Hypertension, often called the “silent killer”, is a major risk factor for heart attacks and strokes in the elderly. Its effective management is crucial to prevent damage to the heart, brain, and kidneys. Isolated s...Hypertension, often called the “silent killer”, is a major risk factor for heart attacks and strokes in the elderly. Its effective management is crucial to prevent damage to the heart, brain, and kidneys. Isolated systolic hypertension (ISH) is particularly critical in the elderly population. Cardiovascular risk factors, including pulse pressure and wave velocity, are closely associated with systolic blood pressure and influenced by arterial stiffness and wave reflections. Managing ISH is complex due to the potential negative effects of certain medications and individual variability in treatment response. This paper will address these issues, evaluating antihypertensive drugs, combination therapy, personalized treatment plans, and updated guidelines for managing ISH.展开更多
P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a member of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family of transporters, plays a crucial role in the development of multi-drug resistance (MDR) in cancer treatment. P-gp actively pumps chemotherapeuti...P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a member of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family of transporters, plays a crucial role in the development of multi-drug resistance (MDR) in cancer treatment. P-gp actively pumps chemotherapeutic drugs out of cancer cells, reducing their intracellular concentrations and thereby diminishing their efficacy. This review explores the mechanisms by which P-gp contributes to MDR, including intrinsic and acquired resistance. It also discusses various strategies to inhibit P-gp, such as blocking drug binding sites, interfering with ATP hydrolysis, and altering cell membrane integrity. The potential of fourth-generation P-gp inhibitors and other novel approaches to enhance the effectiveness of cancer therapies is also examined. Understanding and overcoming P-gp-mediated MDR is essential for improving therapeutic outcomes in cancer patients.展开更多
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder that causes the formation of multiple cysts in the kidneys, leading to kidney failure. PKD is a common condition affecting approximately 1 in 5...Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder that causes the formation of multiple cysts in the kidneys, leading to kidney failure. PKD is a common condition affecting approximately 1 in 500 individuals worldwide. The most prevalent type of PKD is autosomal dominant PKD (ADPKD). ADPKD is caused by mutations in either the PKD1 or PKD2 genes, which encode for proteins involved in cell growth and differentiation. These mutations lead to the formation of fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys, which can eventually lead to kidney failure. In addition to affecting the kidneys, PKD can also cause cysts in other organs, such as the liver, pancreas, and spleen. PKD can also lead to various complications, including high blood pressure, heart valve abnormalities, and brain aneurysms. This review focuses on the inheritance, pathophysiology, and treatment of PKD, with a specific emphasis on its effects on the cardiovascular system. Currently, there is no cure for PKD. However, several treatments are available to manage the symptoms and complications of the disease. These treatments include medications to control blood pressure, pain relievers, antibiotics for infections, and dialysis or kidney transplantation for kidney failure. Tolvaptan is the only FDA-approved drug specifically for ADPKD and has been shown to slow disease progression. In addition to summarizing current treatment options, this review will discuss promising future treatments, such as gene therapy and stem cell therapy.展开更多
Diabetes mellitus and hypertension are two of the most prevalent diseases affecting individuals across all age groups. Both conditions are linked to an increased risk of heart disease, peripheral vascular disease, str...Diabetes mellitus and hypertension are two of the most prevalent diseases affecting individuals across all age groups. Both conditions are linked to an increased risk of heart disease, peripheral vascular disease, stroke, retinopathy, and neuropathy. The study highlights that diabetes damages arteries and blood vessels, elevating the risk of heart attack and kidney failure. The coexistence of diabetes and hypertension exacerbates these complications, underscoring the importance of managing both conditions simultaneously. The study also focuses on Metformin, a well-established medication for treating type 2 diabetes. Recognized as one of the most effective treatment options, Metformin enhances blood glucose management by increasing insulin sensitivity, reducing insulin levels, and improving insulin action. This makes it a crucial drug for controlling diabetes efficiently and effectively. Furthermore, the findings indicate that diabetes predominantly affects individuals in low- and middle-income countries, contributing to higher mortality rates. The analysis of peer-reviewed journals and articles suggests that diabetes is a chronic disease with severe implications if preventive measures are not promptly implemented. Immediate action is necessary to mitigate the impact of diabetes and improve global health outcomes.展开更多
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide. The term epidemiology generally deals with the branch of medicine and treatment that deals with a specific incident. Thus, considering the topic of breast...Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide. The term epidemiology generally deals with the branch of medicine and treatment that deals with a specific incident. Thus, considering the topic of breast cancer, this particular study deals with the distribution, determinants, and frequency of the disease. Breast cancer incidence and death data are critical to determining healthcare priorities. Women’s cancer is the most common, accounting for 25.1 percent of all malignancies. According to this specific report, more than 42,000 women die from breast cancer each year. Hence, it is apparent that it is the second leading cause of death among women, especially in the US. Family history/genetics, reproductive, hormone, benign proliferative breast disease, and mammographic density are the four main risk factors for breast cancer that can be meaningfully categorized. These elements are briefly discussed, and the risk estimators are provided. Numerous screening technologies have found breast cancer;some are linked to an increased risk of breast cancer, such as ultrasound techniques and MRI scanning. Breast cancer is more common in developed countries, while relative mortality is highest in developing countries. Women’s education is recommended for early detection and treatment in all nations. Health policymakers must prioritize plans to control and prevent this malignancy and increase awareness of risk factors and early detection in less developed countries.展开更多
Hirschsprung’s disease (HSCR) is a developmental disorder characterized by the absence of ganglion cells in the distal colon, leading to functional obstruction. Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a rare ciliopathy associ...Hirschsprung’s disease (HSCR) is a developmental disorder characterized by the absence of ganglion cells in the distal colon, leading to functional obstruction. Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a rare ciliopathy associated with various clinical features, including HSCR. This review article aims to explore the underlying causes of HSCR in children with BBS, focusing on the genetic and developmental factors contributing to the pathogenesis of both conditions. We reviewed relevant literature, including peer-reviewed journal articles and case reports, to provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of the relationship between HSCR and BBS. Our findings highlight the complex interplay of genetic mutations, signaling pathways, and developmental processes involved in the pathogenesis of HSCR in BBS. Further research is needed to elucidate the precise mechanisms underlying this association and to develop targeted therapeutic strategies for children with HSCR and BBS.展开更多
The research paper investigates the intricate landscape of drug-drug interactions (DDIs) within the context of breast cancer treatment, with a particular focus on the elderly population and the use of complementary an...The research paper investigates the intricate landscape of drug-drug interactions (DDIs) within the context of breast cancer treatment, with a particular focus on the elderly population and the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). The study underscores the heightened susceptibility of elderly patients to DDIs due to the prevalence of polypharmacy and the widespread utilization of CAM among breast cancer patients. The potential ramifications of DDIs, encompassing adverse drug events and diminished treatment efficacy, are elucidated. The paper accentuates the imperative for healthcare providers to comprehensively understand both conventional and CAM therapies, enabling them to provide patients with informed guidance regarding safe and efficacious treatment options, culminating in enhanced patient outcomes.展开更多
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is a key regulator of heart function. While some CaMKII activity is beneficial, excessive, or persistent, CaMKII can lead to heart damage. CaMKII is often elevat...Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is a key regulator of heart function. While some CaMKII activity is beneficial, excessive, or persistent, CaMKII can lead to heart damage. CaMKII is often elevated in conditions like diabetes and heart disease, contributing to various cardiovascular problems. Therefore, CaMKII is considered a potential target for drug therapy, although its complex nature poses challenges. This review summarizes the structure, regulation, and roles of CaMKII in both normal and disease states, mainly focusing on its involvement in heart problems.展开更多
Heart failure (HF) is a chronic condition characterized by the heart’s inability to pump blood effectively. Hypertension is a frequent contributing factor. The reduced cardiac output leads to fluid accumulation, caus...Heart failure (HF) is a chronic condition characterized by the heart’s inability to pump blood effectively. Hypertension is a frequent contributing factor. The reduced cardiac output leads to fluid accumulation, causing respiratory distress and chest pain. Ejection fraction (EF), a measure of the left ventricle’s pumping capacity, is crucial in HF diagnosis. HF with reduced EF (HFrEF) is defined by an EF below 40%, often caused by coronary artery disease—approximately half of all HF patients present with HFrEF. The remaining cases encompass HF with mid-range EF (40% - 50%) or HF with preserved EF (HFpEF, EF ≥ 50%).展开更多
The science of artificial intelligence is rapidly expanding, and its application to the global diabetes pandemic could revolutionize how this chronic disease is diagnosed and managed. AI has been used to design algori...The science of artificial intelligence is rapidly expanding, and its application to the global diabetes pandemic could revolutionize how this chronic disease is diagnosed and managed. AI has been used to design algorithms to assist prediction models for the risk of diabetes or its complications. During the last 10 years, the combination of continuous glucose monitoring and data from insulin pumps has revolutionized the management of diabetes. More recently, wristbands or watches have been able to track a wide range of physiological characteristics and functions, including heart rate, sleep duration, number of steps taken, and mobility. Future updates will provide more information, including barometric pressure, hydration, and geolocation. When these variables are analyzed, they can support the decision-making of patients and medical professionals. There has been a growing interest in developing and using artificial intelligence (AI) methods for decision assistance and knowledge acquisition in recent years. Comparable new situations have emerged in various medical domains. The industry is considering a significant potential for the application of artificial intelligence (AI), which is now being applied to generate personal health histories. However, cost and privacy concerns have not yet been resolved.展开更多
Pregnancy and obesity have been identified as risk factors for severe influenza and pneumonia. These populations experience higher rates of respiratory complications, including pulmonary distress, hospitalization, and...Pregnancy and obesity have been identified as risk factors for severe influenza and pneumonia. These populations experience higher rates of respiratory complications, including pulmonary distress, hospitalization, and mortality. While the exact mechanisms for this increased susceptibility remain unclear, evidence suggests that the altered immune response in pregnant and obese individuals may play a significant role. This review aims to provide an overview of the impact of obesity and pregnancy on influenza and pneumonia, examining the risk factors, causes, management strategies, and the efficacy of antiviral treatments. Additionally, we explore the potential immunological processes contributing to the severity of these infections in these high-risk groups.展开更多
Gene therapy and antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) are promising approaches to treating rare diseases by targeting specific genes. However, ASOs can have off-target effects that need careful consideration during devel...Gene therapy and antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) are promising approaches to treating rare diseases by targeting specific genes. However, ASOs can have off-target effects that need careful consideration during development. Researchers can add moieties like peptide nucleic acid or methoxyethyl-modified ribose sugars to enhance specificity and reduce toxicity. Current research suggests that challenges such as nonspecific action, interference at various stages, adverse reactions, and nuclease degradation may soon be manageable with advanced technologies. ASOs show particular promise in treating rare conditions like Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) and Timothy syndrome. Stereopure ASOs with repeated left-right patterns offer increased potency and half-life due to their resistance to nuclease activity and improved cellular uptake. This review explores how technological advancements can enhance the use of ASOs to manage various rare disease conditions effectively. Despite challenges in development and application, ASO therapy holds the potential to become a viable treatment option for a wide range of rare diseases. Advances in technology offer the possibility of increasing specificity and reducing toxicity, making ASO therapy a more effective and safe treatment option for patients with rare diseases.展开更多
Metformin is a commonly prescribed drug used to treat type 2 diabetes. The drug works by decreasing the amount of glucose the liver produces, increasing the sensitivity of muscle cells to insulin, and delaying the abs...Metformin is a commonly prescribed drug used to treat type 2 diabetes. The drug works by decreasing the amount of glucose the liver produces, increasing the sensitivity of muscle cells to insulin, and delaying the absorption of glucose in the intestines. Approximately 50% - 55% of metformin is absorbed in the small intestines. Most of the drug is excreted in the urine, so a patient with renal impairment may need a lower dose of the drug. Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Metformin may increase the risk of vitamin B12 deficiency. A rare but serious complication of metformin treatment is lactic acidosis, which is characterized by a blood pH of less than 7.35 and a plasma lactate concentration of greater than 5.0 mmol/L. The risk of lactic acidosis increases with the dose of metformin. The current recommended maximum dose of metformin is 2.0 g per day.展开更多
Antibiotics are one of the basic drugs prescribed for hospitalized patients. Irrational prescription of antibiotics not only increases adverse drug reactions, but also helps for the development of resistance in bacter...Antibiotics are one of the basic drugs prescribed for hospitalized patients. Irrational prescription of antibiotics not only increases adverse drug reactions, but also helps for the development of resistance in bacteria. The rational prescription of antibiotics is necessary to control bacterial resistance that is developing throughout the world. Rationality means prescribing the clinically approved drug in a correct dose with exact knowledge of the drug and the disease, taking into account economic factors. In some conditions such as severe infections, we can see combination therapy with antibiotics, but this should be done according to the guidelines and we should also consider the characteristics and spectrum for prescribing combinational therapy with antibiotics. They are not recommended for minor infections. Bacteria use beta-lactamase enzyme to hydrolyze the beta-lactam ring, which is a type of resistance mechanism developed by bacteria against antibiotics that led to the development of antibiotics with new combinations. Self-medication of antibiotics and less compliance are one of the major reasons for the development of resistance along with irrational prescribing patterns. We must make sure that patients are always given evidence-based medicine. Physicians should be cautious about the consequences of the irrational antibiotic prescriptions before prescribing them to patients. The public should be more aware of the importance of antibiotics and their adherence.展开更多
Acute fever is common in the tropics, presenting as chills, headache, muscle and joint discomfort. High temperatures usually subside independently but may indicate severe illness. The review addresses the epidemiology...Acute fever is common in the tropics, presenting as chills, headache, muscle and joint discomfort. High temperatures usually subside independently but may indicate severe illness. The review addresses the epidemiology, etiology, and treatment of acute febrile illnesses (AFIs). In many countries, the infectious etiology and epidemiology of AFI, a disease lasting at least a week with no recognized cause, are poorly understood. Sentinel hospital studies in Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia track AFI cases, collect clinical and public health data, and identify susceptibility patterns. Dengue fever and leptospirosis are significant in tropical areas but challenging to quantify. AFI can be classified as nonmalarial, diagnosed, or undiagnosed, depending on the suspected cause. Treatment should consider the patient’s specific circumstances and fever severity. Most patients see symptoms disappear within two to three weeks of treatment. Antimalarial, antibiotic, and antiviral medications should be taken with food, as directed by a doctor. Multivitamins may help with extreme fatigue, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, or headaches. In the tropics and subtropics, antimalarial drugs have traditionally been used for high fevers due to the common belief that malaria is the cause. However, most fever cases have other causes. A comprehensive approach to treating acute febrile syndrome (AFS) must include knowledge of various diseases, innovative diagnostic and therapeutic tools, and long-term treatment algorithms. The limited availability of point-of-care diagnostics in low-resource settings is a major challenge—one that can be addressed with minimal effort and cost if preventative measures are taken. Developing simple, inexpensive, and accurate diagnostic methods could significantly advance public health in these regions by enabling rapid identification and treatment of the specific causes of AFIs, leading to improved patient outcomes and reduced disease burden.展开更多
Obesity is a huge concern for people worldwide, as we all know. Obesity and diabetes are increasing in diabetic individuals these days. As a result, multiple comorbidities, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetic nep...Obesity is a huge concern for people worldwide, as we all know. Obesity and diabetes are increasing in diabetic individuals these days. As a result, multiple comorbidities, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetic nephropathy, and retinopathy, may become more prevalent. In this study, the epidemiology of obesity and diabetes is discussed to determine what is causing our country’s rising death rate, how diabetes and obesity influence people, and how they contribute to cardiovascular disease. This study describes the foods suggested to avoid diseases such as obesity and diabetes, leading to cardiovascular disease, focusing on lifestyle changes and eating habits. These also explain what effective treatments, such as periodic antilipidemic medications and procedures, such as bariatric surgery for obesity and anti-diabetes medication for diabetes, are available on the market. However, before using external sources, such as drugs, we should improve our health by eating healthy meals daily. Some of these foods are also included in studies to see which foods prevent specific diseases.展开更多
Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors are a promising class of medications for type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) treatment. This study aims to evaluate the clinical efficacy, safety, and potential benefits o...Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors are a promising class of medications for type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) treatment. This study aims to evaluate the clinical efficacy, safety, and potential benefits of SGLT-2 inhibitors in improving cardiovascular and renal outcomes in DM2 patients. A comprehensive review of clinical trials and studies on SGLT-2 inhibitors was conducted. SGLT-2 inhibitors significantly improve glycemic control, reduce cardiovascular mortality, and lower the risk of renal events in DM2 patients. SGLT-2 inhibitors offer substantial cardio-renal protection in DM2 management, though further research is needed to optimize their use.展开更多
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder. Autism Spectrum Disorder is diagnosed early on in a child’s life, anywhere from eighteen to twenty-four months. The disorder is characterized by variab...Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder. Autism Spectrum Disorder is diagnosed early on in a child’s life, anywhere from eighteen to twenty-four months. The disorder is characterized by variable degrees, by difficulties in nonverbal communication, verbal communication, social interaction, repetitive behaviors, and movement. The occurrence of ASD has been increasing globally, with the most recent prevalence studies indicating that they are present in six per one thousand children and one in every sixty-eight people of all ages, with a higher incidence among males, with a ratio of four to one. There is no specific target demographic for Autism Spectrum Disorder, nor is there a cure. Over the last few decades, there have been advancements in treating the symptoms associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Among the many different fields of research associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder, Bumetanide has shown to be a promising drug therapy for children suffering from Autism, treating specifically the behavioral symptoms associated with ASD. Bumetanide is forty times more potent than furosemide and is a loop diuretic mainly acting in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle. A clinical trial conducted found a decrease in the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) score, showing improvement in Autism Spectrum Disorder symptoms, such as repetitive behavior and initiating or participating in the social interaction.展开更多
The novel coronavirus is a group of viruses with genetic material inside and surrounded by a lipid layer and protein spikes. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the official name given by the World Health Organizat...The novel coronavirus is a group of viruses with genetic material inside and surrounded by a lipid layer and protein spikes. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the official name given by the World Health Organization (WHO). SARS-CoV-2 erupted from Wuhan, China, in 2019. By May 2020, COVID-19 was ubiquitous, infected millions of people on this planet, and became the worst outbreak of this disastrous pandemic. The pandemic’s impact such as a high mortality rate and economic imbalance. Random viruses constantly affect humans’ and animals’ health like severe acute respiratory syndrome. SARS COVID 2 followed. However, initially, coronavirus was identified in 2019. COVID-19 affected several sectors: transportation, health care, education, tourism, food sector, unemployment, trading, agriculture, sports, pharmaceutical industries, and global poverty.展开更多
Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that is common in older people and is highly associated with depression, anxiety, apathy, psychosis, cognitive impairment, imbalance and sleep disturbances. These p...Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that is common in older people and is highly associated with depression, anxiety, apathy, psychosis, cognitive impairment, imbalance and sleep disturbances. These patients have an increased risk of fracture compared to the general population. Comprehensive searches of databases are performed to identify reviews about the risk of fractures in this disease. Parkinson’s patients are at increased risk for low bone mineral density due to the effect of drugs, Parkinson’s disease and age factor, leading to an increased risk of falling down and fractures, especially in the hip. So, improved and innovative treatments with the focus on minimizing inadvertent bone resorption with anti-Parkinson’s disease medication will be highly effective in reducing fear of the disease and providing the patient with a better quality of life.展开更多
文摘Hypertension, often called the “silent killer”, is a major risk factor for heart attacks and strokes in the elderly. Its effective management is crucial to prevent damage to the heart, brain, and kidneys. Isolated systolic hypertension (ISH) is particularly critical in the elderly population. Cardiovascular risk factors, including pulse pressure and wave velocity, are closely associated with systolic blood pressure and influenced by arterial stiffness and wave reflections. Managing ISH is complex due to the potential negative effects of certain medications and individual variability in treatment response. This paper will address these issues, evaluating antihypertensive drugs, combination therapy, personalized treatment plans, and updated guidelines for managing ISH.
文摘P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a member of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family of transporters, plays a crucial role in the development of multi-drug resistance (MDR) in cancer treatment. P-gp actively pumps chemotherapeutic drugs out of cancer cells, reducing their intracellular concentrations and thereby diminishing their efficacy. This review explores the mechanisms by which P-gp contributes to MDR, including intrinsic and acquired resistance. It also discusses various strategies to inhibit P-gp, such as blocking drug binding sites, interfering with ATP hydrolysis, and altering cell membrane integrity. The potential of fourth-generation P-gp inhibitors and other novel approaches to enhance the effectiveness of cancer therapies is also examined. Understanding and overcoming P-gp-mediated MDR is essential for improving therapeutic outcomes in cancer patients.
文摘Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder that causes the formation of multiple cysts in the kidneys, leading to kidney failure. PKD is a common condition affecting approximately 1 in 500 individuals worldwide. The most prevalent type of PKD is autosomal dominant PKD (ADPKD). ADPKD is caused by mutations in either the PKD1 or PKD2 genes, which encode for proteins involved in cell growth and differentiation. These mutations lead to the formation of fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys, which can eventually lead to kidney failure. In addition to affecting the kidneys, PKD can also cause cysts in other organs, such as the liver, pancreas, and spleen. PKD can also lead to various complications, including high blood pressure, heart valve abnormalities, and brain aneurysms. This review focuses on the inheritance, pathophysiology, and treatment of PKD, with a specific emphasis on its effects on the cardiovascular system. Currently, there is no cure for PKD. However, several treatments are available to manage the symptoms and complications of the disease. These treatments include medications to control blood pressure, pain relievers, antibiotics for infections, and dialysis or kidney transplantation for kidney failure. Tolvaptan is the only FDA-approved drug specifically for ADPKD and has been shown to slow disease progression. In addition to summarizing current treatment options, this review will discuss promising future treatments, such as gene therapy and stem cell therapy.
文摘Diabetes mellitus and hypertension are two of the most prevalent diseases affecting individuals across all age groups. Both conditions are linked to an increased risk of heart disease, peripheral vascular disease, stroke, retinopathy, and neuropathy. The study highlights that diabetes damages arteries and blood vessels, elevating the risk of heart attack and kidney failure. The coexistence of diabetes and hypertension exacerbates these complications, underscoring the importance of managing both conditions simultaneously. The study also focuses on Metformin, a well-established medication for treating type 2 diabetes. Recognized as one of the most effective treatment options, Metformin enhances blood glucose management by increasing insulin sensitivity, reducing insulin levels, and improving insulin action. This makes it a crucial drug for controlling diabetes efficiently and effectively. Furthermore, the findings indicate that diabetes predominantly affects individuals in low- and middle-income countries, contributing to higher mortality rates. The analysis of peer-reviewed journals and articles suggests that diabetes is a chronic disease with severe implications if preventive measures are not promptly implemented. Immediate action is necessary to mitigate the impact of diabetes and improve global health outcomes.
文摘Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide. The term epidemiology generally deals with the branch of medicine and treatment that deals with a specific incident. Thus, considering the topic of breast cancer, this particular study deals with the distribution, determinants, and frequency of the disease. Breast cancer incidence and death data are critical to determining healthcare priorities. Women’s cancer is the most common, accounting for 25.1 percent of all malignancies. According to this specific report, more than 42,000 women die from breast cancer each year. Hence, it is apparent that it is the second leading cause of death among women, especially in the US. Family history/genetics, reproductive, hormone, benign proliferative breast disease, and mammographic density are the four main risk factors for breast cancer that can be meaningfully categorized. These elements are briefly discussed, and the risk estimators are provided. Numerous screening technologies have found breast cancer;some are linked to an increased risk of breast cancer, such as ultrasound techniques and MRI scanning. Breast cancer is more common in developed countries, while relative mortality is highest in developing countries. Women’s education is recommended for early detection and treatment in all nations. Health policymakers must prioritize plans to control and prevent this malignancy and increase awareness of risk factors and early detection in less developed countries.
文摘Hirschsprung’s disease (HSCR) is a developmental disorder characterized by the absence of ganglion cells in the distal colon, leading to functional obstruction. Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a rare ciliopathy associated with various clinical features, including HSCR. This review article aims to explore the underlying causes of HSCR in children with BBS, focusing on the genetic and developmental factors contributing to the pathogenesis of both conditions. We reviewed relevant literature, including peer-reviewed journal articles and case reports, to provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of the relationship between HSCR and BBS. Our findings highlight the complex interplay of genetic mutations, signaling pathways, and developmental processes involved in the pathogenesis of HSCR in BBS. Further research is needed to elucidate the precise mechanisms underlying this association and to develop targeted therapeutic strategies for children with HSCR and BBS.
文摘The research paper investigates the intricate landscape of drug-drug interactions (DDIs) within the context of breast cancer treatment, with a particular focus on the elderly population and the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). The study underscores the heightened susceptibility of elderly patients to DDIs due to the prevalence of polypharmacy and the widespread utilization of CAM among breast cancer patients. The potential ramifications of DDIs, encompassing adverse drug events and diminished treatment efficacy, are elucidated. The paper accentuates the imperative for healthcare providers to comprehensively understand both conventional and CAM therapies, enabling them to provide patients with informed guidance regarding safe and efficacious treatment options, culminating in enhanced patient outcomes.
文摘Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is a key regulator of heart function. While some CaMKII activity is beneficial, excessive, or persistent, CaMKII can lead to heart damage. CaMKII is often elevated in conditions like diabetes and heart disease, contributing to various cardiovascular problems. Therefore, CaMKII is considered a potential target for drug therapy, although its complex nature poses challenges. This review summarizes the structure, regulation, and roles of CaMKII in both normal and disease states, mainly focusing on its involvement in heart problems.
文摘Heart failure (HF) is a chronic condition characterized by the heart’s inability to pump blood effectively. Hypertension is a frequent contributing factor. The reduced cardiac output leads to fluid accumulation, causing respiratory distress and chest pain. Ejection fraction (EF), a measure of the left ventricle’s pumping capacity, is crucial in HF diagnosis. HF with reduced EF (HFrEF) is defined by an EF below 40%, often caused by coronary artery disease—approximately half of all HF patients present with HFrEF. The remaining cases encompass HF with mid-range EF (40% - 50%) or HF with preserved EF (HFpEF, EF ≥ 50%).
文摘The science of artificial intelligence is rapidly expanding, and its application to the global diabetes pandemic could revolutionize how this chronic disease is diagnosed and managed. AI has been used to design algorithms to assist prediction models for the risk of diabetes or its complications. During the last 10 years, the combination of continuous glucose monitoring and data from insulin pumps has revolutionized the management of diabetes. More recently, wristbands or watches have been able to track a wide range of physiological characteristics and functions, including heart rate, sleep duration, number of steps taken, and mobility. Future updates will provide more information, including barometric pressure, hydration, and geolocation. When these variables are analyzed, they can support the decision-making of patients and medical professionals. There has been a growing interest in developing and using artificial intelligence (AI) methods for decision assistance and knowledge acquisition in recent years. Comparable new situations have emerged in various medical domains. The industry is considering a significant potential for the application of artificial intelligence (AI), which is now being applied to generate personal health histories. However, cost and privacy concerns have not yet been resolved.
文摘Pregnancy and obesity have been identified as risk factors for severe influenza and pneumonia. These populations experience higher rates of respiratory complications, including pulmonary distress, hospitalization, and mortality. While the exact mechanisms for this increased susceptibility remain unclear, evidence suggests that the altered immune response in pregnant and obese individuals may play a significant role. This review aims to provide an overview of the impact of obesity and pregnancy on influenza and pneumonia, examining the risk factors, causes, management strategies, and the efficacy of antiviral treatments. Additionally, we explore the potential immunological processes contributing to the severity of these infections in these high-risk groups.
文摘Gene therapy and antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) are promising approaches to treating rare diseases by targeting specific genes. However, ASOs can have off-target effects that need careful consideration during development. Researchers can add moieties like peptide nucleic acid or methoxyethyl-modified ribose sugars to enhance specificity and reduce toxicity. Current research suggests that challenges such as nonspecific action, interference at various stages, adverse reactions, and nuclease degradation may soon be manageable with advanced technologies. ASOs show particular promise in treating rare conditions like Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) and Timothy syndrome. Stereopure ASOs with repeated left-right patterns offer increased potency and half-life due to their resistance to nuclease activity and improved cellular uptake. This review explores how technological advancements can enhance the use of ASOs to manage various rare disease conditions effectively. Despite challenges in development and application, ASO therapy holds the potential to become a viable treatment option for a wide range of rare diseases. Advances in technology offer the possibility of increasing specificity and reducing toxicity, making ASO therapy a more effective and safe treatment option for patients with rare diseases.
文摘Metformin is a commonly prescribed drug used to treat type 2 diabetes. The drug works by decreasing the amount of glucose the liver produces, increasing the sensitivity of muscle cells to insulin, and delaying the absorption of glucose in the intestines. Approximately 50% - 55% of metformin is absorbed in the small intestines. Most of the drug is excreted in the urine, so a patient with renal impairment may need a lower dose of the drug. Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Metformin may increase the risk of vitamin B12 deficiency. A rare but serious complication of metformin treatment is lactic acidosis, which is characterized by a blood pH of less than 7.35 and a plasma lactate concentration of greater than 5.0 mmol/L. The risk of lactic acidosis increases with the dose of metformin. The current recommended maximum dose of metformin is 2.0 g per day.
文摘Antibiotics are one of the basic drugs prescribed for hospitalized patients. Irrational prescription of antibiotics not only increases adverse drug reactions, but also helps for the development of resistance in bacteria. The rational prescription of antibiotics is necessary to control bacterial resistance that is developing throughout the world. Rationality means prescribing the clinically approved drug in a correct dose with exact knowledge of the drug and the disease, taking into account economic factors. In some conditions such as severe infections, we can see combination therapy with antibiotics, but this should be done according to the guidelines and we should also consider the characteristics and spectrum for prescribing combinational therapy with antibiotics. They are not recommended for minor infections. Bacteria use beta-lactamase enzyme to hydrolyze the beta-lactam ring, which is a type of resistance mechanism developed by bacteria against antibiotics that led to the development of antibiotics with new combinations. Self-medication of antibiotics and less compliance are one of the major reasons for the development of resistance along with irrational prescribing patterns. We must make sure that patients are always given evidence-based medicine. Physicians should be cautious about the consequences of the irrational antibiotic prescriptions before prescribing them to patients. The public should be more aware of the importance of antibiotics and their adherence.
文摘Acute fever is common in the tropics, presenting as chills, headache, muscle and joint discomfort. High temperatures usually subside independently but may indicate severe illness. The review addresses the epidemiology, etiology, and treatment of acute febrile illnesses (AFIs). In many countries, the infectious etiology and epidemiology of AFI, a disease lasting at least a week with no recognized cause, are poorly understood. Sentinel hospital studies in Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia track AFI cases, collect clinical and public health data, and identify susceptibility patterns. Dengue fever and leptospirosis are significant in tropical areas but challenging to quantify. AFI can be classified as nonmalarial, diagnosed, or undiagnosed, depending on the suspected cause. Treatment should consider the patient’s specific circumstances and fever severity. Most patients see symptoms disappear within two to three weeks of treatment. Antimalarial, antibiotic, and antiviral medications should be taken with food, as directed by a doctor. Multivitamins may help with extreme fatigue, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, or headaches. In the tropics and subtropics, antimalarial drugs have traditionally been used for high fevers due to the common belief that malaria is the cause. However, most fever cases have other causes. A comprehensive approach to treating acute febrile syndrome (AFS) must include knowledge of various diseases, innovative diagnostic and therapeutic tools, and long-term treatment algorithms. The limited availability of point-of-care diagnostics in low-resource settings is a major challenge—one that can be addressed with minimal effort and cost if preventative measures are taken. Developing simple, inexpensive, and accurate diagnostic methods could significantly advance public health in these regions by enabling rapid identification and treatment of the specific causes of AFIs, leading to improved patient outcomes and reduced disease burden.
文摘Obesity is a huge concern for people worldwide, as we all know. Obesity and diabetes are increasing in diabetic individuals these days. As a result, multiple comorbidities, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetic nephropathy, and retinopathy, may become more prevalent. In this study, the epidemiology of obesity and diabetes is discussed to determine what is causing our country’s rising death rate, how diabetes and obesity influence people, and how they contribute to cardiovascular disease. This study describes the foods suggested to avoid diseases such as obesity and diabetes, leading to cardiovascular disease, focusing on lifestyle changes and eating habits. These also explain what effective treatments, such as periodic antilipidemic medications and procedures, such as bariatric surgery for obesity and anti-diabetes medication for diabetes, are available on the market. However, before using external sources, such as drugs, we should improve our health by eating healthy meals daily. Some of these foods are also included in studies to see which foods prevent specific diseases.
文摘Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors are a promising class of medications for type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) treatment. This study aims to evaluate the clinical efficacy, safety, and potential benefits of SGLT-2 inhibitors in improving cardiovascular and renal outcomes in DM2 patients. A comprehensive review of clinical trials and studies on SGLT-2 inhibitors was conducted. SGLT-2 inhibitors significantly improve glycemic control, reduce cardiovascular mortality, and lower the risk of renal events in DM2 patients. SGLT-2 inhibitors offer substantial cardio-renal protection in DM2 management, though further research is needed to optimize their use.
文摘Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder. Autism Spectrum Disorder is diagnosed early on in a child’s life, anywhere from eighteen to twenty-four months. The disorder is characterized by variable degrees, by difficulties in nonverbal communication, verbal communication, social interaction, repetitive behaviors, and movement. The occurrence of ASD has been increasing globally, with the most recent prevalence studies indicating that they are present in six per one thousand children and one in every sixty-eight people of all ages, with a higher incidence among males, with a ratio of four to one. There is no specific target demographic for Autism Spectrum Disorder, nor is there a cure. Over the last few decades, there have been advancements in treating the symptoms associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Among the many different fields of research associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder, Bumetanide has shown to be a promising drug therapy for children suffering from Autism, treating specifically the behavioral symptoms associated with ASD. Bumetanide is forty times more potent than furosemide and is a loop diuretic mainly acting in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle. A clinical trial conducted found a decrease in the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) score, showing improvement in Autism Spectrum Disorder symptoms, such as repetitive behavior and initiating or participating in the social interaction.
文摘The novel coronavirus is a group of viruses with genetic material inside and surrounded by a lipid layer and protein spikes. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the official name given by the World Health Organization (WHO). SARS-CoV-2 erupted from Wuhan, China, in 2019. By May 2020, COVID-19 was ubiquitous, infected millions of people on this planet, and became the worst outbreak of this disastrous pandemic. The pandemic’s impact such as a high mortality rate and economic imbalance. Random viruses constantly affect humans’ and animals’ health like severe acute respiratory syndrome. SARS COVID 2 followed. However, initially, coronavirus was identified in 2019. COVID-19 affected several sectors: transportation, health care, education, tourism, food sector, unemployment, trading, agriculture, sports, pharmaceutical industries, and global poverty.
文摘Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that is common in older people and is highly associated with depression, anxiety, apathy, psychosis, cognitive impairment, imbalance and sleep disturbances. These patients have an increased risk of fracture compared to the general population. Comprehensive searches of databases are performed to identify reviews about the risk of fractures in this disease. Parkinson’s patients are at increased risk for low bone mineral density due to the effect of drugs, Parkinson’s disease and age factor, leading to an increased risk of falling down and fractures, especially in the hip. So, improved and innovative treatments with the focus on minimizing inadvertent bone resorption with anti-Parkinson’s disease medication will be highly effective in reducing fear of the disease and providing the patient with a better quality of life.
