A comprehensive health risk assessment of PM_(2.5)is meaningful to understand the current status and directions regarding further improving air quality from the perspective of human health.In this study,we evaluated t...A comprehensive health risk assessment of PM_(2.5)is meaningful to understand the current status and directions regarding further improving air quality from the perspective of human health.In this study,we evaluated the health risks of PM_(2.5)as well as highly toxic inorganic components,including heavy metals(HMs)and black carbon(BC)based on longterm observations in Beijing from 2019 to 2021.Our results showed that the relative risks of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,lung cancer,acute lower respiratory tract infection,ischemic heart disease,and stroke decreased by 4.07%-9.30%in 2020 and 2.12%-6.70%in2021 compared with 2019.However,they were still at high levels ranging from 1.26 to 1.77,in particular,stroke showed the highest value in 2021.Mn had the highest hazard quotient(HQ,from 2.18 to 2.56)for adults from 2019 to 2021,while Ni,Cr,Pb,As,and BC showed high carcinogenic risks(CR>1.0×10^(-6))for adults.The HQ values of Mn and As and the CR values of Pb and As showed constant or slight upwards trends during our observations,which is in contrast to the downward trends of other HMs and PM_(2.5).Mn,Cr,and BC are crucial toxicants in PM_(2.5).A significant shrink of southern region sourcesof HMs and BCshrank suggests the increased importance of local sources.Industry,dust,and biomass burning are the major contributors to the non-carcinogenic risks,while traffic emissions and industry are the dominant contributors to the carcinogenic risks in Beijing.展开更多
The Pan-Eurasian Experiment Modelling Platform(PEEX-MP)is one of the key blocks of the PEEX Research Programme.The PEEX MP has more than 30 models and is directed towards seamless envir-onmental prediction.The main fo...The Pan-Eurasian Experiment Modelling Platform(PEEX-MP)is one of the key blocks of the PEEX Research Programme.The PEEX MP has more than 30 models and is directed towards seamless envir-onmental prediction.The main focus area is the Arctic-boreal regions and China.The models used in PEEX-MP cover several main components of the Earth’s system,such as the atmosphere,hydrosphere,pedosphere and biosphere,and resolve the physicalchemicalbiological processes at different spatial and temporal scales and resolutions.This paper introduces and discusses PEEX MP multi-scale modelling concept for the Earth system,online integrated,forward/inverse,and socioeconomical modelling,and other approaches with a particular focus on applications in the PEEX geographical domain.The employed high-performance com-puting facilities,capabilities,and PEEX dataflow for modelling results are described.Several virtual research platforms(PEEXView,Virtual Research Environment,Web-based Atlas)for handling PEEX modelling and observational results are introduced.The over-all approach allows us to understand better physical-chemicalbiological processes,Earth’s system interactions and feedbacks and to provide valuable information for assessment studies on evaluating risks,impact,consequences,etc.for population,envir-onment and climate in the PEEX domain.This work was also one of the last projects of Prof.Sergej Zilitinkevich,who passed away on 15 February 2021.Since the finalization took time,the paper was actually submitted in 2023 and we could not argue that the final paper text was agreed with him.展开更多
We integrated Enviro-HIRLAM(Environment-High Resolution Limited Area Model)meteorological output into FLEXPART(FLEXible PARTicle dispersion model).A FLEXPART simulation requires meteorological input from a numerical w...We integrated Enviro-HIRLAM(Environment-High Resolution Limited Area Model)meteorological output into FLEXPART(FLEXible PARTicle dispersion model).A FLEXPART simulation requires meteorological input from a numerical weather prediction(NWP)model.The publicly available version of FLEXPART can utilize either ECMWF(European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts)Integrated Forecast System(IFS)forecast or reanalysis NWP data,or NCEP(U.S.National Center for Environmental Prediction)Global Forecast System(GFS)forecast or reanalysis NWP data.The primary benefits of using Enviro-HIRLAM are that it runs at a higher resolution and accounts for aerosol effects in meteorological fields.We compared backward trajectories gener-ated with FLEXPART using Enviro-HIRLAM(both with and without aerosol effects)to trajectories generated using NCEP GFS and ECMWF IFS meteorological inputs,for a case study of a heavy haze event which occurred in Beijing,China in November 2018.We found that results from FLEXPART were considerably different when using different meteorological inputs.When aerosol effects were included in the NWP,there was a small but noticeable differ-ence in calculated trajectories.Moreover,when looking at potential emission sensitivity instead of simply expressing trajectories as lines,additional information,which may have been missed when looking only at trajectories as lines,can be inferred.展开更多
This work presents an overall introduction to the Station for Observing Regional Processes of the EarthSystem - SORPES in Nanjing, East China, and gives an overview about main scientific findings instudies of air poll...This work presents an overall introduction to the Station for Observing Regional Processes of the EarthSystem - SORPES in Nanjing, East China, and gives an overview about main scientific findings instudies of air pollution-weather/climate interactions obtained since 2011. The main results summarizedin this paper include overall characteristics of trace gases and aerosols, chemical transformationmechanisms for secondary pollutants like O3, HONO andsecondary ingrganic aerosols, and the airpollution- weather/climate interactions and feedbacks in mixed air pollution plumes from sources likefossil fuel combustion, biomass burning and dust storms. The future outlook of the development plan on instrumentation, networking and data-sharing for the SORPES station is also discussed.展开更多
Formation of new atmospheric aerosol particles is a global phenomenon that has been observed to take place in even heavily-polluted environments. However, in all environments there appears to be a threshold value of t...Formation of new atmospheric aerosol particles is a global phenomenon that has been observed to take place in even heavily-polluted environments. However, in all environments there appears to be a threshold value of the condensation sink （due to pre-existing aerosol particles） after which the formation rate of 3 nm particles is no longer detected. In China new particle production has been observed at very high pollution levels （condensation sink about 0.1 s-1 ） m several megaclt es, including Beijing, Shanghai and Nanjing as well as in Pearl River Delta （PRD）. Here we summarize the recent findings obtained from these studies and discuss the various implications these findings will have on future research and policy.展开更多
The Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road(B&R)aims at facilitating the twenty-first Century economic development of China.However,climate change,air quality and related feedbacks are affe...The Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road(B&R)aims at facilitating the twenty-first Century economic development of China.However,climate change,air quality and related feedbacks are affecting the successful development of the environment and societies in the B&R geographical domain.The most urgent risks related to the atmospheric system,to the land system and to hydrospheric and cryospheric processes are changing climate-air quality interactions,air pollution,changing monsoon dynamics,land degradation,and the melting of Tibetan Plateau glaciers.A framework is needed in which a science and technology-based approach has the critical mass and expertise to identify the main steps toward solutions and is capable to implement this roadmap.The Pan-Eurasian Experiment(PEEX)program,initiated in 2012,aims to resolve science,technology and sustainability questions in the Northern Eurasian region.PEEX is now identifying its science agenda for the B&R region.One fundamental element of the PEEX research agenda is the availability of comprehensive ground-based observations together with Earth observation data.PEEX complements the recently launched international scientific program called Digital Belt and Road(DBAR).PEEX has expertise to coordinate the ground-based observations and initiate new flagship stations,while DBAR provides a big data platform on Earth observation from China and countries along the Belt and Road region.The DBAR and PEEX have joint interests and synergy expertise on monitoring on ecological environment,urbanization,cultural heritages,coastal zones,and arctic cold regions supporting the sustainable development of the Belt and Road region.In this paper we identify the research themes of the PEEX related Silk Road agenda relevant to China and give an overview of the methodological requirements and present the infrastructure requirements needed to carry out large scale research program.展开更多
Due to profound impact on climate and human health,air quality has attracted attention from all levels of the civil society.The key step in the provision of required tools for the society to tackle the complex air qua...Due to profound impact on climate and human health,air quality has attracted attention from all levels of the civil society.The key step in the provision of required tools for the society to tackle the complex air quality problem is to characterize it in a comprehensive manner with a long-term perspective.Here,we describe a continuous and comprehensive observation station and its accompanying state-ofthe-art instrumentation that was established to investigate the complex urban atmospheric environment in a rapidly developing Chinese Megacity.The station,located in downtown Beijing,aims to study air quality by identifying the major atmospheric pollutants and key processes determining their formation and loss mechanisms.A few hundreds of parameters are continuously measured with the state-of-the-art instruments,including trace gas concentrations,aerosol particle size distributions,and mass concentrations,covering aerosol particle chemical composition from molecules to micrometer-sized aerosol particles.This produced long-term,comprehensive big data with around 1�10^(11)bytes per year.In this paper,we provide an overview on the facilities of the station,the instrumentation used,the workflow of continuous observations and examples of results from 2018 to 2019 and a basis for establishing a modern long-term,comprehensive atmospheric urban observation station in other megacities.展开更多
An advanced along-track scanning radiometer(AATSR)global multi-year aerosol retrieval algorithm is described.Over land,the AATSR dual-view(ADV)algorithm utilizes the measured top of the atmosphere(TOA)reflectance in b...An advanced along-track scanning radiometer(AATSR)global multi-year aerosol retrieval algorithm is described.Over land,the AATSR dual-view(ADV)algorithm utilizes the measured top of the atmosphere(TOA)reflectance in both the nadir and forward views to decouple the contributions of the atmosphere and the surface to retrieve aerosol properties.Over ocean,the AATSR single-view(ASV)algorithm minimizes the discrepancy between the measured and modelled TOA reflectances in one of the views to retrieve the aerosol information using an ocean reflectance model.Necessary steps to process global,multiyear aerosol information are presented.These include cloud screening,the averaging of measured reflectance,and post-processing.Limitations of the algorithms are also discussed.The main product of the aerosol retrieval is the aerosol optical depth(AOD)at visible/near-infrared wavelengths.The retrieved AOD is validated using data from the surface-based AERONET and maritime aerosol network(MAN)sun photometer networks as references.The validation shows good agreement with the reference(r=0.85,RMSE=0.09 over land;r=0.83,RMSE=0.09 at coasts and r=0.96,RMSE=0.06 over open ocean).The results of the aerosol retrievals are presented for the full AATSR mission years 2002–2012 with seasonally averaged time series for selected regions.展开更多
The Russian Far East is a region between China and the Russian Arctic with a diverse climatological,geophysical,oceanic,and economical characteristic.The southern region is located in the Far East monsoon sector,while...The Russian Far East is a region between China and the Russian Arctic with a diverse climatological,geophysical,oceanic,and economical characteristic.The southern region is located in the Far East monsoon sector,while the northern parts are affected by the Arctic Ocean and cold air masses penetrating far to the south.Growing economic activities and traffic connected to the China Belt and Road Initiative together with climate change are placing an increased pressure upon the Russian Far East environment.There is an urgent need to improve the capacity to measure the atmospheric and environmental pollution and analyze their sources and to quantify the relative roles of local and transported pollution emissions in the region.In the paper,we characterize the current environmental and socio-economical landscape of the Russian Far East and summarize the future climate scenarios and identify the key regional research questions.We discuss the research infrastructure concept,which is needed to answer the identified research questions.The integrated observations,filling in the critical observational gap at the Northern Eurasian context,are required to provide state-of-the-art observations and enable follow-up procedures that support local,regional,and global decision making in the environmental context.展开更多
Big open data comprising comprehensive,long-term atmospheric and ecosystem in-situ observations will give us tools to meet global grand challenges and to contribute towards sustainable develop-ment.United Nations’Sus...Big open data comprising comprehensive,long-term atmospheric and ecosystem in-situ observations will give us tools to meet global grand challenges and to contribute towards sustainable develop-ment.United Nations’Sustainable Development Goals(UN SDGs)provide framework for the process.We present synthesis on how Station for Measuring Earth Surface-Atmosphere Relations(SMEAR)observation network can contribute to UN SDGs.We describe SMEAR II flagship station in Hyytiälä,Finland.With more than 1200 variables measured in an integrated manner,we can under-stand interactions and feedbacks between biosphere and atmo-sphere.This contributes towards understanding impacts of climate change to natural ecosystems and feedbacks from ecosys-tems to climate.The benefits of SMEAR concept are highlighted through outreach project in Eastern Lapland utilizing SMEAR I observations from Värriöresearch station.In contrast to boreal environment,SMEAR concept was also deployed in Beijing.We underline the benefits of comprehensive observations to gain novel insights into complex interactions between densely popu-lated urban environment and atmosphere.Such observations enable work towards solving air quality problems and improve the quality of life inside megacities.The network of comprehensive stations with various measurements will enable science-based deci-sion making and support sustainable development by providing long-term view on spatio-temporal trends on atmospheric compo-sition and ecosystem parameters.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42275117,22076135,41501543)。
文摘A comprehensive health risk assessment of PM_(2.5)is meaningful to understand the current status and directions regarding further improving air quality from the perspective of human health.In this study,we evaluated the health risks of PM_(2.5)as well as highly toxic inorganic components,including heavy metals(HMs)and black carbon(BC)based on longterm observations in Beijing from 2019 to 2021.Our results showed that the relative risks of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,lung cancer,acute lower respiratory tract infection,ischemic heart disease,and stroke decreased by 4.07%-9.30%in 2020 and 2.12%-6.70%in2021 compared with 2019.However,they were still at high levels ranging from 1.26 to 1.77,in particular,stroke showed the highest value in 2021.Mn had the highest hazard quotient(HQ,from 2.18 to 2.56)for adults from 2019 to 2021,while Ni,Cr,Pb,As,and BC showed high carcinogenic risks(CR>1.0×10^(-6))for adults.The HQ values of Mn and As and the CR values of Pb and As showed constant or slight upwards trends during our observations,which is in contrast to the downward trends of other HMs and PM_(2.5).Mn,Cr,and BC are crucial toxicants in PM_(2.5).A significant shrink of southern region sourcesof HMs and BCshrank suggests the increased importance of local sources.Industry,dust,and biomass burning are the major contributors to the non-carcinogenic risks,while traffic emissions and industry are the dominant contributors to the carcinogenic risks in Beijing.
基金the last projects of Prof.Sergej Zilitinkevich(1936-2021)The financial support was/is provided through multiple projects related to the Pan-Eurasian EXperiment(PEEX)programme including Academy of Finland projects-ClimEco(grant#314798/799)+6 种基金ACCC(grant#337549)HEATCOST(grant#334798)European Union’s Horizon 2020 Programme projects-iCUPE under ERA-PLANET(grant#689443),INTAROS(grant#727890),EXHAUSTION(grant#820655),CRiceS(grant#101003826),RI-URBANS(grant#101036245)Horizon Europe project FOCI(grant#101056783)Erasmus+Programme projects-ECOIMPACT(grant#561975-EPP-1-2015-1-FI-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP),ClimEd(grant#619285-EPP-1-2020-1-FIEPPKA2-CBHE-JP)The Norwegian Research Council INTPART educational and networking project(322317/H30):URban Sustainability in Action:Multi-disciplinary Approach through Jointly Organized Research schoolsand the EEA project(Contract No.2020TO01000219):Turbulent-resolving urban modelling of air quality and thermal comfort(TURBAN).
文摘The Pan-Eurasian Experiment Modelling Platform(PEEX-MP)is one of the key blocks of the PEEX Research Programme.The PEEX MP has more than 30 models and is directed towards seamless envir-onmental prediction.The main focus area is the Arctic-boreal regions and China.The models used in PEEX-MP cover several main components of the Earth’s system,such as the atmosphere,hydrosphere,pedosphere and biosphere,and resolve the physicalchemicalbiological processes at different spatial and temporal scales and resolutions.This paper introduces and discusses PEEX MP multi-scale modelling concept for the Earth system,online integrated,forward/inverse,and socioeconomical modelling,and other approaches with a particular focus on applications in the PEEX geographical domain.The employed high-performance com-puting facilities,capabilities,and PEEX dataflow for modelling results are described.Several virtual research platforms(PEEXView,Virtual Research Environment,Web-based Atlas)for handling PEEX modelling and observational results are introduced.The over-all approach allows us to understand better physical-chemicalbiological processes,Earth’s system interactions and feedbacks and to provide valuable information for assessment studies on evaluating risks,impact,consequences,etc.for population,envir-onment and climate in the PEEX domain.This work was also one of the last projects of Prof.Sergej Zilitinkevich,who passed away on 15 February 2021.Since the finalization took time,the paper was actually submitted in 2023 and we could not argue that the final paper text was agreed with him.
基金the Jenny and Antti Wihuri Foundation project,with the grant for“Air pollution cocktail in Gigacity”Funding was also received from the Research Council of Finland(formerly the Academy of Finland,AoF)project 311932 and applied towards this project+1 种基金Partially,funding included contribution from EU Horizon 2020 CRiceS project“Climate relevant interactions and feedbacks:the key role of sea ice and snow in the polar and global climate system”under grant agreement No 101003826and AoF project ACCC“The Atmosphere and Climate Competence Center”under grant agreement No 337549.
文摘We integrated Enviro-HIRLAM(Environment-High Resolution Limited Area Model)meteorological output into FLEXPART(FLEXible PARTicle dispersion model).A FLEXPART simulation requires meteorological input from a numerical weather prediction(NWP)model.The publicly available version of FLEXPART can utilize either ECMWF(European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts)Integrated Forecast System(IFS)forecast or reanalysis NWP data,or NCEP(U.S.National Center for Environmental Prediction)Global Forecast System(GFS)forecast or reanalysis NWP data.The primary benefits of using Enviro-HIRLAM are that it runs at a higher resolution and accounts for aerosol effects in meteorological fields.We compared backward trajectories gener-ated with FLEXPART using Enviro-HIRLAM(both with and without aerosol effects)to trajectories generated using NCEP GFS and ECMWF IFS meteorological inputs,for a case study of a heavy haze event which occurred in Beijing,China in November 2018.We found that results from FLEXPART were considerably different when using different meteorological inputs.When aerosol effects were included in the NWP,there was a small but noticeable differ-ence in calculated trajectories.Moreover,when looking at potential emission sensitivity instead of simply expressing trajectories as lines,additional information,which may have been missed when looking only at trajectories as lines,can be inferred.
基金The work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant Nos. D0512/91544231, D0512/ 41422504, and D0510/41505109）, National Key Research and Development Program in China （No. 2016YFC0200506）, and Jiangsu Provincial Science Fund （No. BK20140021）. We thank L.F. Zheng, Z.N. Xu, L.S. Jin, E. Herrmann, Y.N. Xie, X.M. Qi, A. Virkkula, Z. Peng, Y.C. Shen, J.P. Wang, H. Shi, L. Wang, C.J. Zhu and H. Shi for their contributions on instrumental maintenance and field campaigns.
文摘This work presents an overall introduction to the Station for Observing Regional Processes of the EarthSystem - SORPES in Nanjing, East China, and gives an overview about main scientific findings instudies of air pollution-weather/climate interactions obtained since 2011. The main results summarizedin this paper include overall characteristics of trace gases and aerosols, chemical transformationmechanisms for secondary pollutants like O3, HONO andsecondary ingrganic aerosols, and the airpollution- weather/climate interactions and feedbacks in mixed air pollution plumes from sources likefossil fuel combustion, biomass burning and dust storms. The future outlook of the development plan on instrumentation, networking and data-sharing for the SORPES station is also discussed.
基金The work in this manuscript is supported by Academy of Finland via Center of Excellence in Atmospheric Sciences （Project No. 272041） and the Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation TEKES via Beautiful Beijing project （No. 3667/31/2013） and European Research Council Advanced Grant （ATMNUCLE, 227463） and InGOS DEFROST and CRAICC （No. 26060） and Nordforsk CRAICC-PEEX （amendment to contact 26060） funded by Nordforsk. The SORPES station was supported by Nanjing University and the Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change in Jiangsu Province, China. Part of Aijun Ding＇s work was supported by the excellent young scientist fund of National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. D0512/41422504）.
文摘Formation of new atmospheric aerosol particles is a global phenomenon that has been observed to take place in even heavily-polluted environments. However, in all environments there appears to be a threshold value of the condensation sink （due to pre-existing aerosol particles） after which the formation rate of 3 nm particles is no longer detected. In China new particle production has been observed at very high pollution levels （condensation sink about 0.1 s-1 ） m several megaclt es, including Beijing, Shanghai and Nanjing as well as in Pearl River Delta （PRD）. Here we summarize the recent findings obtained from these studies and discuss the various implications these findings will have on future research and policy.
基金This work was support from the Academy of Finland Center of Excellence[grant number 307331]the Academy of Finland Academy Professor[grant number 307567],ERC Advanced grant[project ID 742206],Digital Belt&Road of CAS Strategic Priority Research Program[grant number XDA19030402]the Academy of Finland projects ABBA No.280700(2014-2017)and ClimEco No.314798/799(2018-2020)and Russian Science Foundation projects No.15-17-20009(2015-2018)and No.15-17-30009(2015-2018).
文摘The Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road(B&R)aims at facilitating the twenty-first Century economic development of China.However,climate change,air quality and related feedbacks are affecting the successful development of the environment and societies in the B&R geographical domain.The most urgent risks related to the atmospheric system,to the land system and to hydrospheric and cryospheric processes are changing climate-air quality interactions,air pollution,changing monsoon dynamics,land degradation,and the melting of Tibetan Plateau glaciers.A framework is needed in which a science and technology-based approach has the critical mass and expertise to identify the main steps toward solutions and is capable to implement this roadmap.The Pan-Eurasian Experiment(PEEX)program,initiated in 2012,aims to resolve science,technology and sustainability questions in the Northern Eurasian region.PEEX is now identifying its science agenda for the B&R region.One fundamental element of the PEEX research agenda is the availability of comprehensive ground-based observations together with Earth observation data.PEEX complements the recently launched international scientific program called Digital Belt and Road(DBAR).PEEX has expertise to coordinate the ground-based observations and initiate new flagship stations,while DBAR provides a big data platform on Earth observation from China and countries along the Belt and Road region.The DBAR and PEEX have joint interests and synergy expertise on monitoring on ecological environment,urbanization,cultural heritages,coastal zones,and arctic cold regions supporting the sustainable development of the Belt and Road region.In this paper we identify the research themes of the PEEX related Silk Road agenda relevant to China and give an overview of the methodological requirements and present the infrastructure requirements needed to carry out large scale research program.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41877306)the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China(2019YFC0214701)+1 种基金Academy of Finland via Center of Excellence in Atmospheric Sciences(272041,316114,and 315203)European Research Council via ATM-GTP 266(742206),the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering.
文摘Due to profound impact on climate and human health,air quality has attracted attention from all levels of the civil society.The key step in the provision of required tools for the society to tackle the complex air quality problem is to characterize it in a comprehensive manner with a long-term perspective.Here,we describe a continuous and comprehensive observation station and its accompanying state-ofthe-art instrumentation that was established to investigate the complex urban atmospheric environment in a rapidly developing Chinese Megacity.The station,located in downtown Beijing,aims to study air quality by identifying the major atmospheric pollutants and key processes determining their formation and loss mechanisms.A few hundreds of parameters are continuously measured with the state-of-the-art instruments,including trace gas concentrations,aerosol particle size distributions,and mass concentrations,covering aerosol particle chemical composition from molecules to micrometer-sized aerosol particles.This produced long-term,comprehensive big data with around 1�10^(11)bytes per year.In this paper,we provide an overview on the facilities of the station,the instrumentation used,the workflow of continuous observations and examples of results from 2018 to 2019 and a basis for establishing a modern long-term,comprehensive atmospheric urban observation station in other megacities.
文摘An advanced along-track scanning radiometer(AATSR)global multi-year aerosol retrieval algorithm is described.Over land,the AATSR dual-view(ADV)algorithm utilizes the measured top of the atmosphere(TOA)reflectance in both the nadir and forward views to decouple the contributions of the atmosphere and the surface to retrieve aerosol properties.Over ocean,the AATSR single-view(ASV)algorithm minimizes the discrepancy between the measured and modelled TOA reflectances in one of the views to retrieve the aerosol information using an ocean reflectance model.Necessary steps to process global,multiyear aerosol information are presented.These include cloud screening,the averaging of measured reflectance,and post-processing.Limitations of the algorithms are also discussed.The main product of the aerosol retrieval is the aerosol optical depth(AOD)at visible/near-infrared wavelengths.The retrieved AOD is validated using data from the surface-based AERONET and maritime aerosol network(MAN)sun photometer networks as references.The validation shows good agreement with the reference(r=0.85,RMSE=0.09 over land;r=0.83,RMSE=0.09 at coasts and r=0.96,RMSE=0.06 over open ocean).The results of the aerosol retrievals are presented for the full AATSR mission years 2002–2012 with seasonally averaged time series for selected regions.
基金supported by RFBR project[18-05-60219](РоссийскийФондФундаментальныхИсследований(РФФИ))The work was funded by Academy of Finland[307537,333397,334792]+1 种基金Belmont Forum(through Academy of Finland project 334792)University of Helsinki.
文摘The Russian Far East is a region between China and the Russian Arctic with a diverse climatological,geophysical,oceanic,and economical characteristic.The southern region is located in the Far East monsoon sector,while the northern parts are affected by the Arctic Ocean and cold air masses penetrating far to the south.Growing economic activities and traffic connected to the China Belt and Road Initiative together with climate change are placing an increased pressure upon the Russian Far East environment.There is an urgent need to improve the capacity to measure the atmospheric and environmental pollution and analyze their sources and to quantify the relative roles of local and transported pollution emissions in the region.In the paper,we characterize the current environmental and socio-economical landscape of the Russian Far East and summarize the future climate scenarios and identify the key regional research questions.We discuss the research infrastructure concept,which is needed to answer the identified research questions.The integrated observations,filling in the critical observational gap at the Northern Eurasian context,are required to provide state-of-the-art observations and enable follow-up procedures that support local,regional,and global decision making in the environmental context.
基金We acknowledge the following projects:ACCC Flagship funded by the Academy of Finland grant number 337549,Russian Mega Grant project“Megapolis-heat and pollution island:interdisciplinary hydroclimatic,geochemical and ecological analysis”application reference 2020-220-08-5835“Quantifying carbon sink,CarbonSink+and their interaction with air quality”INAR project funded by Jane and Aatos Erkko Foundation,European Research Council(ERC)project ATM-GTP Contract No.742206the Arena for the gap analysis of the existing Arctic Science Co-Operations(AASCO)funded by Prince Albert Foundation Contract No.2859.We thank the technical and scientific staff in Värriöand Hyytiälästations.We also would like to thank Dr.Nuria Altimir,University of Helsinki,for the design of the SMEAR station schematic visuals.
文摘Big open data comprising comprehensive,long-term atmospheric and ecosystem in-situ observations will give us tools to meet global grand challenges and to contribute towards sustainable develop-ment.United Nations’Sustainable Development Goals(UN SDGs)provide framework for the process.We present synthesis on how Station for Measuring Earth Surface-Atmosphere Relations(SMEAR)observation network can contribute to UN SDGs.We describe SMEAR II flagship station in Hyytiälä,Finland.With more than 1200 variables measured in an integrated manner,we can under-stand interactions and feedbacks between biosphere and atmo-sphere.This contributes towards understanding impacts of climate change to natural ecosystems and feedbacks from ecosys-tems to climate.The benefits of SMEAR concept are highlighted through outreach project in Eastern Lapland utilizing SMEAR I observations from Värriöresearch station.In contrast to boreal environment,SMEAR concept was also deployed in Beijing.We underline the benefits of comprehensive observations to gain novel insights into complex interactions between densely popu-lated urban environment and atmosphere.Such observations enable work towards solving air quality problems and improve the quality of life inside megacities.The network of comprehensive stations with various measurements will enable science-based deci-sion making and support sustainable development by providing long-term view on spatio-temporal trends on atmospheric compo-sition and ecosystem parameters.
