The sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci（Hemiptera：Aleyrodidae）is an extremely polyphagous insect pest that causes significant crop losses in Israel and worldwide.B.tabaci is a species complex of which the B and Q b...The sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci（Hemiptera：Aleyrodidae）is an extremely polyphagous insect pest that causes significant crop losses in Israel and worldwide.B.tabaci is a species complex of which the B and Q biotypes are the most widespread and damaging worldwide.The change in biotype composition and resistance to insecticide in Israel was monitored during the years 2008-2010 to identify patterns in population dynamics that can be correlated with resistance outbreaks.The results show that B biotype populations dominate crops grown in open fields,while Q biotype populations gradually dominate crops grown in protected conditions such as greenhouses and nethouses,where resistance outbreaks usually develop after several insecticide applications.While in previous years,Q biotype populations were widely detected in many regions in Israel,significant domination of the B biotype across populations collected was observed during the year 2010,indicating the instability of the B.tabaci population from one year to another.Reasons for the changing dynamics and the shift in the relative abundance of B.tabaci biotype,and their resistance status,are discussed.展开更多
Begomoviruses and whiteflies have interacted for geological times.An assumed long-lasting virus-vector intimate relationship of this magnitude implies that the partners have developed co-evolutionary mechanisms that i...Begomoviruses and whiteflies have interacted for geological times.An assumed long-lasting virus-vector intimate relationship of this magnitude implies that the partners have developed co-evolutionary mechanisms that insure on one hand the survival and the efficient transmission of the virus,and on the other hand the safeguard of the insect host from possible deleterious effects of the virus.Several studies have indicated that viruses belonging to the Tomato yellow leaf curl virus（TYLCVs）family from China,Israel and Italy are reminiscent of insect pathogens.TYLCVs like all begomoviruses are transmitted in a circulative manner by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci.The survival of the virus in the haemolymph of B.tabaci is ensured by a GroEL homologue produced by a whitefly secondary endosymbiont.Following acquisition and transfer to non-host plants,the virus may remain associated with the insect for its entire 4-5 wk-long adult life.During this period,the ability of the insects to inoculate plants steadily decreased,but did not disappear.The long-term presence of TYLCVs in B.tabaci was associated with a decrease in the insect longevity and fertility.Viral DNA was transmitted to progeny,but seldom infectivity.TYLCV transcripts were found associated with the insects,raising the possibility of replication and expression in the vector.TYLCVs may spread amidst whiteflies during copulation.Functional genomics tools such as microarrays,deep sequencing,quantitative PCR and gene silencing allow revisiting the proposition that TYLCVs have retained,or acquired,some characteristics of an insect pathogen.展开更多
The whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, harbors the primary symbiont ＇Candidatus Portiera aleyrodidarum＇ and a variety of secondary symbionts. Among these secondary symbionts, Rickettsia is the only one that can be detected b...The whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, harbors the primary symbiont ＇Candidatus Portiera aleyrodidarum＇ and a variety of secondary symbionts. Among these secondary symbionts, Rickettsia is the only one that can be detected both inside and outside the bacteriomes. Infection with Rickettsia has been reported to influence several aspects of the whitefly biology, such as fitness, sex ratio, virus transmission and resistance to pesticides. However, mechanisms underlying these differences remain unclear, largely due to the lack of genomic information of Rickettsia. In this study, we sequenced the genome of two Rickettsia strains isolated from the Middle East Asia Minor 1 （MEAM1） species of the B. tabaci complex in China and Israel. Both Rickettsia genomes were of high coding den- sity and AT-rich, containing more than 1000 coding sequences, much larger than that of the coexisted primary symbiont, Portiera. Moreover, the two Rickettsia strains isolated from China and Israel shared most of the genes with 100% identity and only nine genes showed sequence differences. The phylogenetic analysis using orthologs shared in the genus, inferred the proximity of Rickettsia in MEAM1 and Rickettsia bellii. Functional analysis revealed that Rickettsia was unable to synthesize amino acids required for complementing the whitefly nutrition. Besides, a type IV secretion system and a number of virulence- related genes were detected in the Rickettsia genome. The presence of virulence-related genes might benefit the symbiotic life of the bacteria, and hint on potential effects of Rickettsia on whiteflies. The genome sequences of Rickettsia provided a basis for further understanding the function of Rickettsia in whiteflies.展开更多
基金This is contribution No.503/11 from the Agricultural Research Organization,the Volcani Center,Bet Dagan,Israel
文摘The sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci（Hemiptera：Aleyrodidae）is an extremely polyphagous insect pest that causes significant crop losses in Israel and worldwide.B.tabaci is a species complex of which the B and Q biotypes are the most widespread and damaging worldwide.The change in biotype composition and resistance to insecticide in Israel was monitored during the years 2008-2010 to identify patterns in population dynamics that can be correlated with resistance outbreaks.The results show that B biotype populations dominate crops grown in open fields,while Q biotype populations gradually dominate crops grown in protected conditions such as greenhouses and nethouses,where resistance outbreaks usually develop after several insecticide applications.While in previous years,Q biotype populations were widely detected in many regions in Israel,significant domination of the B biotype across populations collected was observed during the year 2010,indicating the instability of the B.tabaci population from one year to another.Reasons for the changing dynamics and the shift in the relative abundance of B.tabaci biotype,and their resistance status,are discussed.
基金Supported by grant IS-4062-07 from the United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund(BARD)to Czosnek H and Ghanim Mresearchgrant 887/07from the Israel Science Foundation(ISF)to C.H.and G.M.research grant 42-204.2/2006from theGerman-Israel Foundation(GIF) to C.H.and G.M
文摘Begomoviruses and whiteflies have interacted for geological times.An assumed long-lasting virus-vector intimate relationship of this magnitude implies that the partners have developed co-evolutionary mechanisms that insure on one hand the survival and the efficient transmission of the virus,and on the other hand the safeguard of the insect host from possible deleterious effects of the virus.Several studies have indicated that viruses belonging to the Tomato yellow leaf curl virus（TYLCVs）family from China,Israel and Italy are reminiscent of insect pathogens.TYLCVs like all begomoviruses are transmitted in a circulative manner by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci.The survival of the virus in the haemolymph of B.tabaci is ensured by a GroEL homologue produced by a whitefly secondary endosymbiont.Following acquisition and transfer to non-host plants,the virus may remain associated with the insect for its entire 4-5 wk-long adult life.During this period,the ability of the insects to inoculate plants steadily decreased,but did not disappear.The long-term presence of TYLCVs in B.tabaci was associated with a decrease in the insect longevity and fertility.Viral DNA was transmitted to progeny,but seldom infectivity.TYLCV transcripts were found associated with the insects,raising the possibility of replication and expression in the vector.TYLCVs may spread amidst whiteflies during copulation.Functional genomics tools such as microarrays,deep sequencing,quantitative PCR and gene silencing allow revisiting the proposition that TYLCVs have retained,or acquired,some characteristics of an insect pathogen.
基金Financial support for this study was provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Project number： 31390421 and 31321063）.
文摘The whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, harbors the primary symbiont ＇Candidatus Portiera aleyrodidarum＇ and a variety of secondary symbionts. Among these secondary symbionts, Rickettsia is the only one that can be detected both inside and outside the bacteriomes. Infection with Rickettsia has been reported to influence several aspects of the whitefly biology, such as fitness, sex ratio, virus transmission and resistance to pesticides. However, mechanisms underlying these differences remain unclear, largely due to the lack of genomic information of Rickettsia. In this study, we sequenced the genome of two Rickettsia strains isolated from the Middle East Asia Minor 1 （MEAM1） species of the B. tabaci complex in China and Israel. Both Rickettsia genomes were of high coding den- sity and AT-rich, containing more than 1000 coding sequences, much larger than that of the coexisted primary symbiont, Portiera. Moreover, the two Rickettsia strains isolated from China and Israel shared most of the genes with 100% identity and only nine genes showed sequence differences. The phylogenetic analysis using orthologs shared in the genus, inferred the proximity of Rickettsia in MEAM1 and Rickettsia bellii. Functional analysis revealed that Rickettsia was unable to synthesize amino acids required for complementing the whitefly nutrition. Besides, a type IV secretion system and a number of virulence- related genes were detected in the Rickettsia genome. The presence of virulence-related genes might benefit the symbiotic life of the bacteria, and hint on potential effects of Rickettsia on whiteflies. The genome sequences of Rickettsia provided a basis for further understanding the function of Rickettsia in whiteflies.
