Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide(NAD^(+))/reduced NAD^(+)(NADH)and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate(NADP^(+))/reduced NADP^(+)(NADPH)are essential metabolites involved in multiple metabolic pathways and ce...Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide(NAD^(+))/reduced NAD^(+)(NADH)and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate(NADP^(+))/reduced NADP^(+)(NADPH)are essential metabolites involved in multiple metabolic pathways and cellular processes.NAD^(+)and NADH redox couple plays a vital role in catabolic redox reactions,while NADPH is crucial for cellular anabolism and antioxidant responses.Maintaining NAD(H)and NADP(H)homeostasis is crucial for normal physiological activity and is tightly regulated through various mechanisms,such as biosynthesis,consumption,recycling,and conversion between NAD(H)and NADP(H).The conversions between NAD(H)and NADP(H)are controlled by NAD kinases(NADKs)and NADP(H)phosphatases[specifically,metazoan SpoT homolog-1(MESH1)and nocturnin(NOCT)].NADKs facilitate the synthesis of NADP^(+)from NAD^(+),while MESH1 and NOCT convert NADP(H)into NAD(H).In this review,we summarize the physiological roles of NAD(H)and NADP(H)and discuss the regulatory mechanisms governing NAD(H)and NADP(H)homeostasis in three key aspects:the transcriptional and posttranslational regulation of NADKs,the role of MESH1 and NOCT in maintaining NAD(H)and NADP(H)homeostasis,and the influence of the circadian clock on NAD(H)and NADP(H)homeostasis.In conclusion,NADKs,MESH1,and NOCT are integral to various cellular processes,regulating NAD(H)and NADP(H)homeostasis.Dysregulation of these enzymes results in various human diseases,such as cancers and metabolic disorders.Hence,strategies aiming to restore NAD(H)and NADP(H)homeostasis hold promise as novel therapeutic approaches for these diseases.展开更多
We review achievements in the conservation of orchid diversity in China over the last 21 years.We provide updated information on orchid biodiversity and suggestions for orchid conservation in China.We outline national...We review achievements in the conservation of orchid diversity in China over the last 21 years.We provide updated information on orchid biodiversity and suggestions for orchid conservation in China.We outline national policies of biodiversity conservation,especially of orchid conservation,which provide general guidelines for orchid conservation in China.There are now approximately 1708 known species of Orchidaceae in 181 genera in China,including five new genera and 365 new species described over the last 21 years.The assessment of risk of extinction of all 1502 known native orchid species in China in 2013 indicated that 653 species were identified as threatened,132 species were treated as data-deficient,and four species endemic to China were classified as extinct.Approximately 1100 species(ca.65%)are protected in national nature reserves,and another~66 species in provincial nature reserves.About 800 native orchid species have living collections in major botanical gardens.The pollination biology of 74 native orchid species and the genetic diversity and spatial genetic structure of 29 orchid species have been investigated at a local scale and/or across species distributions.The mycorrhizal fungal community composition has been investigated in many genera,such as Bletilla,Coelogyne,Cymbidium,Cypripedium,and Dendrobium.Approximately 292 species will be included in the list of national key protected wild plants this year.Two major tasks for near future include in situ conservation and monitoring population dynamics of endangered species.展开更多
Global biodiversity loss and mass extinction of species have raised serious global concerns,especially in fragile ecosystems.Karst forest,a well-known fragile ecosystem,is served as a natural laboratory for biogeograp...Global biodiversity loss and mass extinction of species have raised serious global concerns,especially in fragile ecosystems.Karst forest,a well-known fragile ecosystem,is served as a natural laboratory for biogeographical,ecological,evolutionary,and taxonomic research.However,species richness and distribution patterns in karst forests largely remain unclear.Orchidaceae has been regarded as the“flagship”group of plant diversity.In this study,we use Wanfengshan Nature Reserve in southeast Yunnan,China,as a model to determine the conservation status of orchids in the karst forest by conducting systematic field surveys in the past three years from 2019 to 2022.In total,we identified 78 orchid species in 35 genera in Wanfengshan Nature Reserve.The dominant species were Bulbophyllum andersonii,Eria coronaria,Nervilia mackinnonii and Paphiopedilum micranthum.Multiple life forms were also observed,including epiphyte(14.29%),facultative epiphyte(18.18%),lithophyte(23.38%),and terrestrial(44.15%).Orchid species richness showed a bimodal pattern varied with altitude,the higher richness was recorded at 1,500-1,600 and 1,200-1,300 m,while the minimum was below 1,100 m.Each independent hill is rich in orchid species including‘endemic’species.A total of 25(33.8%)orchid species were considered threatened by the Redlist of Chinese Vascular Plants(Qin et al.,2017),including 3 CR species,5 EN species and 17 VU species.We call for more research addressing the mechanisms of ecological adaption,mycorrhizal interactions,and pollination of orchids in karst forests,and effective ways for recovery and conservation of orchids.展开更多
Plant phylogeny constrains orchid mycorrhizal(OrM) fungal community composition in some orchids. Here, we investigated the structures of the OrM fungal communities of eight Dendrobium species in one niche to determine...Plant phylogeny constrains orchid mycorrhizal(OrM) fungal community composition in some orchids. Here, we investigated the structures of the OrM fungal communities of eight Dendrobium species in one niche to determine whether similarities in the OrM fungal communities correlated with the phylogeny of the host plants and whether the Dendrobium-OrM fungal interactions are phylogenetically conserved. A phylogeny based on DNA data was constructed for the eight coexisting Dendrobium species,and the OrM fungal communities were characterized by their roots. There were 31 different fungal lineages associated with the eight Dendrobium species. In total, 82.98% of the identified associations belonging to Tulasnellaceae, and a smaller proportion involved members of the unknown Basidiomycota(9.67%). Community analyses revealed that phylogenetically related Dendrobium tended to interact with a similar set of Tulasnellaceae fungi. The interactions between Dendrobium and Tulasnellaceae fungi were significantly influenced by the phylogenetic relationships among the Dendrobium species. Our results provide evidence that the mycorrhizal specificity in the eight coexisting Dendrobium species was phylogenetically conserved.展开更多
Mycorrhizal fungi play an important role in the germination and growth of orchids essentially influencing their survival,abundance, and spatial distribution. In this study, we investigated the composition of the mycor...Mycorrhizal fungi play an important role in the germination and growth of orchids essentially influencing their survival,abundance, and spatial distribution. In this study, we investigated the composition of the mycorrhizal fungal community in seven terrestrial orchid species inhabiting Song Mountain, Beijing, China, using Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing. The mycorrhizal communities in the seven orchids were mainly composed of members of the Ceratobasidiaceae, Sebacinales, and Tulasnellaceae, while a number of ectomycorrhizal fungi belonging to the Russulaceae, Tricholomataceae, Thelephoraceae, and Cortinariaceae were occasionally observed. However, the dominant fungal associates and mycorrhizal community differed significantly among the orchid species as well as subhabitats. These findings confirm the previous observation that sympatric orchid species show different preferences for mycorrhizal fungi, which may drive niche partitioning and contribute to their cooccurrence.展开更多
文摘Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide(NAD^(+))/reduced NAD^(+)(NADH)and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate(NADP^(+))/reduced NADP^(+)(NADPH)are essential metabolites involved in multiple metabolic pathways and cellular processes.NAD^(+)and NADH redox couple plays a vital role in catabolic redox reactions,while NADPH is crucial for cellular anabolism and antioxidant responses.Maintaining NAD(H)and NADP(H)homeostasis is crucial for normal physiological activity and is tightly regulated through various mechanisms,such as biosynthesis,consumption,recycling,and conversion between NAD(H)and NADP(H).The conversions between NAD(H)and NADP(H)are controlled by NAD kinases(NADKs)and NADP(H)phosphatases[specifically,metazoan SpoT homolog-1(MESH1)and nocturnin(NOCT)].NADKs facilitate the synthesis of NADP^(+)from NAD^(+),while MESH1 and NOCT convert NADP(H)into NAD(H).In this review,we summarize the physiological roles of NAD(H)and NADP(H)and discuss the regulatory mechanisms governing NAD(H)and NADP(H)homeostasis in three key aspects:the transcriptional and posttranslational regulation of NADKs,the role of MESH1 and NOCT in maintaining NAD(H)and NADP(H)homeostasis,and the influence of the circadian clock on NAD(H)and NADP(H)homeostasis.In conclusion,NADKs,MESH1,and NOCT are integral to various cellular processes,regulating NAD(H)and NADP(H)homeostasis.Dysregulation of these enzymes results in various human diseases,such as cancers and metabolic disorders.Hence,strategies aiming to restore NAD(H)and NADP(H)homeostasis hold promise as novel therapeutic approaches for these diseases.
基金supported by Grants from National Forestry and Grassland Administration,China(No.2019073018,2019073019)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31870195,31670194)。
文摘We review achievements in the conservation of orchid diversity in China over the last 21 years.We provide updated information on orchid biodiversity and suggestions for orchid conservation in China.We outline national policies of biodiversity conservation,especially of orchid conservation,which provide general guidelines for orchid conservation in China.There are now approximately 1708 known species of Orchidaceae in 181 genera in China,including five new genera and 365 new species described over the last 21 years.The assessment of risk of extinction of all 1502 known native orchid species in China in 2013 indicated that 653 species were identified as threatened,132 species were treated as data-deficient,and four species endemic to China were classified as extinct.Approximately 1100 species(ca.65%)are protected in national nature reserves,and another~66 species in provincial nature reserves.About 800 native orchid species have living collections in major botanical gardens.The pollination biology of 74 native orchid species and the genetic diversity and spatial genetic structure of 29 orchid species have been investigated at a local scale and/or across species distributions.The mycorrhizal fungal community composition has been investigated in many genera,such as Bletilla,Coelogyne,Cymbidium,Cypripedium,and Dendrobium.Approximately 292 species will be included in the list of national key protected wild plants this year.Two major tasks for near future include in situ conservation and monitoring population dynamics of endangered species.
基金supported by Doctoral Program of Yunnan Forestry Technological College(KY(ZD)201905)the Candidates of the Young and Middle Aged Academic Leaders of Yunnan Province[202305AC160024]Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Orchid Conservation and Utilization(OU202201)to Q.Liu.
文摘Global biodiversity loss and mass extinction of species have raised serious global concerns,especially in fragile ecosystems.Karst forest,a well-known fragile ecosystem,is served as a natural laboratory for biogeographical,ecological,evolutionary,and taxonomic research.However,species richness and distribution patterns in karst forests largely remain unclear.Orchidaceae has been regarded as the“flagship”group of plant diversity.In this study,we use Wanfengshan Nature Reserve in southeast Yunnan,China,as a model to determine the conservation status of orchids in the karst forest by conducting systematic field surveys in the past three years from 2019 to 2022.In total,we identified 78 orchid species in 35 genera in Wanfengshan Nature Reserve.The dominant species were Bulbophyllum andersonii,Eria coronaria,Nervilia mackinnonii and Paphiopedilum micranthum.Multiple life forms were also observed,including epiphyte(14.29%),facultative epiphyte(18.18%),lithophyte(23.38%),and terrestrial(44.15%).Orchid species richness showed a bimodal pattern varied with altitude,the higher richness was recorded at 1,500-1,600 and 1,200-1,300 m,while the minimum was below 1,100 m.Each independent hill is rich in orchid species including‘endemic’species.A total of 25(33.8%)orchid species were considered threatened by the Redlist of Chinese Vascular Plants(Qin et al.,2017),including 3 CR species,5 EN species and 17 VU species.We call for more research addressing the mechanisms of ecological adaption,mycorrhizal interactions,and pollination of orchids in karst forests,and effective ways for recovery and conservation of orchids.
基金supported by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (81274197)
文摘Plant phylogeny constrains orchid mycorrhizal(OrM) fungal community composition in some orchids. Here, we investigated the structures of the OrM fungal communities of eight Dendrobium species in one niche to determine whether similarities in the OrM fungal communities correlated with the phylogeny of the host plants and whether the Dendrobium-OrM fungal interactions are phylogenetically conserved. A phylogeny based on DNA data was constructed for the eight coexisting Dendrobium species,and the OrM fungal communities were characterized by their roots. There were 31 different fungal lineages associated with the eight Dendrobium species. In total, 82.98% of the identified associations belonging to Tulasnellaceae, and a smaller proportion involved members of the unknown Basidiomycota(9.67%). Community analyses revealed that phylogenetically related Dendrobium tended to interact with a similar set of Tulasnellaceae fungi. The interactions between Dendrobium and Tulasnellaceae fungi were significantly influenced by the phylogenetic relationships among the Dendrobium species. Our results provide evidence that the mycorrhizal specificity in the eight coexisting Dendrobium species was phylogenetically conserved.
基金financially supported by CAMS Initiative for Innovative Medicine (2016-I2M-2-002)
文摘Mycorrhizal fungi play an important role in the germination and growth of orchids essentially influencing their survival,abundance, and spatial distribution. In this study, we investigated the composition of the mycorrhizal fungal community in seven terrestrial orchid species inhabiting Song Mountain, Beijing, China, using Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing. The mycorrhizal communities in the seven orchids were mainly composed of members of the Ceratobasidiaceae, Sebacinales, and Tulasnellaceae, while a number of ectomycorrhizal fungi belonging to the Russulaceae, Tricholomataceae, Thelephoraceae, and Cortinariaceae were occasionally observed. However, the dominant fungal associates and mycorrhizal community differed significantly among the orchid species as well as subhabitats. These findings confirm the previous observation that sympatric orchid species show different preferences for mycorrhizal fungi, which may drive niche partitioning and contribute to their cooccurrence.
