Climate change strongly affected the structure and functions of natural ecosystems,e.g.the vegetation productivity decreased in the Northeast permafrost region due to the higher temperature and less precipitation,wher...Climate change strongly affected the structure and functions of natural ecosystems,e.g.the vegetation productivity decreased in the Northeast permafrost region due to the higher temperature and less precipitation,whereas in the Tibetan Plateau,the vegetation productivity increased,owing to the improved thermal resource.Climate change led to reduced precipitation in North and Northeast China and thus the reduced surface runoff.The public needs for energy were changed because of climate change,e.g.the shorter heating period in winter.Climate change profoundly influenced human health,pathophoresis and major projects by increasing extreme events,including frequency and magnitude,and causing more serious water shortage.Under the background of climate change,although the improved thermal resources can be helpful for extending the crop growth period,more extreme events may resulted in more instability in agricultural productivity.Not only did climate change indirectly affect the secondary and tertiary industries through the impacts on agriculture and natural resources,but also climate change mitigation measures,such as carbon tax,tariff and trading,had extensive and profound influences on the socioeconomic system.Further analysis indicated that the impact of climate change presented significant regional differences.The impact had its pros and cons,while the advantages outweighed the disadvantages.Based on the above analysis on the impacts of climate change,we put forward suggestions on coping with climate change.First,scientifically dealing with climate change will need to seek advantages while avoiding the disadvantages of climate change in order to achieve the orderly adaptation to climate change,which is characterized with"Overall best,long-term benefit."Second,quantitative adaptation should be given more attention,e.g.proposing operational schemes and predictable goals and using uncertainty analysis on adaptation measures.Third,more active coping strategy should be adopted to enhance China's future comprehensive competitiveness.The strategies include but are not limited to gradually adjusting the industrial structure,intensifying the research and development(R&D)of emission reduction technology and actively responding to the influence of carbon tax,tariff and trading on socioeconomic development in China.展开更多
Background To evaluate the effect of recombinant human thrombopoietin(rhTPO)on clinical prognosis by exploring changes in endothelial cell injury markers and inflammatory factors in patients with sepsis after treatmen...Background To evaluate the effect of recombinant human thrombopoietin(rhTPO)on clinical prognosis by exploring changes in endothelial cell injury markers and inflammatory factors in patients with sepsis after treatment with rhTPO.Methods This retrospective observational study involved patients with sepsis(diagnosed according to Sepsis 3.0)admitted to Shanghai General Hospital intensive care unit from January 1,2019 to December 31,2022.Patients were divided into two groups(control and rhTPO)according to whether they received rhTPO.Baseline information,clinical data,prognosis,and survival status of the patients,as well as inflammatory factors and immune function indicators were collected.The main monitoring indicators were endothelial cell-specific molecule(ESM-1),human heparin-binding protein(HBP),and CD31;secondary monitoring indicators were interleukin(IL)-6,tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α,extravascular lung water index,platelet,antithrombin III,fibrinogen,and international normalized ratio.We used intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide(LPS)to establish a mouse model of sepsis.Mice were randomly divided into four groups:normal saline,LPS,LPS+rhTPO,and LPS+rhTPO+LY294002.Plasma indicators in mice were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Results A total of 84 patients were included in the study.After 7 days of treatment,ESM-1 decreased more significantly in the rhTPO group than in the control group compared with day 1(median=38.6[interquartile range,IQR:7.2 to 67.8]pg/mL vs.median=23.0[IQR:−15.7 to 51.5]pg/mL,P=0.008).HBP and CD31 also decreased significantly in the rhTPO group compared with the control group(median=59.6[IQR:−1.9 to 91.9]pg/mL vs.median=2.4[IQR:−23.2 to 43.2]pg/mL;median=2.4[IQR:0.4 to 3.5]pg/mL vs.median=−0.6[IQR:−2.2 to 0.8]pg/mL,P<0.001).Inflammatory markers IL-6 and TNF-αdecreased more significantly in the rhTPO group than in the control group compared with day 1(median=46.0[IQR:15.8 to 99.1]pg/mL vs.median=31.2[IQR:19.7 to 171.0]pg/mL,P<0.001;median=17.2[IQR:6.4 to 23.2]pg/mL vs.median=0.0[IQR:0.0 to 13.8]pg/mL,P=0.010).LPS+rhTPO-treated mice showed significantly lower vascular von Willebrand factor(P=0.003),vascular endothelial growth factor(P=0.002),IL-6(P<0.001),and TNF-α(P<0.001)than mice in the LPS group.Endothelial cell damage factors vascular von Willebrand factor(P=0.012),vascular endothelial growth factor(P=0.001),IL-6(P<0.001),and TNF-α(P=0.001)were significantly elevated by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt pathway.Conclusion rhTPO alleviates endothelial injury and inflammatory indices in sepsis,and may regulate septic endothelial cell injury through the PI3K/Akt pathway.展开更多
The natural environment provides material essentials for human survival and development. The characteristics,processes, regional differentiation and forcing mechanisms of the elements of the natural environment(e.g. g...The natural environment provides material essentials for human survival and development. The characteristics,processes, regional differentiation and forcing mechanisms of the elements of the natural environment(e.g. geomorphology,climate, hydrology, soil, etc.) are the main objects of research in physical geography. China has a complex natural environment and huge regional differentiation and therefore it provides outstanding reserach opportunities in physical geography. This review summarizes the most important developments and the main contributions of research in the physical geography and human living environment in China during the past 70 years. The major topics addressed are the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and the evolution of its cryosphere, the development of fluvial systems, the acidification of the vast arid region of the Asian interior, variations in the monsoon and westerly climate systems on multiple timescales, the development of lakes and wetlands, the watershed system model, soil erosion, past human-environment interactions, biogeography, and physical geographic zonality. After briefly introducing international research developments, we review the history of research in physical geography in China, focusing on the major achievements and major academic debates, and finally we summarize the status of current research and the future prospects. We propose that in the context of the national demand for the construction of an ecological civilization, we should make full use of the research findings of physical geography, and determine the patterns and mechanisms of natural environmental processes in order to continue to promote the continued contribution of physical geography to national development strategies, and to further contribute to the theory of physical geography from a global perspective.展开更多
Geological disasters are a great threat to people's lives and property. At present, it is difficult to evaluate quantitatively the cascading effects of regional geological disasters, and the development of new met...Geological disasters are a great threat to people's lives and property. At present, it is difficult to evaluate quantitatively the cascading effects of regional geological disasters, and the development of new methods for such evaluation is much needed. In this study, the authors have developed a joint procedure that couples the Newmark model and the RockFall Analyst model based on a GIS platform in order to identify the impact of seismic landslides on roads. The new method effectively combines two processes—seismic landslide occurrence probability analysis and mass movement trajectory simulation. The permanent displacement derived from the Newmark model is used to identify potential source areas of landslides.Based on the RockFall Analyst model, the possible impact of mass movement on the roads can be simulated. To verify the reliability of the method, the landslides induced by the 2017 Jiuzhaigou Earthquake were taken as a case study.The results suggest that about 21.37% of the study area is at high risk of seismic landslides, and approximately 3.95 km of road sections are at extremely high risk of large landslides. The simulated area is consistent with the distribution of disasters revealed by post-earthquake remote sensing image interpretation and field investigation in existing studies. This indicates that the procedure, which joins the Newmark and RockFall models, has a high reliability for risk identification and can be applied to seismic landslide risk assessment and prediction in similar areas.展开更多
Natural variation has caused disaster on human society since the human beings appeared on the earth [1,2].Especially,more significant changes in environmental elements have been occurred under global change [3,4],whic...Natural variation has caused disaster on human society since the human beings appeared on the earth [1,2].Especially,more significant changes in environmental elements have been occurred under global change [3,4],which further increases the stress on social economic [5].The World Economic Forum reported that the annual global death count from natural disasters is about 60,000, or 0.1% of global death.展开更多
Changes in the frequency and intensity of extreme events affect the risk pattern of risk-bearing bodies and the effectiveness of response measures.Based on future climate scenario data,in this study,we identify global...Changes in the frequency and intensity of extreme events affect the risk pattern of risk-bearing bodies and the effectiveness of response measures.Based on future climate scenario data,in this study,we identify global warming periods of 1.5℃ and 2℃ above pre-industrial levels,and the temporal and spatial patterns of temperature and precipitation in China during the same period,propose a methodology for risk assessment and integrated analysis of extreme events,build a database of extreme events and their hazards in China in the context of climate change,and assess the hazards caused by extreme events(i.e.,heatwaves,floods,and droughts)in China under different warming periods.Under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios,global temperatures increase by 1.5℃ and 2℃ above preindustrial levels by 2029 and 2026 and by 2050 and 2040,respectively.The warming would be fast in the north and slow in the south,the warming of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau would accelerate,and the precipitation would increase in the north and decrease in the south,but the trend of the precipitation reduction in the south would be more significant under the RCP8.5 scenario.For 2℃ of warming,the hazard index of severe heatwaves in the North China Plain,parts of South China,and the western part of Inner Mongolia would double that of 1.5℃ warming.Regional differences in extreme precipitation would increase,especially under the RCP8.5 scenario,the hazard index of severe floods in parts of East China would be about twice that of 1.5℃ warming.Under the joint influence of rising temperature and changing precipitation,the drought situation would be alleviated under the RCP4.5 scenario,but it is intensified under the RCP8.5 scenario.For 2℃ of warming,the hazard index of severe droughts in some areas would reach three times that of 1.5℃ warming.For the integrated hazard of the three types of extreme events,the areas of high and medium hazards would expand,while the areas of low hazard would decrease.For 2℃ of warming,the areas of high and medium hazards would be more than half the total area.展开更多
China and Germany have a long history of collaborating in the Earth sciences. One example is the collaborative work in plumbing the mysteries of climate in China. German geographer Prof. Dr. Ferdinand von Richthofen l...China and Germany have a long history of collaborating in the Earth sciences. One example is the collaborative work in plumbing the mysteries of climate in China. German geographer Prof. Dr. Ferdinand von Richthofen led the first scientific expedition of the Loess Plateau and Lop Nur during the 1870s. The expedition established the theory of the eolian origin of the plateau. The term"Silk Road"("die Seidenstrasse" in German) was also coined by Prof.展开更多
An efficient semi-synthetic method was developed to construct docetaxel 1 by using N,N-di-Boc protected lin- ear isoserine derivative 5 as the side chain source, in which, bulky protecting group on the nitrogen atom b...An efficient semi-synthetic method was developed to construct docetaxel 1 by using N,N-di-Boc protected lin- ear isoserine derivative 5 as the side chain source, in which, bulky protecting group on the nitrogen atom blocked C-2＇ position and prohibited unavoidable racemization in previous studies.展开更多
基金supported by National Science and Technology Support Program of China "Research on Assessment Technology of Impact and Risk of Climate Change in Key Fields and ItsApplication"[grant number 2012BAC19B00]National Key Scientific Research Project "Impact and Adaptive Strategy of Social and Economic System to Climate Change"[grant number2012CB955700]+1 种基金Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences "Environmental Pattern Change and Impact in Past One Hundred Years"[grant numberXDA05090307]"Impact of International Trade Policy and Emissions Reduction Policy to China"[Grant numberXDA05150200]
文摘Climate change strongly affected the structure and functions of natural ecosystems,e.g.the vegetation productivity decreased in the Northeast permafrost region due to the higher temperature and less precipitation,whereas in the Tibetan Plateau,the vegetation productivity increased,owing to the improved thermal resource.Climate change led to reduced precipitation in North and Northeast China and thus the reduced surface runoff.The public needs for energy were changed because of climate change,e.g.the shorter heating period in winter.Climate change profoundly influenced human health,pathophoresis and major projects by increasing extreme events,including frequency and magnitude,and causing more serious water shortage.Under the background of climate change,although the improved thermal resources can be helpful for extending the crop growth period,more extreme events may resulted in more instability in agricultural productivity.Not only did climate change indirectly affect the secondary and tertiary industries through the impacts on agriculture and natural resources,but also climate change mitigation measures,such as carbon tax,tariff and trading,had extensive and profound influences on the socioeconomic system.Further analysis indicated that the impact of climate change presented significant regional differences.The impact had its pros and cons,while the advantages outweighed the disadvantages.Based on the above analysis on the impacts of climate change,we put forward suggestions on coping with climate change.First,scientifically dealing with climate change will need to seek advantages while avoiding the disadvantages of climate change in order to achieve the orderly adaptation to climate change,which is characterized with"Overall best,long-term benefit."Second,quantitative adaptation should be given more attention,e.g.proposing operational schemes and predictable goals and using uncertainty analysis on adaptation measures.Third,more active coping strategy should be adopted to enhance China's future comprehensive competitiveness.The strategies include but are not limited to gradually adjusting the industrial structure,intensifying the research and development(R&D)of emission reduction technology and actively responding to the influence of carbon tax,tariff and trading on socioeconomic development in China.
基金supported by grants from the Shenkang Municipal Hospital emerging Frontier technology joint project(grant no.SHDC12019131)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant no.82202423)+4 种基金the Clinical Research Innovation Plan of Shanghai General Hospital(grant no.CCTR-2022B04)the 3rd Sansheng TCP Young and Middleaged Scientific Research FundingShanghai Jiao Tong University“Medicine-Engineering Interdisciplinary Research Fund”(grant no.YG2021QN79)National Key Clinical Specialist Construction Project(grant no.Z155080000004)Shanghai Committee(grant no.23Y31900100).
文摘Background To evaluate the effect of recombinant human thrombopoietin(rhTPO)on clinical prognosis by exploring changes in endothelial cell injury markers and inflammatory factors in patients with sepsis after treatment with rhTPO.Methods This retrospective observational study involved patients with sepsis(diagnosed according to Sepsis 3.0)admitted to Shanghai General Hospital intensive care unit from January 1,2019 to December 31,2022.Patients were divided into two groups(control and rhTPO)according to whether they received rhTPO.Baseline information,clinical data,prognosis,and survival status of the patients,as well as inflammatory factors and immune function indicators were collected.The main monitoring indicators were endothelial cell-specific molecule(ESM-1),human heparin-binding protein(HBP),and CD31;secondary monitoring indicators were interleukin(IL)-6,tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α,extravascular lung water index,platelet,antithrombin III,fibrinogen,and international normalized ratio.We used intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide(LPS)to establish a mouse model of sepsis.Mice were randomly divided into four groups:normal saline,LPS,LPS+rhTPO,and LPS+rhTPO+LY294002.Plasma indicators in mice were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Results A total of 84 patients were included in the study.After 7 days of treatment,ESM-1 decreased more significantly in the rhTPO group than in the control group compared with day 1(median=38.6[interquartile range,IQR:7.2 to 67.8]pg/mL vs.median=23.0[IQR:−15.7 to 51.5]pg/mL,P=0.008).HBP and CD31 also decreased significantly in the rhTPO group compared with the control group(median=59.6[IQR:−1.9 to 91.9]pg/mL vs.median=2.4[IQR:−23.2 to 43.2]pg/mL;median=2.4[IQR:0.4 to 3.5]pg/mL vs.median=−0.6[IQR:−2.2 to 0.8]pg/mL,P<0.001).Inflammatory markers IL-6 and TNF-αdecreased more significantly in the rhTPO group than in the control group compared with day 1(median=46.0[IQR:15.8 to 99.1]pg/mL vs.median=31.2[IQR:19.7 to 171.0]pg/mL,P<0.001;median=17.2[IQR:6.4 to 23.2]pg/mL vs.median=0.0[IQR:0.0 to 13.8]pg/mL,P=0.010).LPS+rhTPO-treated mice showed significantly lower vascular von Willebrand factor(P=0.003),vascular endothelial growth factor(P=0.002),IL-6(P<0.001),and TNF-α(P<0.001)than mice in the LPS group.Endothelial cell damage factors vascular von Willebrand factor(P=0.012),vascular endothelial growth factor(P=0.001),IL-6(P<0.001),and TNF-α(P=0.001)were significantly elevated by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt pathway.Conclusion rhTPO alleviates endothelial injury and inflammatory indices in sepsis,and may regulate septic endothelial cell injury through the PI3K/Akt pathway.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41842050)
文摘The natural environment provides material essentials for human survival and development. The characteristics,processes, regional differentiation and forcing mechanisms of the elements of the natural environment(e.g. geomorphology,climate, hydrology, soil, etc.) are the main objects of research in physical geography. China has a complex natural environment and huge regional differentiation and therefore it provides outstanding reserach opportunities in physical geography. This review summarizes the most important developments and the main contributions of research in the physical geography and human living environment in China during the past 70 years. The major topics addressed are the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and the evolution of its cryosphere, the development of fluvial systems, the acidification of the vast arid region of the Asian interior, variations in the monsoon and westerly climate systems on multiple timescales, the development of lakes and wetlands, the watershed system model, soil erosion, past human-environment interactions, biogeography, and physical geographic zonality. After briefly introducing international research developments, we review the history of research in physical geography in China, focusing on the major achievements and major academic debates, and finally we summarize the status of current research and the future prospects. We propose that in the context of the national demand for the construction of an ecological civilization, we should make full use of the research findings of physical geography, and determine the patterns and mechanisms of natural environmental processes in order to continue to promote the continued contribution of physical geography to national development strategies, and to further contribute to the theory of physical geography from a global perspective.
基金financially supported by the Pioneer Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. XDA19040304)the National Key R&D Program of China (2017YFC150290402)the Cultivate Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. TSYJS03)
文摘Geological disasters are a great threat to people's lives and property. At present, it is difficult to evaluate quantitatively the cascading effects of regional geological disasters, and the development of new methods for such evaluation is much needed. In this study, the authors have developed a joint procedure that couples the Newmark model and the RockFall Analyst model based on a GIS platform in order to identify the impact of seismic landslides on roads. The new method effectively combines two processes—seismic landslide occurrence probability analysis and mass movement trajectory simulation. The permanent displacement derived from the Newmark model is used to identify potential source areas of landslides.Based on the RockFall Analyst model, the possible impact of mass movement on the roads can be simulated. To verify the reliability of the method, the landslides induced by the 2017 Jiuzhaigou Earthquake were taken as a case study.The results suggest that about 21.37% of the study area is at high risk of seismic landslides, and approximately 3.95 km of road sections are at extremely high risk of large landslides. The simulated area is consistent with the distribution of disasters revealed by post-earthquake remote sensing image interpretation and field investigation in existing studies. This indicates that the procedure, which joins the Newmark and RockFall models, has a high reliability for risk identification and can be applied to seismic landslide risk assessment and prediction in similar areas.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFC1508801)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA19040304)。
文摘Natural variation has caused disaster on human society since the human beings appeared on the earth [1,2].Especially,more significant changes in environmental elements have been occurred under global change [3,4],which further increases the stress on social economic [5].The World Economic Forum reported that the annual global death count from natural disasters is about 60,000, or 0.1% of global death.
基金This work is supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant NO.2018YFC1508801,2018YFC1508900,2018YFC1509002)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant NO.XDA19040304).
文摘Changes in the frequency and intensity of extreme events affect the risk pattern of risk-bearing bodies and the effectiveness of response measures.Based on future climate scenario data,in this study,we identify global warming periods of 1.5℃ and 2℃ above pre-industrial levels,and the temporal and spatial patterns of temperature and precipitation in China during the same period,propose a methodology for risk assessment and integrated analysis of extreme events,build a database of extreme events and their hazards in China in the context of climate change,and assess the hazards caused by extreme events(i.e.,heatwaves,floods,and droughts)in China under different warming periods.Under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios,global temperatures increase by 1.5℃ and 2℃ above preindustrial levels by 2029 and 2026 and by 2050 and 2040,respectively.The warming would be fast in the north and slow in the south,the warming of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau would accelerate,and the precipitation would increase in the north and decrease in the south,but the trend of the precipitation reduction in the south would be more significant under the RCP8.5 scenario.For 2℃ of warming,the hazard index of severe heatwaves in the North China Plain,parts of South China,and the western part of Inner Mongolia would double that of 1.5℃ warming.Regional differences in extreme precipitation would increase,especially under the RCP8.5 scenario,the hazard index of severe floods in parts of East China would be about twice that of 1.5℃ warming.Under the joint influence of rising temperature and changing precipitation,the drought situation would be alleviated under the RCP4.5 scenario,but it is intensified under the RCP8.5 scenario.For 2℃ of warming,the hazard index of severe droughts in some areas would reach three times that of 1.5℃ warming.For the integrated hazard of the three types of extreme events,the areas of high and medium hazards would expand,while the areas of low hazard would decrease.For 2℃ of warming,the areas of high and medium hazards would be more than half the total area.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Programme of Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDA20060102)the International Partnership Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (134111KYSB20160031)
文摘China and Germany have a long history of collaborating in the Earth sciences. One example is the collaborative work in plumbing the mysteries of climate in China. German geographer Prof. Dr. Ferdinand von Richthofen led the first scientific expedition of the Loess Plateau and Lop Nur during the 1870s. The expedition established the theory of the eolian origin of the plateau. The term"Silk Road"("die Seidenstrasse" in German) was also coined by Prof.
文摘An efficient semi-synthetic method was developed to construct docetaxel 1 by using N,N-di-Boc protected lin- ear isoserine derivative 5 as the side chain source, in which, bulky protecting group on the nitrogen atom blocked C-2＇ position and prohibited unavoidable racemization in previous studies.
