为了明确水稻籽粒充实度对未来大气CO2浓度([CO2])和温度相伴升高的响应,应用T-FACE(Temperature and Free Air CO2 Enrichment)试验平台,以优质粳稻南粳9108为试材,研究[CO2]升高(对照+200μmol·mol^-1)和增温(对照+1℃)对水稻灌...为了明确水稻籽粒充实度对未来大气CO2浓度([CO2])和温度相伴升高的响应,应用T-FACE(Temperature and Free Air CO2 Enrichment)试验平台,以优质粳稻南粳9108为试材,研究[CO2]升高(对照+200μmol·mol^-1)和增温(对照+1℃)对水稻灌浆期和收获期不同粒位籽粒充实度和产量的影响。结果表明,与对照(A mbient)相比,高[CO2]增加了水稻产量和有效穗数,高温的结果与之相反。[CO2]和温度升高下,2015年和2016年水稻分别减产4.0%和14.0%,有效穗数相应减少3.5%和5.4%。强势粒千粒质量最大,比饱粒、中势粒和弱势粒千粒质量分别提高了8.0%~11.7%、10.5%~15.0%和38.8%~63.9%。与Ambient相比,[CO2]和温度升高对饱粒、强势粒、弱势粒千粒质量无显著影响,但[CO2]升高显著提高中势粒千粒质量(P<0.05),增温极显著降低了中势粒千粒质量(P<0.01)。收获期,[CO2]升高增加了强、弱势粒穗粒质量,减少了单穗粒质量和中势粒穗粒质量;增温降低了强、中势粒穗粒质量;[CO2]和温度升高降低了水稻单穗粒质量和中势粒穗粒质量。进一步分析,[CO2]或温度升高水稻强、弱势粒占穗质量比例增加,中势粒占穗质量比例减少。[CO2]和温度升高两年弱势粒占穗质量比例平均增加了33.1%,远高于强势粒占穗质量比例的增幅(12.4%),中势粒占穗质量比例平均减少了4.5%。收获期,强、中、弱势粒占穗质量比例分别为9.9%~15.9%、73.2%~84.8%、5.2%~10.6%。因此,中势粒穗粒质量及其比例的减少对产量的影响大于强势粒、弱势粒。2016年单穗粒质量和中势粒穗质量比2015年明显减少,导致2016年产量下降了17.3%~28.6%,增温加剧了产量的降幅,应与2016年水稻开花期高温、灌浆期多雨有关。综上所述,[CO2]和温度升高下弱势粒占穗质量比例的增加及中势粒千粒质量、穗粒质量及其占穗质量比例的减少,导致[CO2]升高不能弥补增温对产量的负效应。展开更多
A major challenge in modern rice production is to achieve the dual goals of high yield and good quality with low environmental costs.This study was designed to determine whether optimized nitrogen(N)fertilization coul...A major challenge in modern rice production is to achieve the dual goals of high yield and good quality with low environmental costs.This study was designed to determine whether optimized nitrogen(N)fertilization could fulfill these multiple goals.In two-year experiments,two high yielding‘super’rice cultivars were grown with different N fertilization management regimes,including zero N input,local farmers’practice(LFP)with heavy N inputs,and optimized N fertilization(ONF).In ONF,by reducing N input,increasing planting density,and optimizing the ratio of urea application at different stages,N use efficiency and the physicochemical and textural properties of milled rice were improved at higher yield levels.Compared with LFP,yield and partial factor productivity of applied N(PFP)under ONF were increased(on average)by 1.70 and 13.06%,respectively.ONF increased starch and amylose content,and significantly decreased protein content.The contents of the short chains of A chain(degree of polymerization(DP)6-12)and B1 chain(DP 13-25)of amylopectin were significantly increased under ONF,which resulted in a decrease in the stability of rice starch crystals.ONF increased viscosity values and improved the thermodynamic properties of starch,which resulted in better eating and cooking quality of the rice.Thus,ONF could substantially compensate the negative effects caused by N fertilizer and achieve the multiple goals of higher grain quality and nitrogen use efficiency(NUE)at high yield levels.These results will be useful for applications of high quality rice production at high yield levels.展开更多
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) quality depends mainly on the characteristics of starch stored in kernels. Understanding the changes in starch characteristics in kernels during variety improvement would have great significance...Rice (Oryza sativa L.) quality depends mainly on the characteristics of starch stored in kernels. Understanding the changes in starch characteristics in kernels during variety improvement would have great significance to improve rice quality. This study was designed to investigate the starch characteristics in the kernels and associated physiological traits of indica rice varieties in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China in last 80 years. Eight representative mid-season indica rice varieties were grown in the field. The results showed that the grain yield was significantly increased with the improvement of varieties and such an increase was mainly attributed to the increase in total number of spikelets. The tall varieties applied in the 1940s–1950s had higher protein content, relative crystallinity and infrared (IR) ratio of 1 045/1 022 cm^–1. The semi-dwarf varieties applied in the 1980s–1990s had higher gel consistency, amylopectin content, IR ratio of 1 022/995 cm^–1, and breakdown value. With the improvement of varieties, the amylose content, large-sized starch granule number and volume distribution, onset and peak of gelatinization temperature, gelatinization and retrogradation enthalpy, setback value, pasting temperature, viscosity of peak, hot and final, and 1-aminocycopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) concentrations in panicles and root bleeding were gradually decreased, whereas the medium-sized starch granule number and volume distribution, activities of key enzymes in grains, and zeatin (Z)+zeatin riboside (ZR) contents in panicles and root bleeding at grain filling stage were gradually increased. Correlation analysis showed that starch thermodynamic characteristics were closely related to starch structure and components, key enzymes and hormones. The results suggest that starch quality was enhanced through the optimization of starch components, structure, thermodynamics, and the regulation of key enzymes in grains and hormones in panicles and root bleedings at grain filling stage during the improvement of mid-season indica rice.展开更多
文摘为了明确水稻籽粒充实度对未来大气CO2浓度([CO2])和温度相伴升高的响应,应用T-FACE(Temperature and Free Air CO2 Enrichment)试验平台,以优质粳稻南粳9108为试材,研究[CO2]升高(对照+200μmol·mol^-1)和增温(对照+1℃)对水稻灌浆期和收获期不同粒位籽粒充实度和产量的影响。结果表明,与对照(A mbient)相比,高[CO2]增加了水稻产量和有效穗数,高温的结果与之相反。[CO2]和温度升高下,2015年和2016年水稻分别减产4.0%和14.0%,有效穗数相应减少3.5%和5.4%。强势粒千粒质量最大,比饱粒、中势粒和弱势粒千粒质量分别提高了8.0%~11.7%、10.5%~15.0%和38.8%~63.9%。与Ambient相比,[CO2]和温度升高对饱粒、强势粒、弱势粒千粒质量无显著影响,但[CO2]升高显著提高中势粒千粒质量(P<0.05),增温极显著降低了中势粒千粒质量(P<0.01)。收获期,[CO2]升高增加了强、弱势粒穗粒质量,减少了单穗粒质量和中势粒穗粒质量;增温降低了强、中势粒穗粒质量;[CO2]和温度升高降低了水稻单穗粒质量和中势粒穗粒质量。进一步分析,[CO2]或温度升高水稻强、弱势粒占穗质量比例增加,中势粒占穗质量比例减少。[CO2]和温度升高两年弱势粒占穗质量比例平均增加了33.1%,远高于强势粒占穗质量比例的增幅(12.4%),中势粒占穗质量比例平均减少了4.5%。收获期,强、中、弱势粒占穗质量比例分别为9.9%~15.9%、73.2%~84.8%、5.2%~10.6%。因此,中势粒穗粒质量及其比例的减少对产量的影响大于强势粒、弱势粒。2016年单穗粒质量和中势粒穗质量比2015年明显减少,导致2016年产量下降了17.3%~28.6%,增温加剧了产量的降幅,应与2016年水稻开花期高温、灌浆期多雨有关。综上所述,[CO2]和温度升高下弱势粒占穗质量比例的增加及中势粒千粒质量、穗粒质量及其占穗质量比例的减少,导致[CO2]升高不能弥补增温对产量的负效应。
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32071943 and 31872853)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, China (PAPD)
文摘A major challenge in modern rice production is to achieve the dual goals of high yield and good quality with low environmental costs.This study was designed to determine whether optimized nitrogen(N)fertilization could fulfill these multiple goals.In two-year experiments,two high yielding‘super’rice cultivars were grown with different N fertilization management regimes,including zero N input,local farmers’practice(LFP)with heavy N inputs,and optimized N fertilization(ONF).In ONF,by reducing N input,increasing planting density,and optimizing the ratio of urea application at different stages,N use efficiency and the physicochemical and textural properties of milled rice were improved at higher yield levels.Compared with LFP,yield and partial factor productivity of applied N(PFP)under ONF were increased(on average)by 1.70 and 13.06%,respectively.ONF increased starch and amylose content,and significantly decreased protein content.The contents of the short chains of A chain(degree of polymerization(DP)6-12)and B1 chain(DP 13-25)of amylopectin were significantly increased under ONF,which resulted in a decrease in the stability of rice starch crystals.ONF increased viscosity values and improved the thermodynamic properties of starch,which resulted in better eating and cooking quality of the rice.Thus,ONF could substantially compensate the negative effects caused by N fertilizer and achieve the multiple goals of higher grain quality and nitrogen use efficiency(NUE)at high yield levels.These results will be useful for applications of high quality rice production at high yield levels.
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0300206-4,2017YFD0301206 and 2018YFD0300801)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31671614 and 31871559)+3 种基金the Project Funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions,Chinathe Six Talent Peaks Project in Jiangsu Province,China(SWYY-151)the Jiangsu Agriculture Science and Technology Innovation Fund,China(CX(18)3007)the Top Talent Support Plan of Yangzhou University,China(2015-01).
文摘Rice (Oryza sativa L.) quality depends mainly on the characteristics of starch stored in kernels. Understanding the changes in starch characteristics in kernels during variety improvement would have great significance to improve rice quality. This study was designed to investigate the starch characteristics in the kernels and associated physiological traits of indica rice varieties in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China in last 80 years. Eight representative mid-season indica rice varieties were grown in the field. The results showed that the grain yield was significantly increased with the improvement of varieties and such an increase was mainly attributed to the increase in total number of spikelets. The tall varieties applied in the 1940s–1950s had higher protein content, relative crystallinity and infrared (IR) ratio of 1 045/1 022 cm^–1. The semi-dwarf varieties applied in the 1980s–1990s had higher gel consistency, amylopectin content, IR ratio of 1 022/995 cm^–1, and breakdown value. With the improvement of varieties, the amylose content, large-sized starch granule number and volume distribution, onset and peak of gelatinization temperature, gelatinization and retrogradation enthalpy, setback value, pasting temperature, viscosity of peak, hot and final, and 1-aminocycopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) concentrations in panicles and root bleeding were gradually decreased, whereas the medium-sized starch granule number and volume distribution, activities of key enzymes in grains, and zeatin (Z)+zeatin riboside (ZR) contents in panicles and root bleeding at grain filling stage were gradually increased. Correlation analysis showed that starch thermodynamic characteristics were closely related to starch structure and components, key enzymes and hormones. The results suggest that starch quality was enhanced through the optimization of starch components, structure, thermodynamics, and the regulation of key enzymes in grains and hormones in panicles and root bleedings at grain filling stage during the improvement of mid-season indica rice.
