Many studies using diffusion tensor tractography（DTT） have demonstrated that injury of the spinothalamic tract（STT） is the pathogenetic mechanism of central post-stroke pain（CPSP） in intracerebral hemorrhage; ho...Many studies using diffusion tensor tractography（DTT） have demonstrated that injury of the spinothalamic tract（STT） is the pathogenetic mechanism of central post-stroke pain（CPSP） in intracerebral hemorrhage; however, there is no DTT study reporting the pathogenetic mechanism of CPSP in cerebral infarction. In this study, we investigated injury of the STT in patients with CPSP following cerebral infarction, using DTT. Five patients with CPSP following cerebral infarction and eight age-and sex-matched healthy control subjects were recruited for this study. STT was examined using DTT. Among DTT parameters of the affected STT, fractional anisotropy and tract volume were decreased by more than two standard deviations in two patients（patients 1 and 2） and three patients（patients 3, 4, and 5）, respectively, compared with those of the control subjects, while mean diffusivity value was increased by more than two standard deviations in one patient（patient 2）. Regarding DTT configuration, all affected STTs passed through adjacent part of the infarct and three STTs showed narrowing. These findings suggest that injury of the STT might be a pathogenetic etiology of CPSP in patients with cerebral infarction.展开更多
Transtentorial herniation is one of the causes of motor weakness in traumatic brain injury. In this study, we report on a patient who underwent decompressive craniectomy due to traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage. Brai...Transtentorial herniation is one of the causes of motor weakness in traumatic brain injury. In this study, we report on a patient who underwent decompressive craniectomy due to traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage. Brain CT images taken after surgery showed intracerebral hemorrhage in the left fronto-temporal lobe and left transtentorial herniation. The patient presented with severe paralysis of the right extremities at the time of intracerebral hemorrhage onset, but the limb motor function recovered partially at 6 months after onset and to nearly normal level at 27 months. Through diffusion tensor tractography, the left corticospinal tract was disrupted below the cerebral peduncle at 1 month after onset and the disrupted left corticospinal tract was reconstructed at 27 months. These findings suggest that recovery of limb motor function in a patient with traumatic transtentorial herniation can come to be true by recovery of corticospinal tract.展开更多
We report a patient with severe ataxia due to Dandy-Walker malformation, who showed functional recovery over 10 months corresponding to a change in a cerebellar peduncle lesion. A 20-month-old female patient who was d...We report a patient with severe ataxia due to Dandy-Walker malformation, who showed functional recovery over 10 months corresponding to a change in a cerebellar peduncle lesion. A 20-month-old female patient who was diagnosed with Dandy-Walker syndrome and six age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects were enrolled. The superior cerebellar peduncle, the middle cerebellar peduncle, and the inferior cerebellar peduncle were evaluated using fractional anisotropy and the apparent diffusion coefficient. The patients＇ functional ambulation category was 0 at the initial visit, but improved to 2 at the follow-up evaluation, and Berg＇s balance scale score also improved from 0 to 7. Initial diffusion tensor tractography revealed that the inferior cerebellar peduncle was not detected, that the fractional anisotropy of the superior cerebellar peduncle and middle cerebellar peduncle decreased by two standard deviations below, and that the apparent diffusion coefficient increased by two standard deviations over normal control values. However, on follow-up diffusion tensor tractography, both inferior cerebellar peduncles could be detected, and the fractional anisotropy of superior cerebellar peduncle increased to within two standard deviations of normal controls. The functional improvement in this patient appeared to correspond to changes in these cerebellar peduncles. We believe that evaluating cerebellar peduncles using diffusion tensor imaging is useful in cases when a cerebellar peduncle lesion is suspected.展开更多
Many animal studies have reported on the neural connectivity of the vestibular nuclei（VN）.However,little is reported on the structural neural connectivity of the VN in the human brain.In this study,we attempted to i...Many animal studies have reported on the neural connectivity of the vestibular nuclei（VN）.However,little is reported on the structural neural connectivity of the VN in the human brain.In this study,we attempted to investigate the structural neural connectivity of the VN in 37 healthy subjects using diffusion tensor tractography.A seed region of interest was placed on the isolated VN using probabilistic diffusion tensor tractography.Connectivity was defined as the incidence of connection between the VN and each brain region.The VN showed 100% connectivity with the cerebellum,thalamus,oculomotor nucleus,trochlear nucleus,abducens nucleus,and reticular formation,irrespective of thresholds.At the threshold of 5 streamlines,the VN showed connectivity with the primary motor cortex（95.9%）,primary somatosensory cortex（90.5%）,premotor cortex（87.8%）,hypothalamus（86.5%）,posterior parietal cortex（75.7%）,lateral prefrontal cortex（70.3%）,ventromedial prefrontal cortex（51.4%）,and orbitofrontal cortex（40.5%）,respectively.These results suggest that the VN showed high connectivity with the cerebellum,thalamus,oculomotor nucleus,trochlear nucleus,abducens nucleus,and reticular formation,which are the brain regions related to the functions of the VN,including equilibrium,control of eye movements,conscious perception of movement,and spatial orientation.展开更多
The aberrant pyramidal tract is the collateral pathway of the pyramidal tract through the medial lemniscus in the brainstem. A 21-year-old man presented with right hemiparesis due to a traumatic intracerebral hemorrha...The aberrant pyramidal tract is the collateral pathway of the pyramidal tract through the medial lemniscus in the brainstem. A 21-year-old man presented with right hemiparesis due to a traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage in the left corona radiata. His motor function recovered almost to the normal state at 10 months after onset. Through diffusion tensor tractography, the pyramidal tract in the affected （left） hemisphere showed discontinuation at the pontine level at 13 months after onset. An aberrant pyramidal tract was observed, which originated from the primary motor cortex and the supplementary motor area and descended through the corona radiata, then through the posterior limb of the internal capsule and the medial lemniscus pathway from the midbrain to the pons, finally entered into the pyramidal tract area at the pontomedullary junction, it suggests that the motor functions of the right extremities in this patient had recovered by this aberrant pyramidal tract.展开更多
The presence of the aberrant pyramidal tract has been demonstrated by several studies; however, little is known about its role in motor recovery in stroke patients. In the present study, we reported a 69-year-old righ...The presence of the aberrant pyramidal tract has been demonstrated by several studies; however, little is known about its role in motor recovery in stroke patients. In the present study, we reported a 69-year-old right-handed female patient with an infarct in the mid to lateral portion of the left cerebra peduncle, who showed an aberrant pyramidal tract by diffusion tensor tractography. The patient presented with severe weakness of the right extremities at stroke onset. The patient showed progressive motor recovery as much as being able to extend the affected extremities against some resistance at 6 months after onset. At 20 months after stroke onset, motor function of the left extremities had recovered to a nearly normal state. Diffusion tensor tractography results showed that the PT was disrupted at the lower midbrain of the affected （left） hemisphere at 3 weeks after stroke onset and this disruption was not changed at 20 months. An aberrant pyramidal tract in the left hemisphere was also observed, which originated from the primary motor cortex and descended through the corona radiata, posterior limb of the internal capsule, thalamus, the medial lemniscus pathway from the midbrain to the pons, and then entered into the pyramidal tract area at the pontomedullary junction. Transcranial magnetic stimulation did not elicit motor evoked potential from the affected hand muscle at 3 weeks, but it elicited motor evoked potential with mildly delayed latency and low amplitude in the affected hand muscle at 20 months. The main motor functions of the affected extremities in this patient appeared to be recovered via this aberrant pyramidal tract.展开更多
Many studies have attempted to elucidate the motor recovery mechanism of stroke, but the majority of these studies focus on cerebral infarct and relatively little is known about the motor recovery mechanism of intrace...Many studies have attempted to elucidate the motor recovery mechanism of stroke, but the majority of these studies focus on cerebral infarct and relatively little is known about the motor recovery mechanism of intracerebral hemorrhage. In this study, we report on a patient with intracerebral hemorrhage who displayed a change in injured corticospinal tract originating from the premotor cortex to the primary motor cortex on diffusion tensor imaging. An 86-year-old woman presented with complete paralysis of the right extremities following spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage in the left frontoparietal cortex. The patient showed motor recovery, to the extent of being able to extend affected fingers against gravity and to walk independently on even ground at 5 months after onset. Diffusion tensor imaging showed that the left corticospinal tract originated from the premotor cortex at 1 month after intracerebral hemorrhage and from the left primary motor cortex and premotor cortex at 5 months after intracerebral hemorrhage. The change of injured corticospinal tract originating from the premotor cortex to the primary motor cortex suggests motor recovery of intracerebral hemorrhage.展开更多
Introduction Aging is the accumulation of multidimensional deterioration of process- ing of biological, psychological, and social changes with expansion over time （Bowen and Atwood, 2004; Grady, 2012）. Aging-related...Introduction Aging is the accumulation of multidimensional deterioration of process- ing of biological, psychological, and social changes with expansion over time （Bowen and Atwood, 2004; Grady, 2012）. Aging-related changes are typically accompanied by decline in cognitive function, urinary control, sensory-motor function, and gait ability （Bradley et al., 1991; Bowen and Atwood, 2004; Hedden and Gabrieli, 2004; Grady, 2012; Moran et al., 2012）. In addition, a number of studies have suggested changes in brain structure with normal aging, such as decrease in cortical thickness or increase in ventricular width （Blatter et al., 1995; Tang et al., 1997; Uylings and de Brabander, 2002; Preul et al., 2006; Apostolova et al., 2012）. In particular, ventricular enlargement has been suggested as a structural biomarker for normal aging and progression of some illnesses, such as Alzheimer＇s disease （Blatter et al., 1995; Tang et al.,展开更多
Bilateral arm raising movements have been used in brain rehabilitation for a long time. However, no study has been reported on the effect of these movements on the cerebral cortex. In this study, using functional near...Bilateral arm raising movements have been used in brain rehabilitation for a long time. However, no study has been reported on the effect of these movements on the cerebral cortex. In this study, using functional near infrared spectroscopy（f NIRS）, we attempted to investigate cortical activation generated during bilateral arm raising movements. Ten normal subjects were recruited for this study. f NIRS was performed using an f NIRS system with 49 channels. Bilateral arm raising movements were performed in sitting position at the rate of 0.5 Hz. We measured values of oxyhemoglobin and total hemoglobin in five regions of interest： the primary sensorimotor cortex, premotor cortex, supplementary motor area, prefrontal cortex, and posterior parietal cortex. During performance of bilateral arm raising movements, oxyhemoglobin and total hemoglobin values in the primary sensorimotor cortex, premotor cortex, supplementary motor area, and prefrontal cortex were similar, but higher in these regions than those in the prefrontal cortex. We observed activation of the arm somatotopic areas of the primary sensorimotor cortex and premotor cortex in both hemispheres during bilateral arm raising movements. According to this result, bilateral arm raising movements appeared to induce large-scale neuronal activation and therefore arm raising movements would be good exercise for recovery of brain functions.展开更多
The ascending reticular activating system（ARAS）plays a key role in the control of arousal and awareness for consciousness（Paus,2000;Zeman,2001;Van der Werf et al.,2002;Weiss et al.,2007;Siposan and Aliu,2014）.It i...The ascending reticular activating system（ARAS）plays a key role in the control of arousal and awareness for consciousness（Paus,2000;Zeman,2001;Van der Werf et al.,2002;Weiss et al.,2007;Siposan and Aliu,2014）.It is well known that the ARAS originates from the reticular formation（RF）of the brainstem,and connects to the cerebral cortex via intralaminar to the cerebral cortex （Paus, 2000; Zeman, 2001; Van der Werf et al., 2002; Yeo et al., 2013; Jang and Kwon, 2015）. The hypothalamus is involved in the regulation of sleep and awareness which is associated with the main timekeeper of consciousness （Lin, 2000; Lin et al., 2011）.展开更多
To date, the cortical effect of exercise has not been fully elucidated. Using the functional near infrared spectroscopy, we attempted to compare the cortical effect between shoulder vibration exercise and shoulder sim...To date, the cortical effect of exercise has not been fully elucidated. Using the functional near infrared spectroscopy, we attempted to compare the cortical effect between shoulder vibration exercise and shoulder simple exercise. Eight healthy subjects were recruited for this study. Two different exercise tasks（shoulder vibration exercise using the flexible pole and shoulder simple exercise） were performed using a block paradigm. We measured the values of oxygenated hemoglobin in the four regions of interest： the primary sensory-motor cortex（SM1 total, arm somatotopy, and leg and trunk somatotopy）, the premotor cortex, the supplementary motor area, and the prefrontal cortex. During shoulder vibration exercise and shoulder simple exercise, cortical activation was observed in SM1（total, arm somatotopy, and leg and trunk somatotopy）, premotor cortex, supplementary motor area, and prefrontal cortex. Higher oxygenated hemoglobin values were also observed in the areas of arm somatotopy of SM1 compared with those of other regions of interest. However, no significant difference in the arm somatotopy of SM1 was observed between the two exercises. By contrast, in the leg and trunk somatotopy of SM1, shoulder vibration exercise led to a significantly higher oxy-hemoglobin value than shoulder simple exercise. These two exercises may result in cortical activation effects for the motor areas relevant to the shoulder exercise, especially in the arm somatotopy of SM1. However, shoulder vibration exercise has an additional cortical activation effect for the leg and trunk somatotopy of SM1.展开更多
Several diffusion tensor-imaging studies have demonstrated motor recovery mechanisms in stroke patients with subcortical infarct, including the corona radiata, pons, and medulla. However, studies of motor recovery mec...Several diffusion tensor-imaging studies have demonstrated motor recovery mechanisms in stroke patients with subcortical infarct, including the corona radiata, pons, and medulla. However, studies of motor recovery mechanisms have not been reported in patients with posterior limb infarcts of the intemal capsule. The present study reports on a 77-year-old man with complete paralysis of the left extremities at stroke onset. At 6 months after onset, motor function of the left extremities recovered to a nearly normal state. The 3-week diffusion tensor tractography of the affected （right） hemisphere showed that corticospinal tract discontinued below the posterior limb. In contrast, 6-month diffusion tensor tractography revealed that the right corticospinal tract originated from the precentral gyrus and descended along the anterior area of the infarcted posterior limb. Motor function of the affected extremities was reorganized into the anterior area of the posterior limb infarct.展开更多
The prefrontal cortex（PFC）is responsible for personality expression and various cognitive functions,including working memory,recognition memory,decision making,attention,and motivation（Frey and Petrides,2000,2002;M...The prefrontal cortex（PFC）is responsible for personality expression and various cognitive functions,including working memory,recognition memory,decision making,attention,and motivation（Frey and Petrides,2000,2002;Mesulam,2000;Clarke et al.,2010）.展开更多
基金supported by the National Research Foundation(NRF)of Korea Grant funded by the Korean Government(MSIP),No.NRF-2015R1D1A1A01060314
文摘Many studies using diffusion tensor tractography（DTT） have demonstrated that injury of the spinothalamic tract（STT） is the pathogenetic mechanism of central post-stroke pain（CPSP） in intracerebral hemorrhage; however, there is no DTT study reporting the pathogenetic mechanism of CPSP in cerebral infarction. In this study, we investigated injury of the STT in patients with CPSP following cerebral infarction, using DTT. Five patients with CPSP following cerebral infarction and eight age-and sex-matched healthy control subjects were recruited for this study. STT was examined using DTT. Among DTT parameters of the affected STT, fractional anisotropy and tract volume were decreased by more than two standard deviations in two patients（patients 1 and 2） and three patients（patients 3, 4, and 5）, respectively, compared with those of the control subjects, while mean diffusivity value was increased by more than two standard deviations in one patient（patient 2）. Regarding DTT configuration, all affected STTs passed through adjacent part of the infarct and three STTs showed narrowing. These findings suggest that injury of the STT might be a pathogenetic etiology of CPSP in patients with cerebral infarction.
基金supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, No. 2012R1A1A4A01001873
文摘Transtentorial herniation is one of the causes of motor weakness in traumatic brain injury. In this study, we report on a patient who underwent decompressive craniectomy due to traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage. Brain CT images taken after surgery showed intracerebral hemorrhage in the left fronto-temporal lobe and left transtentorial herniation. The patient presented with severe paralysis of the right extremities at the time of intracerebral hemorrhage onset, but the limb motor function recovered partially at 6 months after onset and to nearly normal level at 27 months. Through diffusion tensor tractography, the left corticospinal tract was disrupted below the cerebral peduncle at 1 month after onset and the disrupted left corticospinal tract was reconstructed at 27 months. These findings suggest that recovery of limb motor function in a patient with traumatic transtentorial herniation can come to be true by recovery of corticospinal tract.
基金supported by the Basic Scientific Research Program of National Research Foundation of Korea Funded by Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, No.2011-0003426
文摘We report a patient with severe ataxia due to Dandy-Walker malformation, who showed functional recovery over 10 months corresponding to a change in a cerebellar peduncle lesion. A 20-month-old female patient who was diagnosed with Dandy-Walker syndrome and six age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects were enrolled. The superior cerebellar peduncle, the middle cerebellar peduncle, and the inferior cerebellar peduncle were evaluated using fractional anisotropy and the apparent diffusion coefficient. The patients＇ functional ambulation category was 0 at the initial visit, but improved to 2 at the follow-up evaluation, and Berg＇s balance scale score also improved from 0 to 7. Initial diffusion tensor tractography revealed that the inferior cerebellar peduncle was not detected, that the fractional anisotropy of the superior cerebellar peduncle and middle cerebellar peduncle decreased by two standard deviations below, and that the apparent diffusion coefficient increased by two standard deviations over normal control values. However, on follow-up diffusion tensor tractography, both inferior cerebellar peduncles could be detected, and the fractional anisotropy of superior cerebellar peduncle increased to within two standard deviations of normal controls. The functional improvement in this patient appeared to correspond to changes in these cerebellar peduncles. We believe that evaluating cerebellar peduncles using diffusion tensor imaging is useful in cases when a cerebellar peduncle lesion is suspected.
基金supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education(2015R1D1A4A01020385)
文摘Many animal studies have reported on the neural connectivity of the vestibular nuclei（VN）.However,little is reported on the structural neural connectivity of the VN in the human brain.In this study,we attempted to investigate the structural neural connectivity of the VN in 37 healthy subjects using diffusion tensor tractography.A seed region of interest was placed on the isolated VN using probabilistic diffusion tensor tractography.Connectivity was defined as the incidence of connection between the VN and each brain region.The VN showed 100% connectivity with the cerebellum,thalamus,oculomotor nucleus,trochlear nucleus,abducens nucleus,and reticular formation,irrespective of thresholds.At the threshold of 5 streamlines,the VN showed connectivity with the primary motor cortex（95.9%）,primary somatosensory cortex（90.5%）,premotor cortex（87.8%）,hypothalamus（86.5%）,posterior parietal cortex（75.7%）,lateral prefrontal cortex（70.3%）,ventromedial prefrontal cortex（51.4%）,and orbitofrontal cortex（40.5%）,respectively.These results suggest that the VN showed high connectivity with the cerebellum,thalamus,oculomotor nucleus,trochlear nucleus,abducens nucleus,and reticular formation,which are the brain regions related to the functions of the VN,including equilibrium,control of eye movements,conscious perception of movement,and spatial orientation.
基金supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Education,Science and Technology,No.2012R1A1A4A01001873
文摘The aberrant pyramidal tract is the collateral pathway of the pyramidal tract through the medial lemniscus in the brainstem. A 21-year-old man presented with right hemiparesis due to a traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage in the left corona radiata. His motor function recovered almost to the normal state at 10 months after onset. Through diffusion tensor tractography, the pyramidal tract in the affected （left） hemisphere showed discontinuation at the pontine level at 13 months after onset. An aberrant pyramidal tract was observed, which originated from the primary motor cortex and the supplementary motor area and descended through the corona radiata, then through the posterior limb of the internal capsule and the medial lemniscus pathway from the midbrain to the pons, finally entered into the pyramidal tract area at the pontomedullary junction, it suggests that the motor functions of the right extremities in this patient had recovered by this aberrant pyramidal tract.
基金a grant from Daegu Metropolitan City R&D Project
文摘The presence of the aberrant pyramidal tract has been demonstrated by several studies; however, little is known about its role in motor recovery in stroke patients. In the present study, we reported a 69-year-old right-handed female patient with an infarct in the mid to lateral portion of the left cerebra peduncle, who showed an aberrant pyramidal tract by diffusion tensor tractography. The patient presented with severe weakness of the right extremities at stroke onset. The patient showed progressive motor recovery as much as being able to extend the affected extremities against some resistance at 6 months after onset. At 20 months after stroke onset, motor function of the left extremities had recovered to a nearly normal state. Diffusion tensor tractography results showed that the PT was disrupted at the lower midbrain of the affected （left） hemisphere at 3 weeks after stroke onset and this disruption was not changed at 20 months. An aberrant pyramidal tract in the left hemisphere was also observed, which originated from the primary motor cortex and descended through the corona radiata, posterior limb of the internal capsule, thalamus, the medial lemniscus pathway from the midbrain to the pons, and then entered into the pyramidal tract area at the pontomedullary junction. Transcranial magnetic stimulation did not elicit motor evoked potential from the affected hand muscle at 3 weeks, but it elicited motor evoked potential with mildly delayed latency and low amplitude in the affected hand muscle at 20 months. The main motor functions of the affected extremities in this patient appeared to be recovered via this aberrant pyramidal tract.
基金supported by Daegu Innopolis R&BD Project by the Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology
文摘Many studies have attempted to elucidate the motor recovery mechanism of stroke, but the majority of these studies focus on cerebral infarct and relatively little is known about the motor recovery mechanism of intracerebral hemorrhage. In this study, we report on a patient with intracerebral hemorrhage who displayed a change in injured corticospinal tract originating from the premotor cortex to the primary motor cortex on diffusion tensor imaging. An 86-year-old woman presented with complete paralysis of the right extremities following spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage in the left frontoparietal cortex. The patient showed motor recovery, to the extent of being able to extend affected fingers against gravity and to walk independently on even ground at 5 months after onset. Diffusion tensor imaging showed that the left corticospinal tract originated from the premotor cortex at 1 month after intracerebral hemorrhage and from the left primary motor cortex and premotor cortex at 5 months after intracerebral hemorrhage. The change of injured corticospinal tract originating from the premotor cortex to the primary motor cortex suggests motor recovery of intracerebral hemorrhage.
基金supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, No. 2012R1A1B4003477
文摘Introduction Aging is the accumulation of multidimensional deterioration of process- ing of biological, psychological, and social changes with expansion over time （Bowen and Atwood, 2004; Grady, 2012）. Aging-related changes are typically accompanied by decline in cognitive function, urinary control, sensory-motor function, and gait ability （Bradley et al., 1991; Bowen and Atwood, 2004; Hedden and Gabrieli, 2004; Grady, 2012; Moran et al., 2012）. In addition, a number of studies have suggested changes in brain structure with normal aging, such as decrease in cortical thickness or increase in ventricular width （Blatter et al., 1995; Tang et al., 1997; Uylings and de Brabander, 2002; Preul et al., 2006; Apostolova et al., 2012）. In particular, ventricular enlargement has been suggested as a structural biomarker for normal aging and progression of some illnesses, such as Alzheimer＇s disease （Blatter et al., 1995; Tang et al.,
基金supported by the DGIST R&D Program of the Ministry of Science,ICT and Future Planning,No.16-BD-0401
文摘Bilateral arm raising movements have been used in brain rehabilitation for a long time. However, no study has been reported on the effect of these movements on the cerebral cortex. In this study, using functional near infrared spectroscopy（f NIRS）, we attempted to investigate cortical activation generated during bilateral arm raising movements. Ten normal subjects were recruited for this study. f NIRS was performed using an f NIRS system with 49 channels. Bilateral arm raising movements were performed in sitting position at the rate of 0.5 Hz. We measured values of oxyhemoglobin and total hemoglobin in five regions of interest： the primary sensorimotor cortex, premotor cortex, supplementary motor area, prefrontal cortex, and posterior parietal cortex. During performance of bilateral arm raising movements, oxyhemoglobin and total hemoglobin values in the primary sensorimotor cortex, premotor cortex, supplementary motor area, and prefrontal cortex were similar, but higher in these regions than those in the prefrontal cortex. We observed activation of the arm somatotopic areas of the primary sensorimotor cortex and premotor cortex in both hemispheres during bilateral arm raising movements. According to this result, bilateral arm raising movements appeared to induce large-scale neuronal activation and therefore arm raising movements would be good exercise for recovery of brain functions.
基金supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Education,Science and Technology(NRF-2015R1D1A1A01060314)
文摘The ascending reticular activating system（ARAS）plays a key role in the control of arousal and awareness for consciousness（Paus,2000;Zeman,2001;Van der Werf et al.,2002;Weiss et al.,2007;Siposan and Aliu,2014）.It is well known that the ARAS originates from the reticular formation（RF）of the brainstem,and connects to the cerebral cortex via intralaminar to the cerebral cortex （Paus, 2000; Zeman, 2001; Van der Werf et al., 2002; Yeo et al., 2013; Jang and Kwon, 2015）. The hypothalamus is involved in the regulation of sleep and awareness which is associated with the main timekeeper of consciousness （Lin, 2000; Lin et al., 2011）.
基金supported by the DGIST R&D Program of the Ministry of Science,ICT and Future Planning(16-BD-0401)
文摘To date, the cortical effect of exercise has not been fully elucidated. Using the functional near infrared spectroscopy, we attempted to compare the cortical effect between shoulder vibration exercise and shoulder simple exercise. Eight healthy subjects were recruited for this study. Two different exercise tasks（shoulder vibration exercise using the flexible pole and shoulder simple exercise） were performed using a block paradigm. We measured the values of oxygenated hemoglobin in the four regions of interest： the primary sensory-motor cortex（SM1 total, arm somatotopy, and leg and trunk somatotopy）, the premotor cortex, the supplementary motor area, and the prefrontal cortex. During shoulder vibration exercise and shoulder simple exercise, cortical activation was observed in SM1（total, arm somatotopy, and leg and trunk somatotopy）, premotor cortex, supplementary motor area, and prefrontal cortex. Higher oxygenated hemoglobin values were also observed in the areas of arm somatotopy of SM1 compared with those of other regions of interest. However, no significant difference in the arm somatotopy of SM1 was observed between the two exercises. By contrast, in the leg and trunk somatotopy of SM1, shoulder vibration exercise led to a significantly higher oxy-hemoglobin value than shoulder simple exercise. These two exercises may result in cortical activation effects for the motor areas relevant to the shoulder exercise, especially in the arm somatotopy of SM1. However, shoulder vibration exercise has an additional cortical activation effect for the leg and trunk somatotopy of SM1.
基金supported by National Research Foundation of Korea Grant funded by the Korean Government,No.KRF-2008-314-E00173
文摘Several diffusion tensor-imaging studies have demonstrated motor recovery mechanisms in stroke patients with subcortical infarct, including the corona radiata, pons, and medulla. However, studies of motor recovery mechanisms have not been reported in patients with posterior limb infarcts of the intemal capsule. The present study reports on a 77-year-old man with complete paralysis of the left extremities at stroke onset. At 6 months after onset, motor function of the left extremities recovered to a nearly normal state. The 3-week diffusion tensor tractography of the affected （right） hemisphere showed that corticospinal tract discontinued below the posterior limb. In contrast, 6-month diffusion tensor tractography revealed that the right corticospinal tract originated from the precentral gyrus and descended along the anterior area of the infarcted posterior limb. Motor function of the affected extremities was reorganized into the anterior area of the posterior limb infarct.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation(NRF)of Korea Grant funded by the Korean Government(MSIP)(2015R1A2A2A01004073)
文摘The prefrontal cortex（PFC）is responsible for personality expression and various cognitive functions,including working memory,recognition memory,decision making,attention,and motivation（Frey and Petrides,2000,2002;Mesulam,2000;Clarke et al.,2010）.
