Solar‐driven CO_(2)conversion to precious fossil fuels has been proved to become a potential way to decrease CO_(2)with producing renewable fuels,which mainly relies on photocatalysts with efficient charge separation...Solar‐driven CO_(2)conversion to precious fossil fuels has been proved to become a potential way to decrease CO_(2)with producing renewable fuels,which mainly relies on photocatalysts with efficient charge separation.In this work,a metal free heterostructure of covalent triazine framework(CTF)and graphite carbon nitride(g‐C_(3)N_(4),abbreviated as CN)is applied in the CO_(2)photoreduction for the first time.Detailed characterization methods such as photoluminescence(PL)and time‐resolved PL(TR‐PL)decay are utilized to reveal the photo‐induced carries separating process on g‐C_(3)N_(4)/CTF(CN/CTF)heterostructure.The introduced CTF demonstrated a great boosting photocatalytic activity for CN,bringing about the transform rates of CO_(2)to CO reaching 151.1μmol/(g·h)with a 30 h stabilization time,while negligible CH_(4)was detected.The optimal CN/CTF heterostructure could more efficiently separate charges with a lower probability of recombination under visible light irradiation,which made the photoreduction efficiency of CO_(2)to CO be 25.5 and 2.5 times higher than that of CTF and CN,respectively.This investigation is expected to offer a new thought for fabricating high‐efficiency photocatalyst without metal in solar‐energy‐driven CO_(2)reduction.展开更多
Photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2))production has been considered as a promising strategy for H_(2)O_(2)synthesis due to its environmentally friendly.Among various photocatalysts,carbon nitride-based material...Photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2))production has been considered as a promising strategy for H_(2)O_(2)synthesis due to its environmentally friendly.Among various photocatalysts,carbon nitride-based materials are excellent candidates for H_(2)O_(2)production because of their excellent visible-light response,low cost and high stability.In this review,we summarize in detail the research progress on the photocatalytic production of H_(2)O_(2)by carbon nitride.First,we summarize the basic principles of photocatalysis and photocatalytic H_(2)O_(2)production.Second,the classification and modification methods of carbonnitride-based materials are discussed,including morphology modulation,noble metal loading,defect control,heterojunction regulation,molecular structure engineering and elemental doping.Finally,the different in-situ applications of H_(2)O_(2)via photosynthesis were discussed,including disinfection and antibiotic resistant genes degradation,organic pollutants degradation,medical applications and fine chemical synthesis.This review brings great promise for in-situ H_(2)O_(2)photosynthesis,which is expected to serve as a key component in future applications.展开更多
Advanced oxidation processes(AOPs)utilizing persulfate(PS)offer great potential for wastewater treatment.Yet,the dependency on energy and chemical-intensive activation techniques,such as ultraviolet radiation and tran...Advanced oxidation processes(AOPs)utilizing persulfate(PS)offer great potential for wastewater treatment.Yet,the dependency on energy and chemical-intensive activation techniques,such as ultraviolet radiation and transition metal ions,constrains their widespread adoption.Recognizing this limitation,researchers are turning towards the piezoelectric effectda novel,energy-efficient method for PS activation that capitalizes on the innate piezoelectric characteristics of materials.Intriguingly,this method taps into weak renewable mechanical forces omnipresent in nature,ranging from wind,tides,water flow,sound,and atmospheric forces.In this perspective,we delve into the burgeoning realm of piezoelectric/PS-AOPs,elucidating its fundamental principles,the refinement of piezoelectric materials,potential mechanical force sources,and pertinent application contexts.This emerging technology harbors significant potential as a pivotal element in wastewater pretreatment and may spearhead innovations in future water pollution control engineering.展开更多
Traditional photo-electcatalyst structures of small noble metal nanoparticles assembling into large-scale photoactive semiconductors still suffer from agglomeration of noble metal nanoparticles,insufficient charge tra...Traditional photo-electcatalyst structures of small noble metal nanoparticles assembling into large-scale photoactive semiconductors still suffer from agglomeration of noble metal nanoparticles,insufficient charge transfer,undesirable photoresponse ability that restricted the photo-electrocatalytic performance.To this end,a novel design strategy is proposed in this work,namely integrating small-scale photoactive materials(doped graphene quantum dots,S,N-GQDs)with large-sized noble metal(Pd P)nanoflowers to form novel photo-electrocatalysts for high-efficient alcohol oxidation reaction.As expected,superior electrocatalytic performance of Pd P/S,N-GQDs for ethylene glycol oxidation is acquired,thanks to the nanoflower structure with larger specific surface area and abundant active sites.Furthermore,nonmetal P are demonstrated,especially optimizing the adsorption strength,enhancing the interfacial contact,reducing metal agglomeration,ensuring uniform and efficient doping of S,N-GQDs,and ultimately significantly boost the catalytic activity of photo-electrocatalysts.展开更多
Conversion of CO_(2) into high-value products using electrochemical CO_(2) reduction(ECR)technology is an effective way to alleviate global warming and reach carbon neutrality.The oxygen vacancies in heterogenous cata...Conversion of CO_(2) into high-value products using electrochemical CO_(2) reduction(ECR)technology is an effective way to alleviate global warming and reach carbon neutrality.The oxygen vacancies in heterogenous catalysis are generally considered as a powerful method to enhance the performance of ECR by promoting CO_(2) adsorption and activation.However,the extent of defects in oxygen vacancies-activity relation has rarely been studied.Herein,we prepared Cu-Cd bimetallic catalysts with adjustable oxygen defect degree by controlling the amount of cadmium addition.Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy characterization results reveal that the formation of oxygen vacancies is attributed to the asymmetric stretching of Cu-O by the addition of cadmium.Electrochemical results show that the oxygen defect degree can modulate the selectivity of ECR products.A low degree of oxygen defects(CuO)is generally associated with lower product Faraday efficiency(FE_(C2)/FE_(C1)≈114%),but overabundant oxygen vacancies(CuO_(2.625)-CdO_(0.375))are not entirely favorable to improving ECR activity(FE_(C2)/FE_(C1)≈125%)and single selectivity,while an appropriate degree of oxygen vacancies(CuO_(2.75)-CdO_(0.25))can facilitate the ECR process toward single product selective production(FE_(C2)/FE_(C1)≈296%).The theoretical calculation showed that the O vacancy formed on CuO and the interface between CdO and CuO were conducive to enhancing the formation of ^(*)COOH intermediate and promoting the generation of ethylene products.This study provides a new approach and insight into the selective production of single products for future industrial applications of ECR.展开更多
The adsorption of peroxymonosulfate(PMS)is crucial for PMS activation in the heterogeneous advanced oxidation processes.However,the investigation of PMS adsorption on the piezocatalysts still remains insufficient.In t...The adsorption of peroxymonosulfate(PMS)is crucial for PMS activation in the heterogeneous advanced oxidation processes.However,the investigation of PMS adsorption on the piezocatalysts still remains insufficient.In this work,bismuth oxychloride(BiO Cl)nanosheets were prepared as the piezocatalysts for PMS activation under ultrasonic vibration to remove carbamazepine(CBZ)in aqueous solutions.Up to92.5%of CBZ was degraded for 40 min in Bi OCl piezo-activated PMS system with the reaction rate constant of 0.0741 min-1,being 1.63 times that of the sum of BiOCl piezocatalysis,BiOCl-activated PMS,and vibration-activated PMS.PMS adsorption on the surface of BiOCl was specifically studied by comparing the microscopic structure change of the fresh and used Bi OCl.The results suggested that the piezoelectric field of Bi OCl was able to promote the tight adsorption of PMS on the surface,thus facilitating the fast activation of PMS through electrons transfer to produce reactive species(HO·,SO_(4)·-,O_(2)·-,1O_(2)).This work presents an in-depth understanding for the role of piezoelectric effect on the adsorption and activation of PMS.展开更多
Exploring the therapeutic effect of single atom catalysts beyond reactive oxygen species(ROS)modulation would boost the prosperity of nanomedicine in cancer treatment.Autophagy as a vital therapy target offers new opt...Exploring the therapeutic effect of single atom catalysts beyond reactive oxygen species(ROS)modulation would boost the prosperity of nanomedicine in cancer treatment.Autophagy as a vital therapy target offers new options for the control of renal cell carcinoma(RCC)progression.Herein,Fe single atom-decorated graphene oxide(Fe_(1)-GO)nanosheet is developed to be a feasible autophagy inducer in RCC treatment.With the well-dispersed O-Fe_(1)-O active sites,Fe_(1)-GO kills ACHN cells effectively but maintains acceptable cytotoxicity to the normal podocyte and HK2 ones.In-depth analyses ascribe the inhibition of ACHN cells to the upregulated autophagy instead of the commonly known catalytic ROS generation.The in vivo therapeutic effect of Fe_(1)-GO nanomedicine is also validated by the RCC-bearing BALB/c mice model,realizing an 89% reduction of tumor weight and good biosafety.This work provides new insights into the design of autophagy regulators as well as potential therapeutic strategies for RCC treatment.展开更多
In this paper,a new two-dimensional(2 D)/2 D composite of Bi2 WO6/MoS2 was facile synthesized,and then was used as supporting material for depositing Pt nanoparticles.The as-synthesized Pt-Bi2 WO6/MoS2 was extended in...In this paper,a new two-dimensional(2 D)/2 D composite of Bi2 WO6/MoS2 was facile synthesized,and then was used as supporting material for depositing Pt nanoparticles.The as-synthesized Pt-Bi2 WO6/MoS2 was extended into photo-assisted electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol,which is a model anode reaction for direct methanol fuel cell.Compare with traditional electrocatalytic process,PtBi2 WO6/MoS2 displays 1.5 times enhanced electrocatalytic performance on methanol oxidation with assistance of visible light irradiation and 2.2 times for commercial Pt/C.Besides,from the results of chronoamperometric and chronopotentiometry experiments,the stability of Pt-Bi2 WO6/MoS2 electrode is clearly improved under visible light irradiation.The synergistic effects of photo-and electro-catalytic in the heterojunction of Pt-Bi2 WO6/MoS2 in favor of the above enhancement.This research gives more insights in the fields of photo-assisted traditional electrocatalytic application by constructing of semiconductor heterojunction carrier.展开更多
Electrochemical detection is an efficient method for the detection of Bisphenol A(BPA).Herein,a sensitive photo-electrochemical sensor based on two-dimensional(2 D)TiO_(2)(001)nanosheets was fabricated and then used f...Electrochemical detection is an efficient method for the detection of Bisphenol A(BPA).Herein,a sensitive photo-electrochemical sensor based on two-dimensional(2 D)TiO_(2)(001)nanosheets was fabricated and then used for BPA electrochemical detection.Upon light irradiation,the 2 D TiO_(2)(001)nanosheets electrode provided a lower detection limit of BPA detection compared with an ambient electrochemical determination.The low detection limit is^5.37 nmol/L(S/N=3).Furthermore,profiting from the photoelectric characteristics,the 2 D TiO_(2)(001)nanosheets electrode exhibits a nice regeneration prope rty.After 45 min of light irradiation,the electrochemical signal was regenerated from14.7%to 82.9%of the original signal at the 6th cycle.This is attributed to the non-selective·OH mediation produced by the 2 D TiO_(2)(001)nanosheets mineralizing anodic polymeric products and resuming surface reactive sites.This investigation indicates that photo-assistance is an efficient method to improve the electrochemical sensor for detecting BPA in water environments.展开更多
The search for a suitable cocatalyst for graphitic carbon nitride(g-C_(3)N_(4)) to realize efficient photocatalytic hydrogen(H_(2)) evolution has been regarded as one of the most valid tactics to alleviate energy cris...The search for a suitable cocatalyst for graphitic carbon nitride(g-C_(3)N_(4)) to realize efficient photocatalytic hydrogen(H_(2)) evolution has been regarded as one of the most valid tactics to alleviate energy crisis.Herein,a ternary Pt-tipped Au nanorods(Pt-Au)/g-C_(3)N_(4) heterostructure is constructed,which shows excellent H_(2) production performance in visible and near-infrared(NIR) region,especially in NIR region with a rate of 51.6 μmol g^(-1)h^(-1).Therein,not only is the optical absorption ability of g-C_(3)N_(4) broadened,the light absorption range is also extended to NIR region through introduction of Pt-Au architectures.Besides,analysis of the hot electrons generated in energy relaxation of plasmon indicates hot electron transfers fromexcited Au nanorods to Pt nanoparticles,resulting in H_(2) evolution.Compared with bare g-C_(3)N_(4),the superior photocatalytic activity could be attributed to the surface plasmon resonance effect(SPR) of Au nanorods and the electron-sink function of Pt nanoparticles.This work provides an insight into the improvement of photocatalytic performance via combination of NIR-responsive plasmon metal with photocatalysts.展开更多
The misuse of antibiotics and oxygen-lacking in aquaculture causes serious water environmental problems.Herein,a piezoelectic odd-layered MoS_(2)is prepared and applied to piezo-catalytic remove tinidazole(TNZ)and oth...The misuse of antibiotics and oxygen-lacking in aquaculture causes serious water environmental problems.Herein,a piezoelectic odd-layered MoS_(2)is prepared and applied to piezo-catalytic remove tinidazole(TNZ)and other antibiotic pollutants with aeration as a piezo-driving force.About 89.6%of TNZ can be degraded by MoS_(2)under aeration in the presence of dissolved oxygen with a reaction rate constant of0.15 min^(-1),which is 2.4 times higher than that under N2atmosphere and quiescence conditions.Quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance(EPR)tests identify that singlet oxygen(^(1)O_(2))and superoxide radical(O_(2)^(·-))are dominant reactive oxygen species in MoS_(2)/aeration system.These results demonstrate that MoS2can trigger a piezoelectric effect and produce charge carriers to generate reactive oxygen species with dissolved oxygen(DO)for contaminant degradation with the turbulence and water bubbles rupture driven by aeration.展开更多
The rapid recombination of charge carriers in piezoelectric materials has always been the problem that limits their piezoelectric performance for removal of organic pollutants in water.Herein,we construct a piezoelect...The rapid recombination of charge carriers in piezoelectric materials has always been the problem that limits their piezoelectric performance for removal of organic pollutants in water.Herein,we construct a piezoelectric Ba TiO_(3)/MoS_(2)(BTO/MS)that follows a type II heterojunction charge transfer system to inhibit the recombination of electron-hole(e^(-)-h^(+))pairs,which is beneficial to the activation of peroxymonosulfate(PMS)for the removal of antibiotic ornidazole(ORZ)pollutants.The optimal ratio of BTO/MS for ORZ degradation under the piezo/PMS process is 13.9,3.6,62.1 and 2.0 times higher than that of the BTO/piezo,MS/piezo,(BTO/MS)/PMS and(BTO/MS)/piezo processes,respectively.The high efficiency charge separation in the piezoelectric heterojunction of BTO/MS promotes the activation of PMS,resulting in the synergy of pizeocatalysis and PMS oxidation during the process of ORZ degradation.This study provides an idea for enhancing piezo-activation of PMS by constructing heterojunctions in piezoelectric materials.展开更多
Ground-level ozone is one of the primary pollutants detrimental to human health and ecosystems.Catalytic ozone decomposition still suffers from low efficiency and unsatisfactory stability.In this work,we report a mang...Ground-level ozone is one of the primary pollutants detrimental to human health and ecosystems.Catalytic ozone decomposition still suffers from low efficiency and unsatisfactory stability.In this work,we report a manganese-based layered double hydroxide catalyst(Co_(3)Mn-LDH),which exhibited a superior ozone decomposition performance with the efficiency of 100% and stability over 7 h under a GHSV of 2,000,000 mL g^(-1)h^(-1) and relative humidity of 15%.Even when the relative humidity increased to 50%,the ozone decomposition also reached 86%,which significantly exceeds as-synthesized MnO_(2) and commercial MnO_(2) in performance.The catalytic mechanism was studied by H_(2)-TPR,FT-IR and XPS.The excellent performance of Co_(3)Mn-LDH can be attributed to its abundant surface hydroxyl groups that ensured the preferentially surface enrichment of ozone,as well as the cyclic dynamic replenishment of electrons between multivalent Co^(2+)/Co^(3+),Mn^(2+)/Mn^(3+)/Mn^(4+)and oxygen species that endowed the stable ozone decomposition.This work offers new insights into the design of efficient catalysts for ozone pollution control.展开更多
The contamination of antibiotics in aqueous environment causes increasing concerns recently.Lightassisted activation of peroxydisulfate(PDS)has been demonstrated as an efficient technology for re moval of contaminatio...The contamination of antibiotics in aqueous environment causes increasing concerns recently.Lightassisted activation of peroxydisulfate(PDS)has been demonstrated as an efficient technology for re moval of contamination in water.Herein,a hollow sphere of CuWO_(4)(h-CuWO_(4))was employed as a visible lightactivated photocatalyst for the activation of PDS,and following with high removal efficiency(98%)of antibiotic sulfamethoxazole(SMX).Under visible light irradiation,the degradation rate on hollow structures system is nearly 2 times higher than the traditional solid CuWO_(4) spheres.Furthermore,the underlying mechanism and detailed pathway of SMX degradation were proposed based on density functional theory(DFT)calculations and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS).This work provides a new feasible way for advanced oxidation processes to remove antibiotics SMX in heterogeneous system,and open up new application possibilities of CuWO_(4)-based materials.展开更多
In situ and continuous monitoring of thermal effects is essential for understanding photo-induced catalytic processes at catalyst's surfaces.However,existing techniques are largely unable to capture the rapidly ch...In situ and continuous monitoring of thermal effects is essential for understanding photo-induced catalytic processes at catalyst's surfaces.However,existing techniques are largely unable to capture the rapidly changing temperatures occurring in sub-μm layers at liquid-solid interfaces exposed to light.To address this,a sensing system based on a gold-coated conventional single-mode optical fiber with a tilted fiber Bragg grating inscribed in the fiber core is proposed and demonstrated.The spectral transmission from these devices is made up of a dense comb of narrowband resonances that can differentiate between localized temperatures rapid changes at the catalyst's surface and those of the environment.By using the gold coating of the fiber as an electrode in an electrochemical reactor and exposing it to light,thermal effects in photo-induced catalysis at the interface can be decoded with a temperature resolution of 0.1℃and a temporal resolution of 0.1 sec,without perturbing the catalytic operation that is measured simultaneously.As a demonstration,stable and reproducible correlations between the light-to-heat conversion and catalytic activities over time were measured for two different catalysis processes(linear and nonlinear).These kinds of sensing applications are ideally suited to the fundamental qualities of optical fiber sensors,such as their compact size,flexible shape,and remote measurement capability,thereby opening the way for various thermal monitoring in hard-to-reach spaces and rapid catalytic reaction processes.展开更多
Fluorinated liquid crystal monomers(LCMs)are begun to emerge as new persistent organic pollutants.Herein,the structure-reactivity relationships of fluorinated LCMs 1,2,3-trifluoro-5-[3-(3-propylcyclohexyl)cyclohexyl]b...Fluorinated liquid crystal monomers(LCMs)are begun to emerge as new persistent organic pollutants.Herein,the structure-reactivity relationships of fluorinated LCMs 1,2,3-trifluoro-5-[3-(3-propylcyclohexyl)cyclohexyl]benzene(TPrCB),1,2-difluoro-4-[trans-4-(trans-4-propylcyclohexyl)cyclohexyl]benzene(DPrCB),4-[(trans,trans)-4'-(3-Buten-1-yl)[1,10-bicyclohexyl]-4-yl]-1,2-difluoro-benzene(BBDB)and 1-[4-(4-ethylcyclohexyl)cyclohexyl]-4(trifluoromethoxy)benzene(ECTB)subject to photocatalysis-generated oxidation species were investigated.The degradation rate constant of BBDB was 3.0,2.6,and 6.8 times higher than DPrCB,TPrCB and ECTB,respectively.The results reveal that BBDB,DPrCB and TPrCB had mainly negative electrostatic potential(ESP)regions which were vulnerable to electrophilic attack by h^(+),·OH and·O_(2)^(-),while ECTB was composed of mainly positive ESP regions which were vulnerable to nucleophilic attack by·OH and·O_(2)^(-).The detoxification processes of BBDB,DPrCB and TPrCB included carbon bond cleavage and benzene ring opening.However,the methoxy group of ECTB reduced the nucleophilic reactivity on the benzene ring,leading to slower detoxification efficiency.These findings may help to develop LCMs treatment technologies based on structure-reactivity relationships。展开更多
In recent years,persulfate(PS)-based advanced oxidation processes(AOPs)have become a hot research topic for degrading environmental pollutants due to their excellent oxidation capacity,selectivity,and stability.PS-AOP...In recent years,persulfate(PS)-based advanced oxidation processes(AOPs)have become a hot research topic for degrading environmental pollutants due to their excellent oxidation capacity,selectivity,and stability.PS-AOPs can generate sulfate radicals(SO^(·-)_(4))with strong oxidation ability,but single PS produces limited or no radicals.Therefore,activation of PS by energy input or catalyst dosing is used to improve its oxidation performance.However,the addition of disposable catalyst not only causes a waste of resources,but also may lead to secondary pollution.Therefore,magnetically separable catalysts for activating PS have received widespread attention due to their reusability.Although there are few literature reviews on the activation of PS by carbon-or iron-based magnetic materials,the mechanism analysis of the activation of PS by magnetic materials to degrade pollut-ants is not deep enough,and the discussion of material types is not comprehensive and detailed.Moreover,the discussion of magnetic materials in terms of recycling properties is lacking.Therefore,this review firstly sum-marizes and analyzes the mechanism of magnetically separable catalysts activating PS to degrade pollutants.Then,the research progress of zero-valent iron(ZVI,Fe^(0))-based,iron oxide-based,bimetallic oxide-based,and other magnetically separable catalyst is introduced,and the tailoring engineering approaches and reusability of magnetically separable catalysts are discussed.Finally,some possible material optimization suggestions are proposed in this paper.In conclusion,this review is expected to provide useful insights for improving the per-formance and reusability of magnetically separable materials activated PS in the future.展开更多
The efficient activation and utilization of peroxymonosulfate(PMS)in PMS-based advanced oxidation processes is a high-priority target for the removal of organic contaminants.This work introduces a water vortex-driven ...The efficient activation and utilization of peroxymonosulfate(PMS)in PMS-based advanced oxidation processes is a high-priority target for the removal of organic contaminants.This work introduces a water vortex-driven piezoelectric effect from few-odd-layered MoS_(2)into the PMS activation to remove benzotriazole(BTR)and other organic contaminants from the water.Approximately 91.1%of BTR can be removed by the MoS_(2)piezo-activated PMS process with a reaction rate constant of 0.428 min1,which is 2.09 times faster than the sum of the individual MoS_(2),water vortex,and piezocatalysis rates.Meanwhile,the PMS utilization efficiency reached 0.0147 in the water vortex-driven piezo-activation system,which is 3.97 times that of the sum from the vortex/PMS and MoS_(2)/PMS systems.These results demonstrate that the presence of MoS_(2)under a water vortex can trigger a piezoelectric potential and generate abundant free electrons to activate PMS to generate various active species for degradation of organic contaminants.展开更多
Regulating flow direction of photo-excited electrons from interior to active sites in surface is critical to enhance the photocatalytic performance. Herein, photoinduced chemical reduction process was utilized to pinp...Regulating flow direction of photo-excited electrons from interior to active sites in surface is critical to enhance the photocatalytic performance. Herein, photoinduced chemical reduction process was utilized to pinpoint deposit CdS and NiS nanodots sequentially onto g-C_(3)N_(4)nanosheets. The resulted hybrid composite NiS/CdS/g-C_(3)N_(4)was much more active under visible light, and eventually boosted the hydrogen evolution rate of 3015 μmol g^(-1)h^(-1), to be 2.4 folds better than that of g-C_(3)N_(4). Because of the relative low content of CdS(around 3.0 wt%), the enhanced activity is due to the favoring band overlapping and promoting charge separation rather than increasing light absorption. Femto-second time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy(fs-TAS) clearly reveals that the photo-excited electrons are from g-C_(3)N_(4),and then migrate unidirectionally to CdS and finally to NiS, which is caused by the precisely regulate the position of CdS and NiS on g-C_(3)N_(4)surface. This study elucidates the electron transfer kinetics and processes in multi-component system and affords a new avenue to construct stable photocatalysts with high activity.展开更多
文摘Solar‐driven CO_(2)conversion to precious fossil fuels has been proved to become a potential way to decrease CO_(2)with producing renewable fuels,which mainly relies on photocatalysts with efficient charge separation.In this work,a metal free heterostructure of covalent triazine framework(CTF)and graphite carbon nitride(g‐C_(3)N_(4),abbreviated as CN)is applied in the CO_(2)photoreduction for the first time.Detailed characterization methods such as photoluminescence(PL)and time‐resolved PL(TR‐PL)decay are utilized to reveal the photo‐induced carries separating process on g‐C_(3)N_(4)/CTF(CN/CTF)heterostructure.The introduced CTF demonstrated a great boosting photocatalytic activity for CN,bringing about the transform rates of CO_(2)to CO reaching 151.1μmol/(g·h)with a 30 h stabilization time,while negligible CH_(4)was detected.The optimal CN/CTF heterostructure could more efficiently separate charges with a lower probability of recombination under visible light irradiation,which made the photoreduction efficiency of CO_(2)to CO be 25.5 and 2.5 times higher than that of CTF and CN,respectively.This investigation is expected to offer a new thought for fabricating high‐efficiency photocatalyst without metal in solar‐energy‐driven CO_(2)reduction.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2023YFC3705901)。
文摘Photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2))production has been considered as a promising strategy for H_(2)O_(2)synthesis due to its environmentally friendly.Among various photocatalysts,carbon nitride-based materials are excellent candidates for H_(2)O_(2)production because of their excellent visible-light response,low cost and high stability.In this review,we summarize in detail the research progress on the photocatalytic production of H_(2)O_(2)by carbon nitride.First,we summarize the basic principles of photocatalysis and photocatalytic H_(2)O_(2)production.Second,the classification and modification methods of carbonnitride-based materials are discussed,including morphology modulation,noble metal loading,defect control,heterojunction regulation,molecular structure engineering and elemental doping.Finally,the different in-situ applications of H_(2)O_(2)via photosynthesis were discussed,including disinfection and antibiotic resistant genes degradation,organic pollutants degradation,medical applications and fine chemical synthesis.This review brings great promise for in-situ H_(2)O_(2)photosynthesis,which is expected to serve as a key component in future applications.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China(No.22322604 and 22006052)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2020B1515020038)the Pearl River Talent Recruitment Program of Guangdong Province(2019QN01L148).
文摘Advanced oxidation processes(AOPs)utilizing persulfate(PS)offer great potential for wastewater treatment.Yet,the dependency on energy and chemical-intensive activation techniques,such as ultraviolet radiation and transition metal ions,constrains their widespread adoption.Recognizing this limitation,researchers are turning towards the piezoelectric effectda novel,energy-efficient method for PS activation that capitalizes on the innate piezoelectric characteristics of materials.Intriguingly,this method taps into weak renewable mechanical forces omnipresent in nature,ranging from wind,tides,water flow,sound,and atmospheric forces.In this perspective,we delve into the burgeoning realm of piezoelectric/PS-AOPs,elucidating its fundamental principles,the refinement of piezoelectric materials,potential mechanical force sources,and pertinent application contexts.This emerging technology harbors significant potential as a pivotal element in wastewater pretreatment and may spearhead innovations in future water pollution control engineering.
基金supported by Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.LTGS23B030002)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21978111 and 22278175)。
文摘Traditional photo-electcatalyst structures of small noble metal nanoparticles assembling into large-scale photoactive semiconductors still suffer from agglomeration of noble metal nanoparticles,insufficient charge transfer,undesirable photoresponse ability that restricted the photo-electrocatalytic performance.To this end,a novel design strategy is proposed in this work,namely integrating small-scale photoactive materials(doped graphene quantum dots,S,N-GQDs)with large-sized noble metal(Pd P)nanoflowers to form novel photo-electrocatalysts for high-efficient alcohol oxidation reaction.As expected,superior electrocatalytic performance of Pd P/S,N-GQDs for ethylene glycol oxidation is acquired,thanks to the nanoflower structure with larger specific surface area and abundant active sites.Furthermore,nonmetal P are demonstrated,especially optimizing the adsorption strength,enhancing the interfacial contact,reducing metal agglomeration,ensuring uniform and efficient doping of S,N-GQDs,and ultimately significantly boost the catalytic activity of photo-electrocatalysts.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(Nos.LQ21B030007 and LTGS23B030002)“Leading Goose”R&D Program of Zhejiang(No.2023C01191)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22005269)Science and Technological program of Ningbo(No.2021S136)The Open Research Subject of Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Environmental Pollution Control(No.2022Z02)。
文摘Conversion of CO_(2) into high-value products using electrochemical CO_(2) reduction(ECR)technology is an effective way to alleviate global warming and reach carbon neutrality.The oxygen vacancies in heterogenous catalysis are generally considered as a powerful method to enhance the performance of ECR by promoting CO_(2) adsorption and activation.However,the extent of defects in oxygen vacancies-activity relation has rarely been studied.Herein,we prepared Cu-Cd bimetallic catalysts with adjustable oxygen defect degree by controlling the amount of cadmium addition.Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy characterization results reveal that the formation of oxygen vacancies is attributed to the asymmetric stretching of Cu-O by the addition of cadmium.Electrochemical results show that the oxygen defect degree can modulate the selectivity of ECR products.A low degree of oxygen defects(CuO)is generally associated with lower product Faraday efficiency(FE_(C2)/FE_(C1)≈114%),but overabundant oxygen vacancies(CuO_(2.625)-CdO_(0.375))are not entirely favorable to improving ECR activity(FE_(C2)/FE_(C1)≈125%)and single selectivity,while an appropriate degree of oxygen vacancies(CuO_(2.75)-CdO_(0.25))can facilitate the ECR process toward single product selective production(FE_(C2)/FE_(C1)≈296%).The theoretical calculation showed that the O vacancy formed on CuO and the interface between CdO and CuO were conducive to enhancing the formation of ^(*)COOH intermediate and promoting the generation of ethylene products.This study provides a new approach and insight into the selective production of single products for future industrial applications of ECR.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22006052)the Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou,China(No.202201020545)。
文摘The adsorption of peroxymonosulfate(PMS)is crucial for PMS activation in the heterogeneous advanced oxidation processes.However,the investigation of PMS adsorption on the piezocatalysts still remains insufficient.In this work,bismuth oxychloride(BiO Cl)nanosheets were prepared as the piezocatalysts for PMS activation under ultrasonic vibration to remove carbamazepine(CBZ)in aqueous solutions.Up to92.5%of CBZ was degraded for 40 min in Bi OCl piezo-activated PMS system with the reaction rate constant of 0.0741 min-1,being 1.63 times that of the sum of BiOCl piezocatalysis,BiOCl-activated PMS,and vibration-activated PMS.PMS adsorption on the surface of BiOCl was specifically studied by comparing the microscopic structure change of the fresh and used Bi OCl.The results suggested that the piezoelectric field of Bi OCl was able to promote the tight adsorption of PMS on the surface,thus facilitating the fast activation of PMS through electrons transfer to produce reactive species(HO·,SO_(4)·-,O_(2)·-,1O_(2)).This work presents an in-depth understanding for the role of piezoelectric effect on the adsorption and activation of PMS.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52202240,82270756 and 82000686)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2021M701409)+3 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong,China(No.2018A030313527)the Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province,China(No.2019A1515010176)the Science and Technology Project of Guangzhou,China(No.202102010133)the Science and Technology Project of Shenzhen,China(No.JCYJ20190808095615389)。
文摘Exploring the therapeutic effect of single atom catalysts beyond reactive oxygen species(ROS)modulation would boost the prosperity of nanomedicine in cancer treatment.Autophagy as a vital therapy target offers new options for the control of renal cell carcinoma(RCC)progression.Herein,Fe single atom-decorated graphene oxide(Fe_(1)-GO)nanosheet is developed to be a feasible autophagy inducer in RCC treatment.With the well-dispersed O-Fe_(1)-O active sites,Fe_(1)-GO kills ACHN cells effectively but maintains acceptable cytotoxicity to the normal podocyte and HK2 ones.In-depth analyses ascribe the inhibition of ACHN cells to the upregulated autophagy instead of the commonly known catalytic ROS generation.The in vivo therapeutic effect of Fe_(1)-GO nanomedicine is also validated by the RCC-bearing BALB/c mice model,realizing an 89% reduction of tumor weight and good biosafety.This work provides new insights into the design of autophagy regulators as well as potential therapeutic strategies for RCC treatment.
基金support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.21603111)
文摘In this paper,a new two-dimensional(2 D)/2 D composite of Bi2 WO6/MoS2 was facile synthesized,and then was used as supporting material for depositing Pt nanoparticles.The as-synthesized Pt-Bi2 WO6/MoS2 was extended into photo-assisted electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol,which is a model anode reaction for direct methanol fuel cell.Compare with traditional electrocatalytic process,PtBi2 WO6/MoS2 displays 1.5 times enhanced electrocatalytic performance on methanol oxidation with assistance of visible light irradiation and 2.2 times for commercial Pt/C.Besides,from the results of chronoamperometric and chronopotentiometry experiments,the stability of Pt-Bi2 WO6/MoS2 electrode is clearly improved under visible light irradiation.The synergistic effects of photo-and electro-catalytic in the heterojunction of Pt-Bi2 WO6/MoS2 in favor of the above enhancement.This research gives more insights in the fields of photo-assisted traditional electrocatalytic application by constructing of semiconductor heterojunction carrier.
基金the Applied Basic Research Programs of Yunnan Science and Technology Department(No.2017FD085)the Program of Introducing Talents of Kunming University(Nos.YJL16003 and YJL18008)+4 种基金National Nature Science Foundation of China(No.61904073)Science Foundation of Yunnan Provincial Education Department(No.2018JS392)Projects of Science and Technology Plans of Kunming(No.20191-C-25318000002189)“Thousand Talents Program”of Yunnan Province for Young TalentsSpring City Plan-Special Program for Young Talents。
文摘Electrochemical detection is an efficient method for the detection of Bisphenol A(BPA).Herein,a sensitive photo-electrochemical sensor based on two-dimensional(2 D)TiO_(2)(001)nanosheets was fabricated and then used for BPA electrochemical detection.Upon light irradiation,the 2 D TiO_(2)(001)nanosheets electrode provided a lower detection limit of BPA detection compared with an ambient electrochemical determination.The low detection limit is^5.37 nmol/L(S/N=3).Furthermore,profiting from the photoelectric characteristics,the 2 D TiO_(2)(001)nanosheets electrode exhibits a nice regeneration prope rty.After 45 min of light irradiation,the electrochemical signal was regenerated from14.7%to 82.9%of the original signal at the 6th cycle.This is attributed to the non-selective·OH mediation produced by the 2 D TiO_(2)(001)nanosheets mineralizing anodic polymeric products and resuming surface reactive sites.This investigation indicates that photo-assistance is an efficient method to improve the electrochemical sensor for detecting BPA in water environments.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 22162009 and 22006052)Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Resource Utilization and Environmental Protection of Haikou City。
文摘The search for a suitable cocatalyst for graphitic carbon nitride(g-C_(3)N_(4)) to realize efficient photocatalytic hydrogen(H_(2)) evolution has been regarded as one of the most valid tactics to alleviate energy crisis.Herein,a ternary Pt-tipped Au nanorods(Pt-Au)/g-C_(3)N_(4) heterostructure is constructed,which shows excellent H_(2) production performance in visible and near-infrared(NIR) region,especially in NIR region with a rate of 51.6 μmol g^(-1)h^(-1).Therein,not only is the optical absorption ability of g-C_(3)N_(4) broadened,the light absorption range is also extended to NIR region through introduction of Pt-Au architectures.Besides,analysis of the hot electrons generated in energy relaxation of plasmon indicates hot electron transfers fromexcited Au nanorods to Pt nanoparticles,resulting in H_(2) evolution.Compared with bare g-C_(3)N_(4),the superior photocatalytic activity could be attributed to the surface plasmon resonance effect(SPR) of Au nanorods and the electron-sink function of Pt nanoparticles.This work provides an insight into the improvement of photocatalytic performance via combination of NIR-responsive plasmon metal with photocatalysts.
基金financially supported by Open Project of State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment,Harbin Institute of Technology(No.ESK202102)the Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou(No.202201020545)the Special Fund for Basic Scientific Research Business of Central Public Research Institutes(No.PM-zx703-202204-117)。
文摘The misuse of antibiotics and oxygen-lacking in aquaculture causes serious water environmental problems.Herein,a piezoelectic odd-layered MoS_(2)is prepared and applied to piezo-catalytic remove tinidazole(TNZ)and other antibiotic pollutants with aeration as a piezo-driving force.About 89.6%of TNZ can be degraded by MoS_(2)under aeration in the presence of dissolved oxygen with a reaction rate constant of0.15 min^(-1),which is 2.4 times higher than that under N2atmosphere and quiescence conditions.Quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance(EPR)tests identify that singlet oxygen(^(1)O_(2))and superoxide radical(O_(2)^(·-))are dominant reactive oxygen species in MoS_(2)/aeration system.These results demonstrate that MoS2can trigger a piezoelectric effect and produce charge carriers to generate reactive oxygen species with dissolved oxygen(DO)for contaminant degradation with the turbulence and water bubbles rupture driven by aeration.
基金supported by Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation,China(No.2020B1515020038)the Pearl River Talent Recruitment Program of Guangdong Province(No.2019QN01L148),China。
文摘The rapid recombination of charge carriers in piezoelectric materials has always been the problem that limits their piezoelectric performance for removal of organic pollutants in water.Herein,we construct a piezoelectric Ba TiO_(3)/MoS_(2)(BTO/MS)that follows a type II heterojunction charge transfer system to inhibit the recombination of electron-hole(e^(-)-h^(+))pairs,which is beneficial to the activation of peroxymonosulfate(PMS)for the removal of antibiotic ornidazole(ORZ)pollutants.The optimal ratio of BTO/MS for ORZ degradation under the piezo/PMS process is 13.9,3.6,62.1 and 2.0 times higher than that of the BTO/piezo,MS/piezo,(BTO/MS)/PMS and(BTO/MS)/piezo processes,respectively.The high efficiency charge separation in the piezoelectric heterojunction of BTO/MS promotes the activation of PMS,resulting in the synergy of pizeocatalysis and PMS oxidation during the process of ORZ degradation.This study provides an idea for enhancing piezo-activation of PMS by constructing heterojunctions in piezoelectric materials.
基金financilly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.2132064)the Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou(No.202102020325).
文摘Ground-level ozone is one of the primary pollutants detrimental to human health and ecosystems.Catalytic ozone decomposition still suffers from low efficiency and unsatisfactory stability.In this work,we report a manganese-based layered double hydroxide catalyst(Co_(3)Mn-LDH),which exhibited a superior ozone decomposition performance with the efficiency of 100% and stability over 7 h under a GHSV of 2,000,000 mL g^(-1)h^(-1) and relative humidity of 15%.Even when the relative humidity increased to 50%,the ozone decomposition also reached 86%,which significantly exceeds as-synthesized MnO_(2) and commercial MnO_(2) in performance.The catalytic mechanism was studied by H_(2)-TPR,FT-IR and XPS.The excellent performance of Co_(3)Mn-LDH can be attributed to its abundant surface hydroxyl groups that ensured the preferentially surface enrichment of ozone,as well as the cyclic dynamic replenishment of electrons between multivalent Co^(2+)/Co^(3+),Mn^(2+)/Mn^(3+)/Mn^(4+)and oxygen species that endowed the stable ozone decomposition.This work offers new insights into the design of efficient catalysts for ozone pollution control.
基金the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2020B1515020038)。
文摘The contamination of antibiotics in aqueous environment causes increasing concerns recently.Lightassisted activation of peroxydisulfate(PDS)has been demonstrated as an efficient technology for re moval of contamination in water.Herein,a hollow sphere of CuWO_(4)(h-CuWO_(4))was employed as a visible lightactivated photocatalyst for the activation of PDS,and following with high removal efficiency(98%)of antibiotic sulfamethoxazole(SMX).Under visible light irradiation,the degradation rate on hollow structures system is nearly 2 times higher than the traditional solid CuWO_(4) spheres.Furthermore,the underlying mechanism and detailed pathway of SMX degradation were proposed based on density functional theory(DFT)calculations and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS).This work provides a new feasible way for advanced oxidation processes to remove antibiotics SMX in heterogeneous system,and open up new application possibilities of CuWO_(4)-based materials.
基金support of Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62035006),National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61975068.No.62011530459)and Guangdong Outstanding Scientific Innovation Foundation(No.2019TX05X383)and Program of Marine Economy Development Special Fund(Six Marine Industies)under Department of Natural Resources of Guangdong Province(No.GDNRC[2021133).MZ acknowledges the support of Guangdong Basic Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.202081515020038)and Pearl River Talent Recutment Program of Guangdong Province(No.2019QN01L148).JA acknowledges the support of NSERC(RGPIN-2019-06255).
文摘In situ and continuous monitoring of thermal effects is essential for understanding photo-induced catalytic processes at catalyst's surfaces.However,existing techniques are largely unable to capture the rapidly changing temperatures occurring in sub-μm layers at liquid-solid interfaces exposed to light.To address this,a sensing system based on a gold-coated conventional single-mode optical fiber with a tilted fiber Bragg grating inscribed in the fiber core is proposed and demonstrated.The spectral transmission from these devices is made up of a dense comb of narrowband resonances that can differentiate between localized temperatures rapid changes at the catalyst's surface and those of the environment.By using the gold coating of the fiber as an electrode in an electrochemical reactor and exposing it to light,thermal effects in photo-induced catalysis at the interface can be decoded with a temperature resolution of 0.1℃and a temporal resolution of 0.1 sec,without perturbing the catalytic operation that is measured simultaneously.As a demonstration,stable and reproducible correlations between the light-to-heat conversion and catalytic activities over time were measured for two different catalysis processes(linear and nonlinear).These kinds of sensing applications are ideally suited to the fundamental qualities of optical fiber sensors,such as their compact size,flexible shape,and remote measurement capability,thereby opening the way for various thermal monitoring in hard-to-reach spaces and rapid catalytic reaction processes.
基金supported by the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2020B1515020038)the Pearl River Talent Recruitment Program of Guangdong Province(2019QN01L148)+3 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21876063 and 22076064)the Guangdong Special Support Program(2019TX05L129)the Guangdong(China)Innovative and Entrepreneurial Research Team Program(2016ZT06N258)the Special Fund Project for Science and Technology Innovation Strategy of Guangdong Province(2019B121205004).
文摘Fluorinated liquid crystal monomers(LCMs)are begun to emerge as new persistent organic pollutants.Herein,the structure-reactivity relationships of fluorinated LCMs 1,2,3-trifluoro-5-[3-(3-propylcyclohexyl)cyclohexyl]benzene(TPrCB),1,2-difluoro-4-[trans-4-(trans-4-propylcyclohexyl)cyclohexyl]benzene(DPrCB),4-[(trans,trans)-4'-(3-Buten-1-yl)[1,10-bicyclohexyl]-4-yl]-1,2-difluoro-benzene(BBDB)and 1-[4-(4-ethylcyclohexyl)cyclohexyl]-4(trifluoromethoxy)benzene(ECTB)subject to photocatalysis-generated oxidation species were investigated.The degradation rate constant of BBDB was 3.0,2.6,and 6.8 times higher than DPrCB,TPrCB and ECTB,respectively.The results reveal that BBDB,DPrCB and TPrCB had mainly negative electrostatic potential(ESP)regions which were vulnerable to electrophilic attack by h^(+),·OH and·O_(2)^(-),while ECTB was composed of mainly positive ESP regions which were vulnerable to nucleophilic attack by·OH and·O_(2)^(-).The detoxification processes of BBDB,DPrCB and TPrCB included carbon bond cleavage and benzene ring opening.However,the methoxy group of ECTB reduced the nucleophilic reactivity on the benzene ring,leading to slower detoxification efficiency.These findings may help to develop LCMs treatment technologies based on structure-reactivity relationships。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51508228)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2021A1515011804)+1 种基金Zhongshan Social Public Welfare and Basic Research Project(No.210723154031576)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
文摘In recent years,persulfate(PS)-based advanced oxidation processes(AOPs)have become a hot research topic for degrading environmental pollutants due to their excellent oxidation capacity,selectivity,and stability.PS-AOPs can generate sulfate radicals(SO^(·-)_(4))with strong oxidation ability,but single PS produces limited or no radicals.Therefore,activation of PS by energy input or catalyst dosing is used to improve its oxidation performance.However,the addition of disposable catalyst not only causes a waste of resources,but also may lead to secondary pollution.Therefore,magnetically separable catalysts for activating PS have received widespread attention due to their reusability.Although there are few literature reviews on the activation of PS by carbon-or iron-based magnetic materials,the mechanism analysis of the activation of PS by magnetic materials to degrade pollut-ants is not deep enough,and the discussion of material types is not comprehensive and detailed.Moreover,the discussion of magnetic materials in terms of recycling properties is lacking.Therefore,this review firstly sum-marizes and analyzes the mechanism of magnetically separable catalysts activating PS to degrade pollutants.Then,the research progress of zero-valent iron(ZVI,Fe^(0))-based,iron oxide-based,bimetallic oxide-based,and other magnetically separable catalyst is introduced,and the tailoring engineering approaches and reusability of magnetically separable catalysts are discussed.Finally,some possible material optimization suggestions are proposed in this paper.In conclusion,this review is expected to provide useful insights for improving the per-formance and reusability of magnetically separable materials activated PS in the future.
基金Open Project of State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment,Harbin Institute of Technology(ESK202102)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2020B1515020038)National Natural Science Foundation of China(22006052).
文摘The efficient activation and utilization of peroxymonosulfate(PMS)in PMS-based advanced oxidation processes is a high-priority target for the removal of organic contaminants.This work introduces a water vortex-driven piezoelectric effect from few-odd-layered MoS_(2)into the PMS activation to remove benzotriazole(BTR)and other organic contaminants from the water.Approximately 91.1%of BTR can be removed by the MoS_(2)piezo-activated PMS process with a reaction rate constant of 0.428 min1,which is 2.09 times faster than the sum of the individual MoS_(2),water vortex,and piezocatalysis rates.Meanwhile,the PMS utilization efficiency reached 0.0147 in the water vortex-driven piezo-activation system,which is 3.97 times that of the sum from the vortex/PMS and MoS_(2)/PMS systems.These results demonstrate that the presence of MoS_(2)under a water vortex can trigger a piezoelectric potential and generate abundant free electrons to activate PMS to generate various active species for degradation of organic contaminants.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21902143)。
文摘Regulating flow direction of photo-excited electrons from interior to active sites in surface is critical to enhance the photocatalytic performance. Herein, photoinduced chemical reduction process was utilized to pinpoint deposit CdS and NiS nanodots sequentially onto g-C_(3)N_(4)nanosheets. The resulted hybrid composite NiS/CdS/g-C_(3)N_(4)was much more active under visible light, and eventually boosted the hydrogen evolution rate of 3015 μmol g^(-1)h^(-1), to be 2.4 folds better than that of g-C_(3)N_(4). Because of the relative low content of CdS(around 3.0 wt%), the enhanced activity is due to the favoring band overlapping and promoting charge separation rather than increasing light absorption. Femto-second time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy(fs-TAS) clearly reveals that the photo-excited electrons are from g-C_(3)N_(4),and then migrate unidirectionally to CdS and finally to NiS, which is caused by the precisely regulate the position of CdS and NiS on g-C_(3)N_(4)surface. This study elucidates the electron transfer kinetics and processes in multi-component system and affords a new avenue to construct stable photocatalysts with high activity.
