为探明双季稻区不同土壤耕作模式下双季水稻生理特性、干物质积累及产量的变化,本文以双季稻–紫云英大田定位试验为平台,设双季水稻翻耕+秸秆还田(CT)、双季水稻旋耕+秸秆还田(RT)、双季水稻免耕+秸秆还田(NT)、双季水稻旋耕+秸秆不还...为探明双季稻区不同土壤耕作模式下双季水稻生理特性、干物质积累及产量的变化,本文以双季稻–紫云英大田定位试验为平台,设双季水稻翻耕+秸秆还田(CT)、双季水稻旋耕+秸秆还田(RT)、双季水稻免耕+秸秆还田(NT)、双季水稻旋耕+秸秆不还田(RTO,对照)4种土壤耕作处理,于2016—2017年取样,系统分析了不同处理对双季水稻植株叶片保护性酶活性、光合特性、干物质积累及产量的影响。研究结果表明,早、晚稻各个主要生育时期CT和RT处理植株叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均显著高于RTO处理(P<0.05),而叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量均显著低于RTO处理(P<0.05)。CT处理植株叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和叶片气孔导度(Gs)均显著高于RTO处理(P<0.05),均表现为CT>RT>NT>RTO。CT和RT处理水稻植株物质生产能力强,干物质积累多,而且在各器官间的分配合理。2个年份的早稻产量均以CT处理最高,均显著高于RTO处理(P<0.05),比RTO处理增加731.1～733.3 kg hm–2;晚稻产量均以CT处理为最高,均显著高于RTO处理(P<0.05),比RTO处理增加582.5～717.6 kg hm–2。总之,土壤翻耕、旋耕结合秸秆还田处理有利于提高双季水稻叶片保护性酶活性、光合特性和干物质积累量,为水稻高产奠定了生理和生物学基础。展开更多
The importance of soil organic carbon（SOC） sequestration in agricultural soils as climate-change-mitigating strategy has become an area of focus by the scientific community in relation to soil management.This study ...The importance of soil organic carbon（SOC） sequestration in agricultural soils as climate-change-mitigating strategy has become an area of focus by the scientific community in relation to soil management.This study was conducted to determine the temporal effect of different tillage systems and residue management on distribution, storage and stratification of SOC, and the yield of rice under double rice（Oryza sativa L.） cropping system in the southern China.A tillage experiment was conducted in the southern China during 2005–2011, including plow tillage with residue removed（PT0）, plow tillage with residue retention（PT）, rotary tillage with residue retention（RT）, and no-till with residue retention on the surface（NT）.The soil samples were obtained at the harvesting of late rice in October of 2005, 2007 and 2011.Multiple-year residue return application significantly increased rice yields for the two rice-cropping systems; yields of early and late rice were higher under RT than those under other tillage systems in both years in 2011.Compared with PT0, SOC stocks were increased in soil under NT at 0–5, 5–10, 10–20, and 20–30 cm depths by 33.8, 4.1, 6.6, and 53.3%, respectively, in 2011.SOC stocks under RT were higher than these under other tillage treatments at 0–30 cm depth.SOC stocks in soil under PT were higher than those under PT0 in the 0–5 and 20–30 cm soil layers.Therefore, crop residues played an important role in SOC management, and improvement of soil quality.In the 0–20 cm layer, the stratification ratio（SR） of SOC followed the order NT〉RT〉PT〉PT0; when the 0–30 cm layer was considered, NT also had the highest SR of SOC, but the SR of SOC under PT was higher than that under RT with a multiple-year tillage practice.Therefore, the notion that conservation tillage lead to higher SOC stocks and soil quality than plowed systems requires cautious scrutiny.Nevertheless, some benefits associated with RT system present a greater potential for its adoption in view of the multiple-year environmental sustainability under double rice cropping system in the southern China.展开更多
The functional diversity of rhizosphere microflora which is also known as the “microbial community” is a sensitive indicator of soil quality subject to the type of winter cover crop and straw returning.In order to e...The functional diversity of rhizosphere microflora which is also known as the “microbial community” is a sensitive indicator of soil quality subject to the type of winter cover crop and straw returning.In order to evaluate the effects of different winter cover crops and returning patterns on the functional diversity of rhizosphere microflora in double-crop rice paddies,we designed five winter cover crops and straw returning combinations to analyze their effects on the functional diversity of rhizosphere microflora in rice paddies: ryegrass (Lolium multiflorumL.)–double-crop rice (Ry),milk vetch (Astragalus sinicus L.)–double-crop rice (Mv),Rape (Brassica napus L.)–Double-crop rice (Ra), Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)–double-crop rice (Po),and winter fallow–doublecrop rice (CK,the control).In this paper,the average well color development (AWCD) in Biolog-GN plates indicated the capacity for carbon utilization by the rhizosphere microbial community.We analyzed the rhizosphere microbial community functional diversity of the paddy soils with the above five treatments by using the Biolog-GN system.The results showed that applications of winter cover crop and straw returning caused high increases in AWCD compared with CK,and the AWCD values for samples with Po treatment was greater than those with Ry and CK treatments at the early and late rice maturity stages. It was concluded that applications of winter cover crop and straw returning can cause changes in the carbon utilization efficiency of rhizosphere microflora.There were differences in the genetic diversity of the rhizosphere microflora among different treatments at the maturity stage of early and late rice.The richness,Shannon,and McIntosh Index under different winter cover crop and straw returning treatments were significantly different.The highest indexes were observed in the Po treatment and the lowest in the CK at the maturity stage of early and late rice.The richness, Shannon,and McIntosh Index under different treatments ranked in descending order is as follows: Po>Ra>Mv>Ry>CK.Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of substrate reactions were conducted in this research.The results indicated that the pattern of carbon source utilization varied with winter cover crop treatments,and that carbohydrates and amino acids were the main carbon sources of rhizosphere microorganisms.To conclude,the application of winter cover crop and straw returning to paddy fields could significantly increase the carbon source utilization, species richness,and species evenness of rhizosphere microflora in double-crop rice paddies.展开更多
文摘为探明双季稻区不同土壤耕作模式下双季水稻生理特性、干物质积累及产量的变化,本文以双季稻–紫云英大田定位试验为平台,设双季水稻翻耕+秸秆还田(CT)、双季水稻旋耕+秸秆还田(RT)、双季水稻免耕+秸秆还田(NT)、双季水稻旋耕+秸秆不还田(RTO,对照)4种土壤耕作处理,于2016—2017年取样,系统分析了不同处理对双季水稻植株叶片保护性酶活性、光合特性、干物质积累及产量的影响。研究结果表明,早、晚稻各个主要生育时期CT和RT处理植株叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均显著高于RTO处理(P<0.05),而叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量均显著低于RTO处理(P<0.05)。CT处理植株叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和叶片气孔导度(Gs)均显著高于RTO处理(P<0.05),均表现为CT>RT>NT>RTO。CT和RT处理水稻植株物质生产能力强,干物质积累多,而且在各器官间的分配合理。2个年份的早稻产量均以CT处理最高,均显著高于RTO处理(P<0.05),比RTO处理增加731.1～733.3 kg hm–2;晚稻产量均以CT处理为最高,均显著高于RTO处理(P<0.05),比RTO处理增加582.5～717.6 kg hm–2。总之,土壤翻耕、旋耕结合秸秆还田处理有利于提高双季水稻叶片保护性酶活性、光合特性和干物质积累量,为水稻高产奠定了生理和生物学基础。
基金funded by the Special Fund for Agro-Scientific Research in the Public Interest in China(201103001)
文摘The importance of soil organic carbon（SOC） sequestration in agricultural soils as climate-change-mitigating strategy has become an area of focus by the scientific community in relation to soil management.This study was conducted to determine the temporal effect of different tillage systems and residue management on distribution, storage and stratification of SOC, and the yield of rice under double rice（Oryza sativa L.） cropping system in the southern China.A tillage experiment was conducted in the southern China during 2005–2011, including plow tillage with residue removed（PT0）, plow tillage with residue retention（PT）, rotary tillage with residue retention（RT）, and no-till with residue retention on the surface（NT）.The soil samples were obtained at the harvesting of late rice in October of 2005, 2007 and 2011.Multiple-year residue return application significantly increased rice yields for the two rice-cropping systems; yields of early and late rice were higher under RT than those under other tillage systems in both years in 2011.Compared with PT0, SOC stocks were increased in soil under NT at 0–5, 5–10, 10–20, and 20–30 cm depths by 33.8, 4.1, 6.6, and 53.3%, respectively, in 2011.SOC stocks under RT were higher than these under other tillage treatments at 0–30 cm depth.SOC stocks in soil under PT were higher than those under PT0 in the 0–5 and 20–30 cm soil layers.Therefore, crop residues played an important role in SOC management, and improvement of soil quality.In the 0–20 cm layer, the stratification ratio（SR） of SOC followed the order NT〉RT〉PT〉PT0; when the 0–30 cm layer was considered, NT also had the highest SR of SOC, but the SR of SOC under PT was higher than that under RT with a multiple-year tillage practice.Therefore, the notion that conservation tillage lead to higher SOC stocks and soil quality than plowed systems requires cautious scrutiny.Nevertheless, some benefits associated with RT system present a greater potential for its adoption in view of the multiple-year environmental sustainability under double rice cropping system in the southern China.
文摘The functional diversity of rhizosphere microflora which is also known as the “microbial community” is a sensitive indicator of soil quality subject to the type of winter cover crop and straw returning.In order to evaluate the effects of different winter cover crops and returning patterns on the functional diversity of rhizosphere microflora in double-crop rice paddies,we designed five winter cover crops and straw returning combinations to analyze their effects on the functional diversity of rhizosphere microflora in rice paddies: ryegrass (Lolium multiflorumL.)–double-crop rice (Ry),milk vetch (Astragalus sinicus L.)–double-crop rice (Mv),Rape (Brassica napus L.)–Double-crop rice (Ra), Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)–double-crop rice (Po),and winter fallow–doublecrop rice (CK,the control).In this paper,the average well color development (AWCD) in Biolog-GN plates indicated the capacity for carbon utilization by the rhizosphere microbial community.We analyzed the rhizosphere microbial community functional diversity of the paddy soils with the above five treatments by using the Biolog-GN system.The results showed that applications of winter cover crop and straw returning caused high increases in AWCD compared with CK,and the AWCD values for samples with Po treatment was greater than those with Ry and CK treatments at the early and late rice maturity stages. It was concluded that applications of winter cover crop and straw returning can cause changes in the carbon utilization efficiency of rhizosphere microflora.There were differences in the genetic diversity of the rhizosphere microflora among different treatments at the maturity stage of early and late rice.The richness,Shannon,and McIntosh Index under different winter cover crop and straw returning treatments were significantly different.The highest indexes were observed in the Po treatment and the lowest in the CK at the maturity stage of early and late rice.The richness, Shannon,and McIntosh Index under different treatments ranked in descending order is as follows: Po>Ra>Mv>Ry>CK.Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of substrate reactions were conducted in this research.The results indicated that the pattern of carbon source utilization varied with winter cover crop treatments,and that carbohydrates and amino acids were the main carbon sources of rhizosphere microorganisms.To conclude,the application of winter cover crop and straw returning to paddy fields could significantly increase the carbon source utilization, species richness,and species evenness of rhizosphere microflora in double-crop rice paddies.
