Nitrogenous emissions from ruminant livestock production are of increasing public concern and, together with methane, contribute to environmental pollution. The main cause of nitrogen-(N)-containing emissions is the i...Nitrogenous emissions from ruminant livestock production are of increasing public concern and, together with methane, contribute to environmental pollution. The main cause of nitrogen-(N)-containing emissions is the inadequate provision of N to ruminants, leading to an excess of ammonia in the rumen, which is subsequently excreted. Depending on the size and molecular structure, various bacterial, protozoal and fungal species are involved in the ruminal breakdown of nitrogenous compounds(NC). Decelerating ruminal NC degradation by controlling the abundance and activity of proteolytic and deaminating microorganisms, but without reducing cellulolytic processes, is a promising strategy to decrease N emissions along with increasing N utilization by ruminants. Different dietary options, including among others the treatment of feedstuffs with heat or the application of diverse feed additives, as well as vaccination against rumen microorganisms or their enzymes have been evaluated. Thereby, reduced productions of microbial metabolites, e.g. ammonia, and increased microbial N flows give evidence for an improved N retention. However, linkage between these findings and alterations in the rumen microbiota composition, particularly NC-degrading microbes, remains sparse and contradictory findings confound the exact evaluation of these manipulating strategies, thus emphasizing the need for comprehensive research. The demand for increased sustainability in ruminant livestock production requests to apply attention to microbial N utilization efficiency and this will require a better understanding of underlying metabolic processes as well as composition and interactions of ruminal NC-degrading microorganisms.展开更多
Background： Bacillus spp. seem to be an alternative to antimicrobial growth promoters for improving animals＇ health and performance. However, there is little information on the effect of Bacillus spp. in combination...Background： Bacillus spp. seem to be an alternative to antimicrobial growth promoters for improving animals＇ health and performance. However, there is little information on the effect of Bacillus spp. in combination with different dietary crude protein（CP） levels on the ileal digestibility and microbiota composition. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effect of Bacillus spp. supplementation to low-（LP） and high-protein diets（HP） on ileal CP and amino acid（AA） digestibility and intestinal microbiota composition.Methods： Eight ileally cannulated pigs with an initial body weight of 28.5 kg were randomly allocated to a rowcolumn design with 8 pigs and 3 periods of 16 d each. The assay diets were based on wheat-barley-soybean meal with two protein levels： LP（14% CP, as-fed） and HP diet（18% CP, as-fed）. The LP and HP diets were supplemented with or without Bacil us spp. at a level of 0.04%（as-fed）. The apparent ileal digestibility（AID） and standardized ileal digestibility（SID） of CP and AA was determined. Bacterial community composition from ileal digesta was analyzed by Illumina amplicon sequencing and quantitative real-time PCR. Data were analyzed as a 2 × 2 factorial design using the GLIMMIX procedures of SAS.Results： The supplementation with Bacillus spp. did not affect both AID and SID of CP and AA in growing pigs.Moreover, there was no difference in AID of CP and AA between HP and LP diets, but SID of cystine, glutamic acid,glycine, and proline was lower（P 〈 0.05） in pigs fed the HP diets. The HP diets increased abundance of Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp.,（P 〈 0.05） and by amplicon sequencing the latter was identified as predominant genus in microbiota from HP with Bacillus spp., whereas dietary supplementation of Bacillus spp. increased（P 〈 0.05） abundance of Roseburia spp.Conclusions： The HP diet increased abundance of Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp.. The supplementation of Bacil us spp. resulted in a higher abundance of healthy gut associated bacteria without affecting ileal CP and AA digestibility, whereas LP diet may reduce the flow of undigested protein to the large intestine of pigs.展开更多
Background The objective was to characterize the colostrum proteome of primiparous Holstein cows in association with immunoglobulin G(IgG)content.Immediately after calving,colostrum samples were collected from 18 cows...Background The objective was to characterize the colostrum proteome of primiparous Holstein cows in association with immunoglobulin G(IgG)content.Immediately after calving,colostrum samples were collected from 18 cows to measure IgG concentration.Based on colostrum IgG content,samples were classified through cluster analysis and were identified as poor,average,and excellent quality.The proteome was assessed with quantitative shotgun proteomics;abundance data were compared among the colostrum types;enrichment analysis of metabolic processes and proteins classes was performed as well.We also tested correlations between this proteome and blood globulin level of cows and passive immunity level of calves.Results On average,428 proteins were identified per sample,which belonged mainly to cellular process,biological regulation,response to stimulus,metabolic process,and immune system process.Most abundant proteins were complement C3(Q2UVX4),alpha-S1-casein(P02662),Ig-like domain-containing protein(A0A3Q1M032),albumin(A0A140T897),polymeric immunoglobulin receptor(P81265),lactotransferrrin(P24627),and IGHG1*01(X167014).Colostrum of excellent quality had greater(P<0.05)abundance of serpin A3-7(A2I7N3),complement factorl(A0A3Q1 MIF4),lipocalin/cytosolic fatty-acid binding domain-containing protein(A0A3Q1 MRQ2),complement C3(E1B805),complement component 4 binding protein alpha(A0AAF6ZHP5),and complement component C6(F1MM86).However,colostrum of excellent quality had lower(P<0.05)abundance of HGF activator(E1BCW0),alpha-S1-casein(P02662),and xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase(P80457).This resulted in enrichment of the biological processes predominantly for complement activation alternative pathway,complement activation,complement activation classical pathway,humoral immune response,leukocyte mediated immunity,and negative regulation of endopeptidase activity in excellent-quality colostrum.Additionally,some colostrum proteins were found to be correlated with the blood globulin level of cows and with the passive immunity level of calves(P<0.05;r≥0.57).Conclusions This study provides new insights into the bovine colostrum proteome,demonstrating associations between IgG levels and the abundance of other proteins,as well as the enrichment of metabolic processes related to innate immune response.Thus,results suggest that the colostrum proteomic profile is associated with the content of IgG.Future research should deeply explore the association of these findings with pre-calving nutrition status and blood composition of the cow,and with passive immunity transfer to the calf.展开更多
基金supported by the"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"(DFG,German Research Foundation,SU124/33–1)
文摘Nitrogenous emissions from ruminant livestock production are of increasing public concern and, together with methane, contribute to environmental pollution. The main cause of nitrogen-(N)-containing emissions is the inadequate provision of N to ruminants, leading to an excess of ammonia in the rumen, which is subsequently excreted. Depending on the size and molecular structure, various bacterial, protozoal and fungal species are involved in the ruminal breakdown of nitrogenous compounds(NC). Decelerating ruminal NC degradation by controlling the abundance and activity of proteolytic and deaminating microorganisms, but without reducing cellulolytic processes, is a promising strategy to decrease N emissions along with increasing N utilization by ruminants. Different dietary options, including among others the treatment of feedstuffs with heat or the application of diverse feed additives, as well as vaccination against rumen microorganisms or their enzymes have been evaluated. Thereby, reduced productions of microbial metabolites, e.g. ammonia, and increased microbial N flows give evidence for an improved N retention. However, linkage between these findings and alterations in the rumen microbiota composition, particularly NC-degrading microbes, remains sparse and contradictory findings confound the exact evaluation of these manipulating strategies, thus emphasizing the need for comprehensive research. The demand for increased sustainability in ruminant livestock production requests to apply attention to microbial N utilization efficiency and this will require a better understanding of underlying metabolic processes as well as composition and interactions of ruminal NC-degrading microorganisms.
基金financially supported by Chr.Hansen A/S(Horsholm,Denmark)the Foundation fiat panis(Ulm,Germany)+1 种基金a scholarship for Chanwit Kaewtapee granted by Food Security Center(FSC)University of Hohenheim under the German Academic Exchange Service(DAAD)program exceed with funds of the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development(BMZ)of Germany
文摘Background： Bacillus spp. seem to be an alternative to antimicrobial growth promoters for improving animals＇ health and performance. However, there is little information on the effect of Bacillus spp. in combination with different dietary crude protein（CP） levels on the ileal digestibility and microbiota composition. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effect of Bacillus spp. supplementation to low-（LP） and high-protein diets（HP） on ileal CP and amino acid（AA） digestibility and intestinal microbiota composition.Methods： Eight ileally cannulated pigs with an initial body weight of 28.5 kg were randomly allocated to a rowcolumn design with 8 pigs and 3 periods of 16 d each. The assay diets were based on wheat-barley-soybean meal with two protein levels： LP（14% CP, as-fed） and HP diet（18% CP, as-fed）. The LP and HP diets were supplemented with or without Bacil us spp. at a level of 0.04%（as-fed）. The apparent ileal digestibility（AID） and standardized ileal digestibility（SID） of CP and AA was determined. Bacterial community composition from ileal digesta was analyzed by Illumina amplicon sequencing and quantitative real-time PCR. Data were analyzed as a 2 × 2 factorial design using the GLIMMIX procedures of SAS.Results： The supplementation with Bacillus spp. did not affect both AID and SID of CP and AA in growing pigs.Moreover, there was no difference in AID of CP and AA between HP and LP diets, but SID of cystine, glutamic acid,glycine, and proline was lower（P 〈 0.05） in pigs fed the HP diets. The HP diets increased abundance of Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp.,（P 〈 0.05） and by amplicon sequencing the latter was identified as predominant genus in microbiota from HP with Bacillus spp., whereas dietary supplementation of Bacillus spp. increased（P 〈 0.05） abundance of Roseburia spp.Conclusions： The HP diet increased abundance of Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp.. The supplementation of Bacil us spp. resulted in a higher abundance of healthy gut associated bacteria without affecting ileal CP and AA digestibility, whereas LP diet may reduce the flow of undigested protein to the large intestine of pigs.
基金supported by Austrian Federal Ministry for Digital and Economic Affairsthe National Foundation for Research,Technology and Developmentsupported using resources of the Vet Core Facility(Mass Spectrometry)of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna。
文摘Background The objective was to characterize the colostrum proteome of primiparous Holstein cows in association with immunoglobulin G(IgG)content.Immediately after calving,colostrum samples were collected from 18 cows to measure IgG concentration.Based on colostrum IgG content,samples were classified through cluster analysis and were identified as poor,average,and excellent quality.The proteome was assessed with quantitative shotgun proteomics;abundance data were compared among the colostrum types;enrichment analysis of metabolic processes and proteins classes was performed as well.We also tested correlations between this proteome and blood globulin level of cows and passive immunity level of calves.Results On average,428 proteins were identified per sample,which belonged mainly to cellular process,biological regulation,response to stimulus,metabolic process,and immune system process.Most abundant proteins were complement C3(Q2UVX4),alpha-S1-casein(P02662),Ig-like domain-containing protein(A0A3Q1M032),albumin(A0A140T897),polymeric immunoglobulin receptor(P81265),lactotransferrrin(P24627),and IGHG1*01(X167014).Colostrum of excellent quality had greater(P<0.05)abundance of serpin A3-7(A2I7N3),complement factorl(A0A3Q1 MIF4),lipocalin/cytosolic fatty-acid binding domain-containing protein(A0A3Q1 MRQ2),complement C3(E1B805),complement component 4 binding protein alpha(A0AAF6ZHP5),and complement component C6(F1MM86).However,colostrum of excellent quality had lower(P<0.05)abundance of HGF activator(E1BCW0),alpha-S1-casein(P02662),and xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase(P80457).This resulted in enrichment of the biological processes predominantly for complement activation alternative pathway,complement activation,complement activation classical pathway,humoral immune response,leukocyte mediated immunity,and negative regulation of endopeptidase activity in excellent-quality colostrum.Additionally,some colostrum proteins were found to be correlated with the blood globulin level of cows and with the passive immunity level of calves(P<0.05;r≥0.57).Conclusions This study provides new insights into the bovine colostrum proteome,demonstrating associations between IgG levels and the abundance of other proteins,as well as the enrichment of metabolic processes related to innate immune response.Thus,results suggest that the colostrum proteomic profile is associated with the content of IgG.Future research should deeply explore the association of these findings with pre-calving nutrition status and blood composition of the cow,and with passive immunity transfer to the calf.
