT system must provide corresponding security mechanisms. From the perspective of improving the transmission security of CR-NOMA system based on cognitive wireless network, and considering the shortcomings of traditional relay cooperative NOMA system, this paper mainly analyzes the eavesdropping channel model of multi-user CR-NOMA system and derives the expressions of system security and rate to improve the security performance of CR-NOMA system. The basic idea of DC planning algorithm and the scheme of sub-carrier power allocation to improve the transmission security of the system were introduced. An algorithm for DC-CR-NOMA was proposed to maximize the SSR of the system and minimize the energy loss. The simulation results show that under the same complexity, the security and speed of the system can be greatly improved compared with the traditional scheme.
文摘This paper outlined a Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) grouping transmission scheme for cognitive radio networks. To address the problems of small channel gain difference of the middle part users caused by the traditional far-near pairing algorithm, and the low transmission rate of the traditional Orthogonal Multiple Access (OMA) transmission, a joint pairing algorithm was proposed, which provided multiple pairing schemes according to the actual scene. Firstly, the secondary users were sorted according to their channel gain, and then different secondary user groups were divided, and the far-near pairing combined with (Uniform Channel Gain Difference (UCGD) algorithm was used to group the secondary users. After completing the user pairing, the power allocation problem was solved. Finally, the simulation data results showed that the proposed algorithm can effectively improve the system transmission rate.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31872093,31401865,31902011)the Science and Technology Program of Guangdong Province(2018B020202007,2019KJ110,2019A050507003,2019A050520002,2019A1515010723),the Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou of China(201807010033)the National Modern Agricultural Technology System Construction Project(CARS-25-G-36).
文摘Sponge gourd(Luffa cylindrica)is an important cultivated vegetable and medicinal plant in the family Cucurbitaceae.In this study,a draft genome sequence of the sponge gourd inbred line P93075 was analyzed.Using Illumina,PacBio,and 10×Genomics sequencing techniques as well as new assembly techniques such as FALCON and chromatin interaction mapping(Hi-C),a chromosome-scale genome of approximately 656.19 Mb,with an N50 scaffold length of 48.76 Mb,was generated.From this assembly,25,508 protein-coding gene loci were identified,and 63.81%of the whole-genome consisted of transposable elements,which are major contributors to the expansion of the sponge gourd genome.According to a phylogenetic analysis of conserved genes,the sponge gourd lineage diverged from the bitter gourd lineage approximately 41.6 million years ago.Additionally,many genes that respond to biotic and abiotic stresses were found to be lineage specific or expanded in the sponge gourd genome,as demonstrated by the presence of 462 NBS-LRR genes,a much greater number than are found in the genomes of other cucurbit species;these results are consistent with the high stress resistance of sponge gourd.Collectively,our study provides insights into genome evolution and serves as a valuable reference for the genetic improvement of sponge gourd.
基金This work was partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61771410,No.61876089)by the Postgraduate Innovation Fund Project by Southwest University of Science and Technology(No.19ycx0106)+2 种基金by the Artificial Intelligence Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province(No.2017RYY05,No.2018RYJ03)by the Zigong City Key Science and Technology Plan Project(2019YYJC16)by and by the Horizontal Project(No.HX2017134,No.HX2018264,Nos.E10203788,HX2019250).
文摘This paper investigates the power control and routing problem in the communication process of an energy harvesting(EH)multi-hop cognitive radio network(CRN).The secondary user(SU)nodes(i.e.,source node and relay nodes)harvest energy from the environment and use the energy exclusively for transmitting data.The SU nodes(i.e.,relay nodes)on the path,store and forward the received data to the destination node.We consider a real world scenario where the EH-SU node has only local causal knowledge,i.e.,at any time,each EH-SU node only has knowledge of its own EH process,channel state and currently received data.In order to study the power and routing issues,an optimization problem that maximizes path throughput considering quality of service(QoS)and available energy constraints is proposed.To solve this optimization problem,we propose a hybrid game theory routing and power control algorithm(HGRPC).The EH-SU nodes on the same path cooperate with each other,but EH-SU nodes on the different paths compete with each other.By selecting the best next hop node,we find the best strategy that can maximize throughput.In addition,we have established four steps to achieve routing,i.e.,route discovery,route selection,route reply,and route maintenance.Compared with the direct transmission,HGRPC has advantages in longer distances and higher hop counts.The algorithm generates more energy,reduces energy consumption and increases predictable residual energy.In particular,the time complexity of HGRPC is analyzed and its convergence is proved.In simulation experiments,the performance(i.e.,throughput and bit error rate(BER))of HGRPC is evaluated.Finally,experimental results show that HGRPC has higher throughput,longer network life,less latency,and lower energy consumption.
基金This work was partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61876089,61771410)by the Talent Introduction Project of Sichuan University of Science&Engineering(No.2020RC22)+2 种基金by the Zigong City Key Science and Technology Program(No.2019YYJC16)by the Enterprise Informatization and Internet of Things Measurement and Control Technology Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of universities(Nos.2020WZJ02,2014WYJ08)by Artificial Intelligence Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province(No.2015RYJ04).
文摘Spectrum resources are the precious and limited natural resources.In order to improve the utilization of spectrum resources and maximize the network throughput,this paper studies the resource allocation of the downlink cognitive radio network with non-orthogonalmultiple access(CRN-NOMA).NOMA,as the key technology of the fifth-generation communication(5G),can effectively increase the capacity of 5G networks.The optimization problem proposed in this paper aims to maximize the number of secondary users(SUs)accessing the system and the total throughput in the CRN-NOMA.Under the constraints of total power,minimum rate,interference and SINR,CRN-NOMA throughput is maximized by allocating optimal transmission power.First,for the situation of multiple sub-users,an adaptive optimization method is proposed to reduce the complexity of the optimization solution.Secondly,for the optimization problem of nonlinear programming,a maximization throughput optimization algorithm based on Chebyshev and convex(MTCC)for CRN-NOMA is proposed,which converts multi-objective optimization problem into single-objective optimization problem to solve.At the same time,the convergence and time complexity of the algorithm are verified.Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the algorithm can effectively improve the system throughput.In terms of interference and throughput,the performance of the sub-optimal solution is better than that of orthogonal-frequency-division-multiple-access(OFDMA).This paper provides important insights for the research and application of NOMA in future communications.
文摘In this article, a routing protocol EARP (Energy Aware Routing Protocol) with the terminal node is proposed, to deal with the impact of the limited energy resources of Cognitive Radio Networks on the whole network routing. The protocol allows choosing the route from the neighbor nodes in different transmission paths, according to energy consumption of a single node and the full path. If the path breaks, the protocol will increase local routing maintenance strategy. It effectively reduces the retransmission caused by the situation, and improves the routing efficiency. It also can prevent the link transmission process selecting the fault route due to the energy depletion. Through simulation experiments compared with the LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) routing protocol, the results showed that in the same experimental environment, the proposed EARP could obviously balance the load, protect low energy nodes, prolong the network survival time and reduce packet loss rate and packet delay of data delivery. So it can improve the energy consumption of sensing node and provide routing capabilities.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant number:No.81473586,No.81202192).
文摘Background: To explore the influence of age-related changes in learning and memory capacity of SAMP10, an Alzheimer's disease (AD) model mice, and provide theoretical foundation for the selection of month age in related experiment. Methods: SAMP10 female mice with the age of 3, 6 and 9 months were used as the objects of experiment, while the age-matched female SAMR1 were used as the controls, with 12 in each group. The learning memory capacity of mice at different age was detected through Morris water maze and step-down passive avoidance test;meanwhile, the acetylcholine, acetylcholinesterase, choline acetyltransferase, and M-cholinergic receptor binding capacity levels were determined to detect the cholinergic system damage degree in mice with different month age. In addition, the contents of monoamine neurotransmitters such as dopamine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid, homovanillic acid, norepinephrine and 5-HT, as well as those of amino acid transmitters such as glutamic acid, glutamine, aspartic acid,γ-aminobutyric acid, taurine and glycine in the brain cortex were detected by high performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical deposition. Besides, changes in hippocampal neurons were observed through Nissl staining, and the changes of Aβ in hippocampal CA1 and CA2 regions of SAMP10 were also detected by immunohistochemistry so as to explore the effects of age on the memory capacity of SAMP10. Results: It was discovered in the behavior test and AD-related index tests that: there was no significant difference between the age-matched SAMR1 and the SAMP10 at the age of 3 and 6 months. But the 9-months-old mice suffered remarkable senescence characteristics, including obviously declined learning memory capacity;down-regulated neurotransmitter levels, enzyme activities and amino acid expression;reduced hippocampal neuron number;and increased deposition of hippocampal Aβ protein. Conclusion: It is discovered in this study through behavior tests and AD-related indexs detection that, the learning memory capacity of SAMP10 shows age-dependence, which is gradually decreased with the increase of age, and the 9-months-old mice have developed marked memory impairment and senescence characteristics. SAMP10 is the recognized AD model, the appropriate month age for preventive medication is about 7 months, while that for therapeutic medication is 8-9 months.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(50525207 and 10374092)the National Basic Research Program of China(2007CB936601).
文摘Vertically oriented nanowires(NWs)of single-crystalline wurtzite GaN have been fabricated on a-LiAlO_(2)(100)substrate coated with a Au layer,via a chemical vapor deposition process at 1000℃ using gallium and ammonia as source materials.The GaN NWs grow along the nonpolar[10]direction with steeply tapering tips,and have triangular cross-sections with widths of 50100 nm and lengths of up to several microns.The GaN NWs are formed by a vapor liquid solid growth mechanism and the tapering tips are attributed to the temperature decrease in the final stage of the synthesis process.The aligned GaN NWs show blue-yellow emission originating from defect levels,residual impurities or surface states of the GaN NWs,and have potential applications in nanotechnology.
文摘This article is to investigate the effect of human recombinant phospholipase D2 （rhPLD2） in vivo on the expression of nuclear transcription factor p65 in chronic asthma of guinea pigs. After treating the guinea pigs with chronic asthma by rhPLD2, the crude nuclear extraction was assayed with TransAM Transcription Factor Assay Kit for the activity of pulmo tissue nuclear transcription factor p65. Compared with the healthy guinea pigs, the activity of nuclear transcription factor p65 in guinea pigs of chronic asthma is much higher than that of control groups. Our results showed that rhPLD2 markedly depressed the activity of p65 when the guinea pigs were attacked by chronic asthma.
基金The authors thank the reviewers for their careful reading and provid- ing some pertinent suggestions. The research is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 71073009 ）, Chinese science and technology supporting program （No. 2012BAC20B08） and Tianjin City High School Science ＆ Technology Fund Planning Project （No. 20130823）.
文摘Since the 1980s, the Chinese economy has developed rapidly, with an av- erage annual growth rate around 10%. Energy consumption in China has greatly in- creased as well. This paper investigates the relationship between energy consumption, economic development and temperature in China by adopting provincial panel data from 1990 to 2011. Different from existing studies, in this paper, we use a panel smooth transition regression （PSTR） model to estimate the non-linearity relationship. Four different threshold variables including two lagged endogenous variables and two important exogenous variables have been considered. We find that energy intensity and the ratio of gross capital formation are suitable for the non-linearity model. The estimated elasticities of time dynamic indicate that energy consumption is income in- elastic and temperature inelastic. Elasticities of real income at first increase and then decrease, however, elasticities of temperature gradually increase after the year 1993. Last of all, we propose some policy implications.
