Probiotic extracellular vesicles(pEVs)are biologically active nanoparticle structures that can regulate the intestinal tract through direct or indirect mechanisms.They enhance the intestinal barrier function in livest...Probiotic extracellular vesicles(pEVs)are biologically active nanoparticle structures that can regulate the intestinal tract through direct or indirect mechanisms.They enhance the intestinal barrier function in livestock and poultry and help alleviate intestinal diseases.The specific effects of pEVs depend on their internal functional components,including nucleic acids,proteins,lipids,and other substances.This paper presents a narrative review of the impact of pEVs on the intestinal barrier across various segments of the intestinal tract,exploring their mechanisms of action while highlighting the limitations of current research.Investigating the mechanisms through which probiotics oper-ate via pEVs could deepen our understanding and provide a theoretical foundation for their application in livestock production.展开更多
In recent years,the integrated development of the tea and tourism has become an important way to promote the rural revitalization of Tai'an tea-producing areas,but the state of industrial upgrading still needs to ...In recent years,the integrated development of the tea and tourism has become an important way to promote the rural revitalization of Tai'an tea-producing areas,but the state of industrial upgrading still needs to be improved.In order to better integrate tea and tourism in Tea Valley,this paper uses questionnaire and SWOT analysis to study.It found the following problems:(i)45.7%of tourists were interested in tea culture,but they know litle about it,and the integration of tea culture and tea tourism products is low.(i)50.54%of the tourists were interested in the tea picking experience project and wanted to add the tea food experience item.(ii)The acceptance of 45.7%of tourists to scenic spots was 1-2 h,which shows that the quality of transportation service facilities and personnel needs to be improved.Combined with the SWOT analysis,it is found that the scenic spot is rich in resources,convenient transportation,profound cultural heritage,and good govern-ment policy support conditions,which is suitable for the SO strategy(growth development strategy),so the scenic spot relies on internal ad-vantages and seizes external opportunities to develop the integration of tea and tourism.Based on the analysis results,it came up with the perti-nent recommendations for the key problems:(i)The infrastructure service is not well established.It is suggested that scenic spots should in-crease investment,regularly train service personnel to improve their quality,and improve transportation services,accommodation,catering and public service hardware facilities.(i)Tea tourism products are insufficient.It is suggested that tea tourism products should be innovatively designed and tea tourism experiential products and tourism commodities should be planned.(i)Tea culture and tourism lack organic combi-nation.It is recommended to deeply excavate tea culture,and take consideration of both spiritual and material aspects.The specific methods include building teahouses,Taishan Mountain(Mount Tai)tea culture throughout the whole process of tea production,development and pro-cessing,and AR tea culture experience hall can be built to make tourists feel tea culture from dfferent perspectives.(iv)The publicity is in-sufficient.Strategies should be made in three aspects:improving the Internet media,taking into account the traditional media,and expanding the market based on the surrounding areas.(v)The tea industry chain is short.It is recommended to add four new industrial chain designs of"tea+accommodation,tea+catering,tea+Intemet,tea+training",hoping to bring some inspiration and ideas to the managers of scenic spots.展开更多
Lactobacillus species have excellent abilities to reduce intestinal inflammation and enhance gut barrier function.This study elucidated the potential mechanisms through which Lactobacillus mitigates lipopolysaccharide...Lactobacillus species have excellent abilities to reduce intestinal inflammation and enhance gut barrier function.This study elucidated the potential mechanisms through which Lactobacillus mitigates lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced intestinal injury from the perspective of macrophage-intestinal epithelial cell interactions.Lactobacillus intervention improved the histopathological score;elevated ZO-1 and Occludin protein production;reduced CD16^(+)cell numbers;diminished IL-1β,IL-6,and TNF-αlevels;decreased inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS)expression;increased CD163^(+)cell numbers;elevated IL-10 concentration;and increased arginase-1(Arg1)expression in LPS-challenged piglets.Lactobacillus pretreatment also altered the colonic microbiota,thereby increasing the butyric acid concentration and GPR43 expression in the LPS-challenged piglets.Compared with those in the LPS group,sodium butyrate(SB)pretreatment decreased IL-1β,IL-6 and TNF-αsecretion and iNOS expression but increased IL-10 secretion and Arg1 expression in macrophages.The SB-pretreated macrophages reduced the protein expression of TLR4,MyD88,and phosphorylated NF-κB p65 but increased the protein expression of ZO-1 and Occludin in intestinal epithelial cells.Moreover,GLPG0974 blocked the beneficial effects of SB on macrophages and intestinal epithelial cells.This study demonstrated that Lactobacillus improves intestinal barrier function by regulating the macrophage phenotype through the control of butyric acid and GPR43 levels to further control inflammation.展开更多
基金National Nature Science Foundation of China(32272898).
文摘Probiotic extracellular vesicles(pEVs)are biologically active nanoparticle structures that can regulate the intestinal tract through direct or indirect mechanisms.They enhance the intestinal barrier function in livestock and poultry and help alleviate intestinal diseases.The specific effects of pEVs depend on their internal functional components,including nucleic acids,proteins,lipids,and other substances.This paper presents a narrative review of the impact of pEVs on the intestinal barrier across various segments of the intestinal tract,exploring their mechanisms of action while highlighting the limitations of current research.Investigating the mechanisms through which probiotics oper-ate via pEVs could deepen our understanding and provide a theoretical foundation for their application in livestock production.
文摘In recent years,the integrated development of the tea and tourism has become an important way to promote the rural revitalization of Tai'an tea-producing areas,but the state of industrial upgrading still needs to be improved.In order to better integrate tea and tourism in Tea Valley,this paper uses questionnaire and SWOT analysis to study.It found the following problems:(i)45.7%of tourists were interested in tea culture,but they know litle about it,and the integration of tea culture and tea tourism products is low.(i)50.54%of the tourists were interested in the tea picking experience project and wanted to add the tea food experience item.(ii)The acceptance of 45.7%of tourists to scenic spots was 1-2 h,which shows that the quality of transportation service facilities and personnel needs to be improved.Combined with the SWOT analysis,it is found that the scenic spot is rich in resources,convenient transportation,profound cultural heritage,and good govern-ment policy support conditions,which is suitable for the SO strategy(growth development strategy),so the scenic spot relies on internal ad-vantages and seizes external opportunities to develop the integration of tea and tourism.Based on the analysis results,it came up with the perti-nent recommendations for the key problems:(i)The infrastructure service is not well established.It is suggested that scenic spots should in-crease investment,regularly train service personnel to improve their quality,and improve transportation services,accommodation,catering and public service hardware facilities.(i)Tea tourism products are insufficient.It is suggested that tea tourism products should be innovatively designed and tea tourism experiential products and tourism commodities should be planned.(i)Tea culture and tourism lack organic combi-nation.It is recommended to deeply excavate tea culture,and take consideration of both spiritual and material aspects.The specific methods include building teahouses,Taishan Mountain(Mount Tai)tea culture throughout the whole process of tea production,development and pro-cessing,and AR tea culture experience hall can be built to make tourists feel tea culture from dfferent perspectives.(iv)The publicity is in-sufficient.Strategies should be made in three aspects:improving the Internet media,taking into account the traditional media,and expanding the market based on the surrounding areas.(v)The tea industry chain is short.It is recommended to add four new industrial chain designs of"tea+accommodation,tea+catering,tea+Intemet,tea+training",hoping to bring some inspiration and ideas to the managers of scenic spots.
基金supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China(32272898)the National Key Research and Development Program(2021YFA0805904)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2662020DKQD004).
文摘Lactobacillus species have excellent abilities to reduce intestinal inflammation and enhance gut barrier function.This study elucidated the potential mechanisms through which Lactobacillus mitigates lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced intestinal injury from the perspective of macrophage-intestinal epithelial cell interactions.Lactobacillus intervention improved the histopathological score;elevated ZO-1 and Occludin protein production;reduced CD16^(+)cell numbers;diminished IL-1β,IL-6,and TNF-αlevels;decreased inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS)expression;increased CD163^(+)cell numbers;elevated IL-10 concentration;and increased arginase-1(Arg1)expression in LPS-challenged piglets.Lactobacillus pretreatment also altered the colonic microbiota,thereby increasing the butyric acid concentration and GPR43 expression in the LPS-challenged piglets.Compared with those in the LPS group,sodium butyrate(SB)pretreatment decreased IL-1β,IL-6 and TNF-αsecretion and iNOS expression but increased IL-10 secretion and Arg1 expression in macrophages.The SB-pretreated macrophages reduced the protein expression of TLR4,MyD88,and phosphorylated NF-κB p65 but increased the protein expression of ZO-1 and Occludin in intestinal epithelial cells.Moreover,GLPG0974 blocked the beneficial effects of SB on macrophages and intestinal epithelial cells.This study demonstrated that Lactobacillus improves intestinal barrier function by regulating the macrophage phenotype through the control of butyric acid and GPR43 levels to further control inflammation.
